Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates inflammatory response ulcerative colitis through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Ulcer colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,and noninfectious inflammatory bowel disease.Recently,Toll-like receptors(TLRs)have been found to be closely associated with clinical inflammatory diseases.Achieving complete remission in patients with intermittent periods of activity followed by dormancy is challenging.Moreover,no study has explored the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.AIM To explore the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.METHODS This prospective clinical study included patients who met the exclusion criteria in 2020 and 2021.The patients with UC were divided into two groups(control and experimental).The peripheral blood of the experimental and control groups were collected under aseptic conditions.The expression of TLR4 protein,NF-κB,IL-6,and IL-17 was detected in the peripheral blood of patients in the experimental group and control group before and 1 month after taking the drug.Linear co rrelation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the expression level of TLR4 protein and the expression levels of downstream signal NF-κB and inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS There were no significant differences in the patient characteristics between the control and experimental groups.The results showed that the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The TLR4 protein expression in the experimental group was positively correlated with the expression level of downstream signal NF-κB and was positively correlated with the levels of downstream inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17(r=0.823,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates the inflammatory response of UC through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

β-arrestin 2 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation in mice

AIM To study the role and the possible mechanism of β-arrestin 2 in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro.METHODS Male β-arrestin 2^(+/+) and β-arrestin 2^(-/-)C57 BL/6 J mice were used for in vivo experiments, and the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used for in vitro experiments. The animal model was established via intraperitoneal injection of LPS or physiological sodium chloride solution. Blood samples and liver tissues were collected to analyze liver injury and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cultured cell extracts were collected to analyze the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.RESULTS Compared with wild-type mice, the β-arrestin 2 knockout mice displayed more severe LPS-induced liver injury and significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, and IL-10. Compared with the control group, pro-inflammatory cytokines(including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) produced by RAW264.7 cells in the β-arrestin 2 si RNA group were significantly increased at 6 h after treatment with LPS. Further, key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, including phosphoIκBα and phosho-p65, were upregulated.CONCLUSION β-arrestin 2 can protect liver tissue from LPS-induced injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation.

Ramulus Cinnamomi extract attenuates neuroinflammatory responses via downregulating TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in BV2 cells

Ramulus Cinnamomi （RC）, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to attenuate inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RC extract on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells and the underlying mechanisms involved. BV2 cells were incubated with normal medium （control group）, LPS, LPS plus 30 pg/mL RC extract, or LPS plus 100 pg/mL RC extract. The BV2 cell morphology was observed under an optical microscope and cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Nitric oxide level in BV2 cells was detected using Griess regents, and the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1 β, and tumor necrosis factor u in BV2 cells were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 proteins were detected by western blot assay. Compared with the LPS group, both 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract had no significant effect on the viability of BV2 cells. The levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor ct in BV2 cells were all significantly increased after LPS induction, and the levels were significantly reversed after treatment with 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract. Furthermore, RC extract significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that RC extract alleviates neuroinflammation by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on the prevention of PSH in patients with severe craniocerebral injury by regulating TLR4/My D88/NF-kappa B signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the regulation of TLR4/My D88/NF-κB in the prevention of paroxysmal sympathetic over-excitation (PSH) in patients with severe head injury. Methods:One hundred patients with severe head injury who were admitted to our hospital from September 2016 to May 2019 were enrolled. The randomized digital table method was divided into 50 cases in the study group and the control group. Patients in the study group were given dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1.0 μg/kg before anesthesia induction, followed by infusion at 0.4 μg / (kg·h), and the control group was injected with the same amount of normal saline. The incidence of PSH, clinical symptoms, imaging findings, mechanical ventilation time, tracheal intubation/incision duration, ICU hospitalization time, total length of hospital stay, and GCS scores three months after discharge were compared between the two groups. At the same time, the fluorescence intensity, TLR4, NF-κB expression level and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression levels in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes of the two groups were detected. Results:The incidence of PSH was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group at 7 and 3 months (P<0.05). The total length of hospital stay, duration of ICU hospitalization, intraoperative tracheotomy, and mechanical ventilation time were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. And the GCS score was higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In addition, the imaging results showed that there were some differences in the location of imaging lesions between the two groups. The proportion of lesions in the ventricular system and surrounding areas was higher in the control group than in the study group (P<0.05). And the T14-T3 CD14+ PBMC MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate were significantly higher than those of T0 (P<0.05), but the MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T1~T3 (P<0.05). The levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 groups were significantly higher than those in T0 (P<0.05), but the levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P< 0.05). Conclusions:Dexmedetomidine can reduce the oxidative stress response in patients with severe head injury by inhibiting TLR4/My D88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thus effectively reducing the risk of PSH and improving the prognosis of patients.

