Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates inflammatory response ulcerative colitis through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Ulcer colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,and noninfectious inflammatory bowel disease.Recently,Toll-like receptors(TLRs)have been found to be closely associated with clinical inflammatory diseases.Achieving complete remission in patients with intermittent periods of activity followed by dormancy is challenging.Moreover,no study has explored the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.AIM To explore the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.METHODS This prospective clinical study included patients who met the exclusion criteria in 2020 and 2021.The patients with UC were divided into two groups(control and experimental).The peripheral blood of the experimental and control groups were collected under aseptic conditions.The expression of TLR4 protein,NF-κB,IL-6,and IL-17 was detected in the peripheral blood of patients in the experimental group and control group before and 1 month after taking the drug.Linear co rrelation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the expression level of TLR4 protein and the expression levels of downstream signal NF-κB and inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS There were no significant differences in the patient characteristics between the control and experimental groups.The results showed that the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The TLR4 protein expression in the experimental group was positively correlated with the expression level of downstream signal NF-κB and was positively correlated with the levels of downstream inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17(r=0.823,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates the inflammatory response of UC through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Quercetin regulates depression-like behavior in CUMS rat models via TLR4/NF-κB signaling

Background:Depression is becoming increasingly prevalent around the world,imposing a substantial burden on individuals,families,as well as society.Quercetin is known to be highly effective in treating depression.However,additional research is needed to dissect the mechanisms of its anti-depressive effects.Methods:For this study,Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomized into the control,model,quercetin,or fluoxetine group.The latter three groups were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)for 42 d.The first two groups received saline solution daily via oral gavage.Meanwhile,the quercetin group was orally administered a quercetin suspension(52.08 mg/kg)every day,while the fluoxetine group was orally administered a fluoxetine solution(2.08 mg/kg).Here,fluoxetine served as the positive control drug to compare the therapeutic effects of quercetin.The experimental period was 6 weeks.Depressive behaviors in rats were assessed through various physiological and behavioral measures.Additionally,pathological changes in hippocampal tissues were examined using Nissl staining.Serum cytokines were detected using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and immunohistochemistry was employed to quantify the levels and integral optical density(IOD)values of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba-1)expression in the brain.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)was utilized to evaluate the mRNA levels of inflammatory indicators as well as toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),and nuclear factor-κappa B P65(NF-κB P65)in hippocampus.Western blot(WB)technique was employed to observe the protein levels of TLR4,NF-κB P65,and phospho-NF-κB P65(p-NF-κB P65).Results:After 42 d of exposure to CUMS,rats exhibited a slow increase in body weight,a reduction in food intake,an abnormal preference for sugar water,and aberrant open-field behaviors.Pathological analysis revealed the disintegration,rupture,interruption,and disorganization of hippocampal neuronal cells after CUMS exposure,along with a decrease in Nissl bodies in the CA1 region.This was accompanied by the elevated expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)in the serum and the upregulation of IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αmRNA expression in the hippocampus.Increases in Iba-1-positive cells and the IOD values of Iba-1 were detected in hippocampal microglia.Furthermore,TLR4 and NF-κB P65 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in hippocampal tissues.Quercetin,an antidepressant,could alleviate depression-like symptoms in rats and downregulate inflammatory factors associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in hippocampal microglia,and its therapeutic effect was comparable to fluoxetine.Conclusion:In rat models of CUMS,quercetin may act as an antidepressant by inhibiting inflammation in hippocampal microglia via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.These results offer experimental and theoretical support for applying quercetin in the clinical management of depression.

