基于改进节点-场所模型的城市轨道交通TOD评估

为有效评价以公共交通为导向的开发模式(Transit-Oriented Development,TOD)的实施效果,以轨道交通与城市的协调程度为切入点,基于经典的节点-场所(Node-Place,NP)模型,引入客流作为第三维度,提出节点-场所-客流(Node-Place-Ridership,NPR)模型,从三维度定量评估轨道交通站点的发展水平和维度间协调程度。以厦门轨道交通站点为例,基于多源时空大数据,分别从三维度计算共33项基础指标值,并以各指标的全局莫兰指数为权重计算各维度指标的加权和,得到各维度归一化的价值,最终利用K-means方法对各站点进行聚类分析。结果显示,NP模型将车站分为6类,NPR模型则进一步结合客流指标重新调整车站类别,修正节点或场所价值单一指标在结果分类中的过大权重,15座车站的分类在工作日NPR模型中有所变化。此外,工作日厦门地铁中高客流站点集中于岛内,其中1号线站点场所价值偏高,2、3号线站点则多属于平衡类;岛外1号线站点多属于依赖类,各项指标值均偏低,2、3号线站点节点价值偏高。研究表明站点分类与城市建设进度紧密相关,站域范围内的交通、土地利用与客流之间存在普遍联系,在未来开发中应进一步有针对性地指导规划建设,促进轨道交通与城市融合发展。

Delivering Tram-Based Boulevards: Learning from Opportunities and Challenges in Three European City Case Studies

Increasing calls for zero-carbon cities invite transformative solutions for people and places within our cities around the world. Key to the transformation is cities and regions shifting in mobility away from fossil-fuel based car-oriented solutions. The paper investigates a range of case studies where “tram-based boulevards” have been planned or implemented to provide such opportunities. The case studies share a common broader policy objective: to transform the car-oriented or car-saturated areas to an intensified urban template based on a critical presence of dedicated mid-tier transit infrastructure and active transport. “Trams”, or mid-tier, mid-capacity transit when combined with Transit oriented development (TOD) along whole corridors can provide transformative pathways towards zero-carbon outcomes as well as multiple, strong urban benefits. However, many successful or instructive examples of this practice from non-English speaking countries, particularly in Europe, are underdocumented in the international literature. The paper addresses this gap by investigating opportunities and challenges evident in a range of European case studies. These are explored for insight towards policy learning particularly in New World cities seeking to transform into a zero-carbon and more transit-oriented template: How can decision-makers avoid repeating the identified pitfalls, and instead focus on emulating the successful approaches and outcomes? We conclude the need for recognition of the inherent synergies between transport and land use settings in any endeavour, and their translation into policy priorities in both fields of planning. We also conclude the importance of decision makers proactively identifying and critically appraising specific opportunities for change, concerning funding, technology, public opinion, stakeholder alliances or market dynamics, and capitalising on them at suitable moments in time.

从“温州模式”到多中心城市群发展模式——以浙中城市群为例

改革开放以来,浙中地区在特定的经济、社会背景下,已逐步发展成以多中心为主要特征的城乡融合的浙中城市群。通过分析浙中城市群的特征、问题、背景和机制,明晰在强县扩权体制背景下、在"温州模式"的经济模式下,县域强中心、区域多中心的城乡融合发展模式的优越性。指出应将"小的是美好的"作为未来浙中城市群空间引导的核心理念,在浙江人多地少的宏观条件下引导城市空间的有机集聚,通过"TOD模式与串珠状发展空间、绿核与优质生活圈"等战略措施实现"城乡融合、整体融合"的空间引导目标。