Effects of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis

Objective:To observe the effect of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis(UC);Methods:40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group,Liancao-Xieli group and mesalazine group,with 10 mice in each group.In addition to the control group,the remaining three groups of mice were induced by 3%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)to induce acute UC model.During the modeling period,mice in each group were given corresponding drugs and normal saline by gavage.At the end of the experiment,HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of colonic tissue in each group,and ELISA was used to detect the inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γ)in serum and colonic tissue.The expression levels of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway related proteins were also detected by Western blot;Results:Compared with the model group,Liancao-Xieli capsule could significantly increase the colon length and decrease the score of colon histopathology in UC mice(P<0.01).In addition,the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γwere significantly reduced in serum and colon tissue,and the expressions of TLR4,PI3K,p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly down-regulated in LiancaoXieyi group when compared with the model group(P<0.01).While the expressions of Akt and mTOR were not significantly affected in Liancao-Xieyi group(P>0.05);Conclusion:LiancaoXieli capsule can reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors,improve the intestinal mucosal damage and inflammatory response in UC by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway。

To investigate the effect of Shenqi Tiaoshen Formula on CSE induced inflammatory response of MH-S cells based on TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway

Objective:To study the effects of Shenqi Tiaoshen Formula(SQTS)on the inflammatory response of MH-S cells induced by cigarette smoking extract(CSE)and its mechanism based on TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.Methods:MH-S cells were used as subjects to evaluate cell viability by CCK-8 method.The levels of TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA.ROS were detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence probe.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein,and TAK-242,a TLR4 inhibitor,was used to verify the role of SQTS in the TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.Results:Compared with blank group,the cell survival rate of CSE group was decreased,and the contents of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 were increased(P<0.05),ROS fluorescence expression level was significantly increased(P<0.01),TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein expression was significantly increased(P<0.05);Compared with CSE group,the survival rate of cells in SQTS groups was increased,and the expression levels of the above indexes were decreased(P<0.05),and TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein decreased in TAK-242 groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:SQTS can reduce the inflammatory response of MH-S cells induced by CSE by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.

Research Progress and Research Ideas on Anti-hepatic Fibrosis and Promoting Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis of the National Drug Plumbapin Based on TLR4 Signal Pathway

Hepatic fibrosis is a reversible pathological phenomenon in the early and middle stages,but but no satisfactory intervention drugs have been available so far.Recent studies have suggested that microcirculation disturbance of liver is one of the important pathogenesis of chronic liver disease,the improvement of microcirculation is beneficial to the recovery of liver function and the delay of liver fibrosis.Hepatic stellate cells are the core cells of hepatic fibrosis,and also the most critical cells that affect the microcirculation of the liver.While TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and TLR4/MyD88/MAPKs which are based on the action of hepatic stellate cells are two pathways that have very important influence on the inflammatory response of liver,the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells,and the secretion of fibrogenic cytokines.It was found that Plumbapin,the active ingredient of Guangxi specialty ethnic medicine,has the definite effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and anti-hepatic fibrosis,but its mechanism is not clear.In this study,the research progress of the above problems was reviewed,and further research ideas were derived as follows:the pharmacological effect of Plumbapin on anti-hepatic fibrosis,promoting blood circulation and removing stasis was based on the influence of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathway.

远隔缺血预处理联合七氟醚后处理对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注时TLR4/NF-κBp65的影响