基于TLR4-NF-κB信号通路的槐果碱改善人支气管上皮细胞炎症和黏液高分泌的机制

目的基于TLR4-NF-κB信号通路探讨槐果碱(SC)体外抗炎作用及其抗哮喘的潜在效应机制。方法采用脂多糖(LPS)刺激人支气管上皮细胞NCI-H292诱导体外炎症模型,给予不同浓度SC进行治疗。采用MTT法筛选LPS和SC对NCI-H292细胞的安全浓度;设Control组、LPS组(10μg/mL LPS)、SC组(10μg/mL LPS+不同浓度SC),ELISA法检测细胞中黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)的表达和上清液中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)的分泌情况;RT-PCR法检测细胞中MUC5AC、IL-6、IL-8、髓样分化因子(MyD88)和核因子-κB(NF-κB p65)mRNA的表达;Western blot方法检测细胞中Toll样受体4(TLR4)、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白6(TRAF6)、磷酸化p38(p-p38)和磷酸化p65(p-p65)以及细胞核内NF-κB p65的蛋白表达。结果MTT结果显示,LPS和SC分别在0~10μg/mL、0~40μg/mL浓度范围内对细胞活力无影响;ELISA结果表明,与Control组相比,LPS组细胞中MUC5AC含量极显著升高(P<0.01),细胞上清液中IL-6、IL-8也极显著升高(P<0.01);与LPS组相比,SC组细胞中MUC5AC含量极显著降低(P<0.01),细胞上清液中IL-6、IL-8也极显著降低(P<0.01);RT-PCR结果显示,与Control组相比,LPS组细胞中MUC5AC、IL-6、IL-8、MyD88和NF-κB p65 mRNA表达均极显著升高(P<0.01),而SC组细胞中MUC5AC、IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的表达显著降低(P<0.05),MyD88和NF-κB p65 mRNA的表达极显著降低(P<0.01)。Western blotting结果表明,SC可极显著降低LPS诱导的NCI-H292细胞中TRAF6、TLR4、p-p38和p-p65以及细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白表达(P<0.01)。结论SC可能通过抑制TLR4-NF-κB信号通路,改善气道炎症和黏液高分泌,进而发挥抗哮喘的作用。

葛根素通过调节TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路对糖尿病小鼠肾损伤的改善作用

目的:研究葛根素(puerarin)通过调节TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路对糖尿病小鼠肾损伤的改善作用。方法:小鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建糖尿病小鼠模型,分为糖尿病模型组(模型组)、二甲双胍组、葛根素组,另设正常对照组。正常对照组和模型组小鼠灌胃予生理盐水,二甲双胍组灌胃予二甲双胍320 mg/kg·d^(-1),葛根素组腹腔注射葛根素65 mg/kg·d^(-1),各实验组共干预4周。每周测定各组小鼠的空腹血糖(FBG),称量体重,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定各组小鼠血清肌酐、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),苏木精—伊红(HE)染色观察小鼠肾组织病理损伤情况,免疫组化观察Toll样受体-4(TLR4)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、核因子κB(NF-κB)蛋白在肾组织的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组FBG、肌酐、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显升高(P<0.05),肾小球增大,肾组织正常结构被破坏,肾小球基底膜增厚,且肾组织TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白表达增多(P<0.05);与模型组比较,葛根素组的FBG、Scr、IL-6、TNF-a的含量明显降低(P<0.05),减轻肾组织损伤,肾组织TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB表达减少(P<0.05)。结论:葛根素对糖尿病小鼠肾损伤具有明显的改善作用,可能与其调控TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路有关。

TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB信号通路在痛风中的研究进展

痛风是由于血尿酸浓度升高,尿酸钠晶体在关节、肌腱和周围组织中沉积,从而导致炎症性关节炎间歇性发作。Toll样受体是先天免疫系统中模式识别受体的一种。痛风性关节炎是由于过饱和的尿酸钠晶体在血液中析出,并与巨噬细胞产生作用,导致中性粒细胞的趋化、聚集,从而激活TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB信号通路,释放IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子和蛋白酶,导致痛风性关节炎的发生、发展。该文以痛风及TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB信号通路为主线,综述了TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB信号通路与痛风的相关性以及以该信号通路为靶点的治疗方法。

To investigate the effect of Shenqi Tiaoshen Formula on CSE induced inflammatory response of MH-S cells based on TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway

