Nutrient metabolism is regulated by several factors.Social determinants of health with or without genetics are the primary regulator of metabolism,and an unhealthy lifestyle affects all modulators and mediators,leadin...Nutrient metabolism is regulated by several factors.Social determinants of health with or without genetics are the primary regulator of metabolism,and an unhealthy lifestyle affects all modulators and mediators,leading to the adaptation and finally to the exhaustion of cellular functions.Hepatic steatosis is defined by presence of fat in more than 5%of hepatocytes.In hepatocytes,fat is stored as triglycerides in lipid droplet.Hepatic steatosis results from a combination of multiple intracellular processes.In a healthy individual nutrient metabolism is regulated at several steps.It ranges from the selection of nutrients in a grocery store to the last step of consumption of ATP as an energy or as a building block of a cell as structural component.Several hormones,peptides,and genes have been described that participate in nutrient metabolism.Several enzymes participate in each nutrient metabolism as described above from ingestion to generation of ATP.As of now several publications have revealed very intricate regulation of nutrient metabolism,where most of the regulatory factors are tied to each other bidirectionally,making it difficult to comprehend chronological sequence of events.Insulin hormone is the primary regulator of all nutrients’metabolism both in prandial and fasting states.Insulin exerts its effects directly and indirectly on enzymes involved in the three main cellular function processes;metabolic,inflammation and repair,and cell growth and regeneration.Final regulators that control the enzymatic functions through stimulation or suppression of a cell are nuclear receptors in especially farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/RXR ligands,adiponectin,leptin,and adiponutrin.Insulin hormone has direct effect on these final modulators.Whereas blood glucose level,serum lipids,incretin hormones,bile acids in conjunction with microbiota are intermediary modulators which are controlled by lifestyle.The purpose of this review is to overview the key players in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)that help us understand the disease natural course,risk stratification,role of lifestyle and pharmacotherapy in each individual patient with MASLD to achieve personalized care and target the practice of precision medicine.PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to identify publication related to metabolism of carbohydrate and fat in states of health and disease states;MASLD,cardiovascular disease and cancer.More than 1000 publications including original research and review papers were reviewed.展开更多
目的:药材天麻由于隶属于单子叶植物兰科天麻属,天麻中含有大量多糖、蛋白质以及大量次生代谢物质,使其提取的DNA质量不高,影响后续的PCR扩增。且ITS2通用引物在单子叶植物部分物种通用性很差。本研究通过对DNA提取过程、PCR扩增过程进...目的:药材天麻由于隶属于单子叶植物兰科天麻属,天麻中含有大量多糖、蛋白质以及大量次生代谢物质,使其提取的DNA质量不高,影响后续的PCR扩增。且ITS2通用引物在单子叶植物部分物种通用性很差。本研究通过对DNA提取过程、PCR扩增过程进行优化,设计出一对用于鉴别天麻药材的ITS2引物,为中药材天麻的鉴定提供一种新方法。方法:以通用ITS2引物扩增出的两条序列为研究对象,经Primer Premier 5.0设计出3对特异性引物,通过对22份样品进行研究,筛选出一条高特异性的ITS2引物。结果:在54℃的退火温度下,TM2F-2R对天麻的鉴定效率高达90.9%。结论:TM2F-2R可作为天麻ITS2序列的特异性引物,为天麻的分子鉴定提供了一套准确、稳定的鉴定方法。展开更多
文摘Nutrient metabolism is regulated by several factors.Social determinants of health with or without genetics are the primary regulator of metabolism,and an unhealthy lifestyle affects all modulators and mediators,leading to the adaptation and finally to the exhaustion of cellular functions.Hepatic steatosis is defined by presence of fat in more than 5%of hepatocytes.In hepatocytes,fat is stored as triglycerides in lipid droplet.Hepatic steatosis results from a combination of multiple intracellular processes.In a healthy individual nutrient metabolism is regulated at several steps.It ranges from the selection of nutrients in a grocery store to the last step of consumption of ATP as an energy or as a building block of a cell as structural component.Several hormones,peptides,and genes have been described that participate in nutrient metabolism.Several enzymes participate in each nutrient metabolism as described above from ingestion to generation of ATP.As of now several publications have revealed very intricate regulation of nutrient metabolism,where most of the regulatory factors are tied to each other bidirectionally,making it difficult to comprehend chronological sequence of events.Insulin hormone is the primary regulator of all nutrients’metabolism both in prandial and fasting states.Insulin exerts its effects directly and indirectly on enzymes involved in the three main cellular function processes;metabolic,inflammation and repair,and cell growth and regeneration.Final regulators that control the enzymatic functions through stimulation or suppression of a cell are nuclear receptors in especially farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/RXR ligands,adiponectin,leptin,and adiponutrin.Insulin hormone has direct effect on these final modulators.Whereas blood glucose level,serum lipids,incretin hormones,bile acids in conjunction with microbiota are intermediary modulators which are controlled by lifestyle.The purpose of this review is to overview the key players in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)that help us understand the disease natural course,risk stratification,role of lifestyle and pharmacotherapy in each individual patient with MASLD to achieve personalized care and target the practice of precision medicine.PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to identify publication related to metabolism of carbohydrate and fat in states of health and disease states;MASLD,cardiovascular disease and cancer.More than 1000 publications including original research and review papers were reviewed.
文摘目的:药材天麻由于隶属于单子叶植物兰科天麻属,天麻中含有大量多糖、蛋白质以及大量次生代谢物质,使其提取的DNA质量不高,影响后续的PCR扩增。且ITS2通用引物在单子叶植物部分物种通用性很差。本研究通过对DNA提取过程、PCR扩增过程进行优化,设计出一对用于鉴别天麻药材的ITS2引物,为中药材天麻的鉴定提供一种新方法。方法:以通用ITS2引物扩增出的两条序列为研究对象,经Primer Premier 5.0设计出3对特异性引物,通过对22份样品进行研究,筛选出一条高特异性的ITS2引物。结果:在54℃的退火温度下,TM2F-2R对天麻的鉴定效率高达90.9%。结论:TM2F-2R可作为天麻ITS2序列的特异性引物,为天麻的分子鉴定提供了一套准确、稳定的鉴定方法。