目的评价远隔缺血预处理联合七氟醚后处理对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注时的影响及其机制。方法成年雄性SD大鼠75只,体重250~300 g,成功建立Langendorff离体灌注模型的大鼠心脏之后,采用随机数字表法分为五组(n=15):对照组(C组)、缺血-再灌注组(IR组)、远隔缺血预处理组(R组)、七氟醚后处理组(S组)和远隔缺血预处理+七氟醚后处理组(RS组)。C组持续灌注150 min。IR组给予缺血-再灌注处理。R组给予远隔缺血预处理后,给予缺血-再灌注处理。S组给予缺血-再灌注处理,于再灌注初给予经2.4%七氟醚饱和的K-H液灌注2 min。RS组给予远隔缺血预处理后给予缺血-再灌注处理,于再灌注初给予经2.4%七氟醚饱和的K-H液灌注2 min。再灌注末,采用1%2,3,5氯化三苯基四氮唑测定心肌梗死体积百分比。采用ELISA法检测肌酸激脢同工酶(CK-MB),白细胞介素-8(IL-8),白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度。采用Western blot法测定Toll-样受体4(TLR4),高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB-1),髓样分化因子88(MyD88),人核因子κB抑制蛋白α(IKB-α),核因子-κBp65(NF-κBp65),半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase3),B淋巴细胞瘤基因-2(Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关蛋白(BAX)的蛋白含量。采用HE染色观察心肌组织形态学变化。结果与C组比较,IR组、R组、S组和RS组心肌梗死体积百分比明显增加,CK-MB、IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α浓度,TLR4、HMGB-1、MyD88、NF-κBp65、Caspase3和BAX蛋白含量均明显升高,IKB-α和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.05),心肌组织病理形态明显恶化。与IR组比较,R组和S组心肌梗死体积百分比明显减小,CK-MB、IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α浓度,TLR4、HMGB-1、MyD88、NF-κBp65、Caspase3和BAX蛋白含量均明显降低,IKB-α和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显升高(P<0.05),心肌组织病理形态明显改善。与R组和S组比较,RS组心肌梗死体积百分比明显减小,CK-MB、IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α浓度,TLR4、HMGB-1、MyD88、NF-κBp65、Caspase3和BAX蛋白含量均明显降低,IKB-α和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显升高(P<0.05),心肌组织病理形态明显改善。结论远隔缺血预处理和七氟醚后处理均可抑制TLR4/NF-κBp65信号通路和炎症反应,明显减轻大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤。两者联合处理对心肌的保护作用明显优于单独处理。

Huoxin Pill Reduces Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats via TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway

Objective:To explore the protective effect of Huoxin Pill(HXP)on acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion(MIRI)injury in rats.Methods:Seventy-five adult SD rats were divided into the sham-operated group,model group,positive drug group(diltiazem hydrochloride,DH),high dose group(24 mg/kg,HXP-H)and low dose group(12 mg/kg,HXP-L)of Huoxin Pill(n=15 for every group)according to the complete randomization method.After 1 week of intragastric administration,the left anterior descending coronary artery of the rat's heart was ligated for 45 min and reperfused for 3 h.Serum was separated and the levels of creatine kinase(CK),creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and malondialdehyde(MDA),hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)were measured.Myocardial ischemia rate,myocardial infarction rate and myocardial no-reflow rate were determined by staining with Evans blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC).Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)and Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine(BATMAN)databases were used to screen for possible active compounds of HXP and their potential therapeutic targets;the results of anti-inflammatory genes associated with MIRI were obtained from GeneC ards,Drugbank,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM),and Therapeutic Target Datebase(TTD)databases was performed;Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment were used to analyze the intersected targets;molecular docking was performed using AutoD ock Tools.Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NFκB)/NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3).Results:Compared with the model group,all doses of HXP significantly reduced the levels of LDH,CK and CK-MB(P<0.05,P<0.01);HXP significantly increased serum activity of SOD(P<0.05,P<0.01);all doses of HXP significantly reduced the levels of hs-CRP and IL-1β(P<0.05,P<0.01)and the myocardial infarction rate and myocardial no-reflow rate(P<0.01).GO enrichment analysis mainly involved positive regulation of gene expression,extracellular space and identical protein binding,KEGG pathway enrichment mainly involved PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and lipid and atherosclerosis.Molecular docking results showed that kaempferol and luteolin had a better affinity with TLR4,NFκB and NLRP3 molecules.The protein expressions of TLR4,NFκB and NLRP3 were reduced in the HXP group(P<0.01).Conclusions:HXP has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats,and its effect may be related to the inhibition of redox response and reduction of the inflammatory response by inhibiting the TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

ATF4 is directly recruited by TLR4 signaling and positively regulates TLR4-trigged cytokine production in human monocytes

Toll-like receptors （TLRs） are sentinels of the host defense system, which recognize a large number of microbial pathogens. The host defense system may be inefficient or inflammatory diseases may develop if microbial recognition by TLRs and subsequent TLR-triggered cytokine production are deregulated. Activating transcription factor 4 （ATF4）, a member of the ATF/CREB transcription factor family, is an important factor that participates in several pathophysiological processes. In this report, we found that ATF4 is also involved in the TLR-mediated innate immune response, which participates in TLR4 signal transduction and mediates the secretion of a variety of cytokines. We observed that ATF4 is activated and translocates to the nucleus following l ipopolysaccharide （LPS） stimulation via the TLR4-MyD88-dependent pathway. Additionally, a cytokine array assay showed that some key inflammatory cytokines, such as I L-6, I L-8 and RANTES, are positively regulated by ATF4. We also demonstrate that c-Jun directly binds to ATF4, thereby promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results indicate that ATF4 acts as a positive regulator in TLR4-triggered cytokine production.