Objective:To study the effects of Shenqi Tiaoshen Formula(SQTS)on the inflammatory response of MH-S cells induced by cigarette smoking extract(CSE)and its mechanism based on TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.Methods:MH-S cells were used as subjects to evaluate cell viability by CCK-8 method.The levels of TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA.ROS were detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence probe.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein,and TAK-242,a TLR4 inhibitor,was used to verify the role of SQTS in the TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.Results:Compared with blank group,the cell survival rate of CSE group was decreased,and the contents of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 were increased(P<0.05),ROS fluorescence expression level was significantly increased(P<0.01),TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein expression was significantly increased(P<0.05);Compared with CSE group,the survival rate of cells in SQTS groups was increased,and the expression levels of the above indexes were decreased(P<0.05),and TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein decreased in TAK-242 groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:SQTS can reduce the inflammatory response of MH-S cells induced by CSE by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.

β-arrestin 2 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation in mice

AIM To study the role and the possible mechanism of β-arrestin 2 in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro.METHODS Male β-arrestin 2^(+/+) and β-arrestin 2^(-/-)C57 BL/6 J mice were used for in vivo experiments, and the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used for in vitro experiments. The animal model was established via intraperitoneal injection of LPS or physiological sodium chloride solution. Blood samples and liver tissues were collected to analyze liver injury and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cultured cell extracts were collected to analyze the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.RESULTS Compared with wild-type mice, the β-arrestin 2 knockout mice displayed more severe LPS-induced liver injury and significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, and IL-10. Compared with the control group, pro-inflammatory cytokines(including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) produced by RAW264.7 cells in the β-arrestin 2 si RNA group were significantly increased at 6 h after treatment with LPS. Further, key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, including phosphoIκBα and phosho-p65, were upregulated.CONCLUSION β-arrestin 2 can protect liver tissue from LPS-induced injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation.

Anti-inflammation Effects of Sinomenine on Macrophages through Suppressing Activated TLR4/NF-kB Signaling Pathway

Sinomenine(SN)has been used in the clinical treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis for many years.Studies showed that SN held protective effects such as anti-inflammation,scavenging free radicals and suppressing immune response in many autoimmune diseases.The purpose of the present study is to explore the mechanism of anti-inflammation of SN on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced macrophages activation and investigate whether the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway participated in.Macrophages isolated from mouse peritoneal cavity were stimulated by 1 pg/mL LPS for 24 h.And then the cells were treated with various concentrations of SN,TLR4 inhibitor respectively for additional 48 h.Drug toxicity was detected by MTT assay and Transwell experiment was used to assess chemotaxis.Furthermore,TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR.Western blotting was used to examine TLR4,MyD88 and phosphorylated IκB protein expression in macrophages.Immunofluorescence assay was applied to observe p65 NF-κB protein expression in macrophage nucleus.We extracted macrophages with high purity and activity from the abdominal cavity of mice.SN remarkably inhibited the chemotaxis and secretion function of LPS-stimulated macrophages.It also down-regulated both the protein levels of inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-β and IL-6)and the RNA and protein levels of the key factors(TLR4,MyD88,p-IkB)in TLR4 pathway.The expression of p65 NF-κB protein in nuclei was down-regulated,which was correlated with a similar decrease in p-IκB protein level.In conclusion,SN can inhibit the LPS induced immune responses in macrophages by blocking the activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.These results may provide a therapeutic approach to regulate inflammatory responses.

Phycocyanin attenuates X-ray-induced pulmonary inflammation via the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway

Phycocyanin (PC), a natural algal protein, is reported for having anti-oxidant and antiinfl ammatory properties. We investigated its ability to attenuate lung infl ammation in mice subjected to X-ray radiation. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to the control, total body irradiation, PC pretreatment, and PC treatment groups. Mice in the PC pretreatment group were gavaged with 200 mg/kg PC for 7 consecutive days before irradiation, and those in the PC treatment group were gavaged with 200 mg/kg PC for 7 consecutive days after irradiation. Lungs were collected on Day 7 after irradiation exposure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse lung sections showed considerable infl ammation damage 7 days after irradiation compared with the control lung but a reduction in pathological injury in the PC treatment group. Pretreatment or treatment with PC signifi cantly decreased levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the lung, and also increased the relative mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. In vivo, PC signifi cantly reduced the expression of Toll-like receptor TLR2, myeloid diff erentiation primary response Myd88, and nuclear factor NF-κB, at both the transcriptional and translation level. Taken together, these data indicated that PC attenuated lung infl ammatory damage induced by radiation by blocking the TLR2- MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, PC could be a protective agent against radiation-induced infl ammatory damage in normal tissues.

Ramulus Cinnamomi extract attenuates neuroinflammatory responses via downregulating TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in BV2 cells

Ramulus Cinnamomi （RC）, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to attenuate inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RC extract on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells and the underlying mechanisms involved. BV2 cells were incubated with normal medium （control group）, LPS, LPS plus 30 pg/mL RC extract, or LPS plus 100 pg/mL RC extract. The BV2 cell morphology was observed under an optical microscope and cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Nitric oxide level in BV2 cells was detected using Griess regents, and the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1 β, and tumor necrosis factor u in BV2 cells were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 proteins were detected by western blot assay. Compared with the LPS group, both 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract had no significant effect on the viability of BV2 cells. The levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor ct in BV2 cells were all significantly increased after LPS induction, and the levels were significantly reversed after treatment with 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract. Furthermore, RC extract significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that RC extract alleviates neuroinflammation by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on the prevention of PSH in patients with severe craniocerebral injury by regulating TLR4/My D88/NF-kappa B signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the regulation of TLR4/My D88/NF-κB in the prevention of paroxysmal sympathetic over-excitation (PSH) in patients with severe head injury. Methods:One hundred patients with severe head injury who were admitted to our hospital from September 2016 to May 2019 were enrolled. The randomized digital table method was divided into 50 cases in the study group and the control group. Patients in the study group were given dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1.0 μg/kg before anesthesia induction, followed by infusion at 0.4 μg / (kg·h), and the control group was injected with the same amount of normal saline. The incidence of PSH, clinical symptoms, imaging findings, mechanical ventilation time, tracheal intubation/incision duration, ICU hospitalization time, total length of hospital stay, and GCS scores three months after discharge were compared between the two groups. At the same time, the fluorescence intensity, TLR4, NF-κB expression level and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression levels in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes of the two groups were detected. Results:The incidence of PSH was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group at 7 and 3 months (P<0.05). The total length of hospital stay, duration of ICU hospitalization, intraoperative tracheotomy, and mechanical ventilation time were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. And the GCS score was higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In addition, the imaging results showed that there were some differences in the location of imaging lesions between the two groups. The proportion of lesions in the ventricular system and surrounding areas was higher in the control group than in the study group (P<0.05). And the T14-T3 CD14+ PBMC MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate were significantly higher than those of T0 (P<0.05), but the MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T1~T3 (P<0.05). The levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 groups were significantly higher than those in T0 (P<0.05), but the levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P< 0.05). Conclusions:Dexmedetomidine can reduce the oxidative stress response in patients with severe head injury by inhibiting TLR4/My D88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thus effectively reducing the risk of PSH and improving the prognosis of patients.

冰片通过下调TLR4-NF-κB通路缓解LPS诱导的BMECs损伤

目的研究冰片对脂多糖(LPS)引发脑微血管内皮细胞(BMECs)损伤的保护作用及潜在机制。方法原代培养和鉴定大鼠BMECs,并用LPS诱发炎性损伤。利用CCK-8法检测细胞的存活率,并以此优化冰片的给药剂量。继而通过ELISA检测TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8的生成,DCFH-DA探针检测ROS含量,Hoechst 33342染色检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot检测TLR4、p-p65、p65、p-IκBα和IκBα的表达。结果冰片剂量优化结果表明其在10 mg·L^(-1)和20 mg·L^(-1)具有良好的剂量-效应依赖性。以它们为低、高剂量,发现冰片可显著减少TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8的分泌和ROS的生成,降低凋亡细胞百分率,减少TLR4、p-p65和IκBα的表达,并增加p65和p-IκBα的表达。结论冰片可通过下调TLR4-NF-κB通路缓解BMECs的炎症反应,进而减少大脑损伤。