Hepatic protective effects of Shenling Baizhu powder, a herbal compound, against inflammatory damage via TLR4/NLRP3 signalling pathway in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective: High-fat diet(HFD) and inflammation are two key contributors to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Shenling Baizhu powder(SLBZP), a classical herbal compound, has been successfully used to alleviate NAFLD. However, its specific mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the anti-NAFLD effect of SLBZP in vivo.Methods: Rats were fed an HFD with or without SLBZP or with probiotics. At the end of week 16, an echo magnetic resonance imaging(EchoMRI) body composition analyser was used to quantitatively analyse body composition;a micro-computed tomography(micro-CT) imaging system was used to evaluate whole body and liver fat;and the Moor full-field laser perfusion imager 2 was used to assess liver microcirculation, after which, all rats were sacrificed. Then, biochemical indicators in the blood and the ultrastructure of rat livers were evaluated. Protein expression related to the liver Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3(NLRP3) signalling pathway was assessed using Western blot analysis. Further, high-throughput screening of 29 related inflammatory factors in liver tissue was performed using a cytokine array.Results: SLBZP supplementation reduced body weight, serum free fatty acid, and insulin resistance index(P<0.05). It also ameliorated liver microcirculation and ultrastructural abnormalities. EchoMRI and micro-CT quantitative analyses showed that treatment with SLBZP reduced fat mass and visceral fat(P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). In addition, SLBZP decreased the expression of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-activated TLR4/NLRP3 signalling pathway-related proteins and altered the expression levels of some inflammatory cytokines in liver tissues.Conclusion: SLBZP can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1 b release by suppressing LPS-induced TLR4 expression in rats with HFD-induced NAFLD. Thus, SLBZP may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory damage and associated diseases.

补肾活血法对多囊卵巢综合征大鼠的防治作用及机制初步研究

目的观察补肾活血法治疗多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的疗效并探讨其作用机制。方法60只大鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、补肾活血法高、中、低剂量及罗格列酮组,每组10只。除正常对照组外,其余各组均制备PCOS模型。除正常对照组采用正常饮水外,其余大鼠造模结束后每日仍用5%葡萄糖溶液替代日常饮水。补肾活血方高、中、低剂量组通过人与大鼠体表面积比率换算法计算出灌胃给药量分别为68.66 g/kg,34.33 g/kg,17.17 g/kg。正常对照组和模型组大鼠每日按照体质量灌胃蒸馏水1 ml/100 g,1次/d,连续28 d;罗格列酮组灌胃罗格列酮3 mg/(kg·d),1次/d,连续28 d。检测各组大鼠体质量、卵巢重量和子宫重量,血清激素(LH、FSH和T)、炎症因子(HMGB1和TNF-α)、基因和蛋白(HMGB1、TLR4、NF-KBP65)的表达水平变化。结果与正常对照组比较,模型组、低剂量组和中剂量组的体质量、卵巢质量显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01);模型组、补肾活血法低剂量组和中剂量组体质量、卵巢质量高于高剂量组和罗格列酮组,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而模型组、低剂量组和中剂量组子宫质量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。与正常对照组比较,各组LH、FSH和T含量均显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01);模型组LH、FSH和T含量均高于高剂量组和罗格列酮组(P<0.05,P<0.01);高剂量组和罗格列酮组LH、FSH和T含量显著低于补肾活血法低、中剂量组(P<0.05)。与正常对照组比较,其余各组HMGB1和TNF-α含量均显著增加(P<0.05);模型组HMGB1和TNF-a含量均高于高剂量组和罗格列酮组(P<0.05);高剂量组和罗格列酮组HMGB1和TNF-α含量显著低于低、中剂量组(P<0.05)。与正常对照组比较,其余各组HMGB1、TLR4和NF-κB-P65基因的表达水平均显著增加(P<0.05);模型组HMGB1、TLR4和NF-κB-P65基因表达水平均高于高剂量组和罗格列酮组(P<0.05);补肾活血法高剂量组和罗格列酮组HMGB1、TLR4和NF-κB-P65基因表达水平显著低于低、中剂量组(P<0.01)。结论补肾活血法具有显著的降低PCOS大鼠体质量、卵巢质量、激素水平和炎症因子的作用,且对卵巢组织功能损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与HMGB1/TLR4/NF-k BP65直接相关。

湿热证模型大鼠内毒素转导信号的动态研究

目的:通过多因素复合造模方法,观察模型大鼠内毒素特异性受体LBPmRNA、CD14mRNA、TLR4mRNA及NF-κBp65表达变化,探讨湿热致病机制。方法:24只大鼠分为正常组、湿热模型组(高脂+高温高湿+大肠杆菌)、模型对照组(高脂+高温高湿)各8只,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术(RT-PCR)检测肝巨噬细胞LBPmRNA、CD14mRNA、TLR4mRNA免疫组化技术检测肝巨噬细胞NF-κBp65活性。结果:在感染6h、12h、24h等不同时相点湿热模型组LBPmRNA、CD14mRNA、TLR4mRNA、NF-κB表达与模型对照组、正常组比较均有非常显著增强(P<0.01);湿热模型组在6h、12h、24h等不同时相点LBPmRNA、CD14mRNA、TLR4mRNA、NF-κB表达逐渐增强。之间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:靶细胞LBPmRNA、CD14mRNA、TLR4mRNA适量表达及NF-κB激活既是湿热病证的主要致病机理,又是湿热病证的相关性指标。

Inhibition of miR-873 provides therapeutic benefit in lipopolysaccharide-induced Parkinson disease animal model

OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in neurodegenerative disorders,although the inflammation may not the initiating factor.Parkinson disease(PD)is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of alpha synuclein(α-syn)and the loss of the dopamine(DA)neurons in the substantia nigra(SN),which has been reported to be induced by the stereotaxic injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)to the SN region in rodents.This study is to investigate the therapeutic benefit of the inhibition of miR-873 in PD.METHODS Rats received the right-unilaterally injection with concentrated LV-sponge or LV-EGFP 3 d before LPS treatment,7 or 14 d after LPS treatment.The animals were tested for rotational behavior with the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine dissolved in sterile saline at 21 d after LPS injection.The regulation of miR-873 on the genes related with cholesterol transport and inflammation was assayed in SH-SY5Y cells and U251 cells.RESULTS TLR4-My D88 signaling pathway was involved the regulation of miR-873 by LPS.The luciferase assay showed that HMGCR,ABCA1 and A20 were down-stream genes of miR-873.The transfection of miR-873 decreased the cholesterol levels in cell membrane,but increased in lysosome in SH-SY5Y cells.Compared with the control SH-SY5Y cells,cholesterol levels were higher in lysosome withα-synuclein overexpression or LPS treatment.The transfection of miR-873 increased theα-syn levels in lysosome in cel s withα-synuclein overexpression.The loss of dopaminergic neuorns induced by LPS was significantly respectively decreased by 22.8%,35.6%and 57% after the inhibition of miR-873 at 3 d before LPS treatment,7 or14 d after LPS treatment.Compared with LPS-treated group,the number of the rotation of rats was decreased by 60.4%,33.5%and 13.2%after the inhibition of miR-873 at 3 d before LPS treatment,7or 14 d after LPS treatment.The inhibition of miR-873 significantly decreased accumulation ofα-syn.The m RNA levels of HMGCR,ABCA1 and A20 in SN were decreased by LPS treatment,which was attenuated by the injection of LV-sponge.CONCLUSION The selective regulation of miR-873 can protect the dopaminergic neurons from the LPS-induced damage.The inhibition of miR-873 can attenuate the relocation of cholesterol in lysosome and the accumulation ofα-syn in neurons induced by LPS via the regulation of HMGCR,ABCA1 and A20.

Toll样受体4信号通路在脂多糖促进肺癌细胞增殖中的机制探讨

目的:本研究探讨Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor4,TLR4)介导的信号转导通路在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)促进肺腺癌细胞A549增殖过程中的可能机制。方法:LPS刺激肺腺癌A549细胞后,采用MTT方法和FCM法检测A549细胞增殖情况;免疫细胞化学法检测经不同浓度LPS处理的A549细胞中,TLR4、c-Jun、c-Fos及核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)蛋白的表达水平。结果:LPS刺激A549细胞24 h后增殖效应最明显,且100 ng/mL LPS组的G2/M期细胞所占比例较对照组和10 ng/mL LPS组显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TLR4、c-Jun、c-Fos及NF-κB蛋白在A549细胞中均有表达,且随着LPS处理浓度的增加而表达增强,100 ng/mL LPS处理组中蛋白表达增强最明显,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:LPS能促进A549细胞增殖,其机制可能是通过与TLR4受体结合而激活TLR4信号转导通路,进而分别活化c-Jun和c-Fos的异源二聚体———转录因子激活蛋白-1(activating protein-1,AP-1)和核因子NF-κB,从而使肺癌细胞持续增殖。