Research Progress and Research Ideas on Anti-hepatic Fibrosis and Promoting Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis of the National Drug Plumbapin Based on TLR4 Signal Pathway

Hepatic fibrosis is a reversible pathological phenomenon in the early and middle stages,but but no satisfactory intervention drugs have been available so far.Recent studies have suggested that microcirculation disturbance of liver is one of the important pathogenesis of chronic liver disease,the improvement of microcirculation is beneficial to the recovery of liver function and the delay of liver fibrosis.Hepatic stellate cells are the core cells of hepatic fibrosis,and also the most critical cells that affect the microcirculation of the liver.While TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and TLR4/MyD88/MAPKs which are based on the action of hepatic stellate cells are two pathways that have very important influence on the inflammatory response of liver,the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells,and the secretion of fibrogenic cytokines.It was found that Plumbapin,the active ingredient of Guangxi specialty ethnic medicine,has the definite effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and anti-hepatic fibrosis,but its mechanism is not clear.In this study,the research progress of the above problems was reviewed,and further research ideas were derived as follows:the pharmacological effect of Plumbapin on anti-hepatic fibrosis,promoting blood circulation and removing stasis was based on the influence of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathway.

Inhibitory Effect of Bergenin on TLR-4/NF-κB Signal Pathway in Reducing Allergic Rhinitis in Mice

[Objectives]To explore the effect and possible mechanism of bergenin in relieving allergic rhinitis(AR)in mice.[Methods]50 C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into blank group(n=10),model group(n=10)and high(100 mg/kg),medium(50 mg/kg)and low(25 mg/kg)dose bergenin groups with 10 mice in each group.Except for the blank group,the other mice were sensitized by basic ways combined with attack to replicate the AR model.From the 15th d of modeling(from the second d after the end of the basic modeling),the drug group was given bergenin orally for 15 d,and the blank group and model group were given the same volume of normal saline once a day.24 h after the last establishment of the model,the content of interleukin 4(IL-4),IL-6,TNF-αand IL-1βin nasal lavage fluid and serum of mice in each group was detected by ELISA.The expression of TLR-4,NF-κB and p-NF-κB in nasal mucosa of mice was detected by Western blot.[Results]Compared with the blank group,the content of inflammatory factors IL-4,IL-6,TNF-αand IL-1βin nasal lavage fluid and serum of model group was significantly increased,and the protein expression of TLR-4 and p-NF-κB was significantly increased.After the intervention of bergenin,the content of IL-4,IL-6,TNF-αand IL-1βin nasal lavage fluid and serum and TLR-4 and p-NF-κB protein in tissue was significantly inhibited in bergenin group.[Conclusions]Bergenin can effectively reduce allergic inflammation in AR model mice,and its mechanism may be related to inhibition of inflammation and down-regulation of TLR-4/NF-κB signal pathway.

Effects of Polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis(L.)Nees.on TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Cell Model of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver

[Objectives]To observe the effects of polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis(L.)Nees.on the expression of TLR/NF-κB pathway related proteins in HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid,and to explore the possible mechanism of polysaccharides from D.chinensis(L.)Nees.in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).[Methods]HepG2 cells were induced with oleic acid to establish a non-alcoholic fatty liver cell model.After intervention with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL of D.chinensis(L.)Nees.polysaccharides,the ALT and AST activity and TG and TC contents were detected with kits,and the changes in the expression of CDK5,TLR4,p-NF-κB and NF-κB were analyzed using Western-blotting.[Results]In the HepG2 cells induced with oleic acid,the ALT and AST activity increased significantly,the TG and TC contents increased significantly,and the expression levels of CDK5,TLR4 and p-NF-κB proteins up-regulated significantly.In the HepG2 cells intervened with D.chinensis(L.)Nees.polysaccharides,the activity of ALT and AST,the contents of TG and TC,and the expression levels of CDK5,TLR4 and p-NF-κB proteins all reduced significantly.[Conclusions]Polysaccharides from D.chinensis(L.)Nees.may interfere with NAFLD by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.

针刺通过影响TLR4-NF-κB信号通路在治疗慢性神经退行性疾病中的作用

针刺在治疗慢性神经退行性疾病中不可或缺,疗效受到世界公认,特别是针刺抗炎的疗效不断受到国内外研究者的广泛关注、研究和认可,TLR4-NF-κB信号通路作为一条经典的神经炎症通路,一直以来备受观注。本研究详细介绍TLR4-NF-κB信号通路的组成并整理归纳国内外文献发现针刺可以调控该通路,在阿尔兹海默症、帕金森病与肌萎缩侧索硬化症等慢性神经退行性疾病中起着调节作用,期望为了解慢性神经退行性疾病的发病机制及临床治疗靶点提供思路。

卡维地洛对肝纤维化动物模型TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路的影响及其抗肝纤维化的作用机制

目的探讨卡维地洛对肝纤维化动物模型TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路的影响及其抗肝纤维化的作用机制。方法将60只SD大鼠作为研究对象,随机分为空白对照组、模型组以及低、中、高剂量卡维地洛组,每组各12只。采用胆总管结扎法建立模型组和卡维地洛组大鼠的肝纤维化模型,并于造模成功后48 h开始,低、中、高剂量卡维地洛组每天分别灌胃给药药液0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/kg;空白对照组和模型组灌胃等量蒸馏水。干预4 w后比较各组大鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、白蛋白(ALB)水平、炎症因子[白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]水平以及肝纤维化血清指标[羟脯氨酸(Hyp)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、III型前胶原肽(PIIINP)]水平。并取出每组大鼠的肝脏左叶组织进行切片,采用常规HE染色和Masson三色染色后于显微镜下观察对比肝脏纤维化程度;采用Westernblot法检测各组大鼠肝组织中NF-κB与TLR4/MyD88蛋白表达水平;采用实时定量PCR法检测NF-κB与TLR4/MyD88 mRNA水平。结果HE及Masson三色染色结果显示模型组大鼠肝纤维模型造模成功,与空白对照组比较,模型组IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α、ALT、AST以及Hyp、LN、PIIINP水平明显升高(P<0.05),ALB水平水平明显下降(P<0.05);干预4 w后,低、中、高剂量卡维地洛组大鼠血清ALT、AST、炎症因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平以及Hyp、LN、PIIINP相比模型组明显下降(P<0.05),ALB水平明显上升(P<0.05),且随着给药剂量增加,各因子水平改善更显著。模型组大鼠TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB蛋白及mRNA表达水平相比空白对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。不同剂量卡维地洛干预后,随着剂量增加,TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB蛋白及mRNA表达水平逐渐降低(P<0.05)。结论卡维地洛可能通过调控TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路调控TLR4、MyD88以及NF-κB蛋白表达,发挥抑制肝脏炎症反应和抗纤维作用,从而改善肝纤维化程度。

右美托咪定对脂多糖诱导的子宫内膜炎小鼠子宫组织中TLR4-NF-κB/NLRP3炎性小体介导的炎性反应的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定(DEX)对小鼠子宫内膜炎的作用及相关分子机制。方法将40只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组及右美托咪定组(10、20、40μg/kg),共计5组;腹腔注射给药30min后,采用小鼠子宫注射LPS溶液建立小鼠子宫内膜炎模型;24h后小鼠眼球取血,脱颈椎处死,解剖分离小鼠子宫组织;采用HE染色法检测小鼠子宫组织的病理变化并评分;采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α的分泌水平;采用RT-PCR法检测小鼠子宫组织中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α的表达水平;采用Western blot法检测小鼠子宫组织中TLR4-NF-κB介导的NLRP3炎性小体活化相关分子的表达水平。结果HE染色结果表明与对照组小鼠比较,模型组小鼠的子宫组织中出现明显的炎性细胞浸润和肌层水肿及黏膜增生等炎性反应,给予右美托咪定能够抑制子宫内膜炎小鼠的子宫炎性细胞浸润及肌层水肿等炎性反应;ELISA结果表明与对照组小鼠比较,模型组小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α的含量显著增加,给予右美托咪定呈剂量依赖性降低子宫内膜炎小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α的含量;RT-PCR结果表明与对照组小鼠比较,模型组小鼠子宫组织中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-αmRNA水平显著上调,给予右美托咪定呈剂量依赖性显著下调IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-αmRNA水平;Western blot法结果表明与对照组比较,模型组小鼠子宫组织中caspase-1、ASC、NLRP3、TLR4、p-p65/p65表达水平显著上调,给予右美托咪定能够显著抑制子宫内膜炎小鼠子宫组织中caspase-1、ASC、NLRP3、TLR4、p-p65/p65的表达。结论右美托咪定能够缓解脂多糖诱导的小鼠子宫内膜炎,并且与抑制子宫组织中TLR4-NF-κB/NLRP3炎性小体介导的炎性反应相关,对子宫内膜炎具有潜在的治疗作用。

甲连盆腔胶囊对盆腔炎性后遗症大鼠子宫病理形态及TLR2、TLR4-NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的观察甲连盆腔胶囊对盆腔炎性后遗症大鼠子宫组织病理结构及Toll样受体2(TLR2)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)-核因子kappa B(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白的影响。方法选取雌性SD大鼠60只,随机分为空白组、假手术组、模型组、甲连盆腔胶囊组、妇科千金胶囊组,每组12只。正常组不做处理,假手术组仅开关腹,其余大鼠均采用苯酚胶浆法建立盆腔炎性后遗症大鼠模型。造模成功后,甲连盆腔胶囊组给予40 mg/mL的甲连盆腔胶囊混悬液18.75 mL/(kg·d)灌胃,妇科千金胶囊组予以40 mg/mL的妇科千金胶囊混悬液6.25 mL/(kg·d)灌服,空白组、假手术组、模型组大鼠予等容量蒸馏水灌胃,连续干预14 d。肉眼观察各组大鼠子宫外观情况;HE染色观察子宫组织病理形态改变;ELISA检测大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;免疫组化法检测子宫组织中TLR2、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、NF-κB蛋白表达水平。结果模型组大鼠子宫弯曲、变形、充血水肿,HE染色观察子宫组织结构紊乱、腺体萎缩,上皮细胞变性、坏死,大量炎性细胞浸润;而甲连盆腔胶囊组与妇科千金胶囊组子宫形态改变较轻,光镜下观察上皮细胞坏死脱落、腺体萎缩情况及炎性细胞浸润较模型组减轻。与空白组和假手术组比较,模型组血清TNF-α水平及子宫组织中TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P均<0.05);与模型组比较,甲连盆腔胶囊组和妇科千金胶囊组大鼠血清TNF-α水平及子宫组织中TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P均<0.05),甲连盆腔胶囊组与妇科千金胶囊组各指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论甲连盆腔胶囊能有效抑制盆腔炎性后遗症大鼠炎症反应,减轻组织损伤,其机制可能与调节TLR2/4-NF-κB信号通路相关。

Milled flaxseed-added diets ameliorated hepatic inflammation by reducing gene expression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and altered gut microbiota in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice

Flaxseed has displayed the potential beneficial as functional foods.However,most studies focused on effects of flaxseed extracts or ingredients in flaxseed.Besides,few studies showed that flaxseed extracts contributed to anti-type 1 diabetes(T1D),yet the underlying mechanism is still unknown.In the present study,16.7% of milled flaxseed(MF)-added diet was given to diabetic mice induced by streptozocin for 6 weeks.The results showed that MF feeding 1)slightly decreased blood glucose levels and improved the ability of glucose tolerance by oral glucose tolerance test,2)decreased liver tumor necrosis factor-αlevels and increased liver glycogen levels with significance via down-regulating TLR4/NF-κB pathways,3)and significantly altered some beneficial bacteria in gut microbiota.In conclusion,the present study showed that milled flaxseed showed the potential on anti-T1D through anti-inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB and altering the gut microbiota in STZ-induced diabetic mice.