大果马蹄荷(Exbucklandia tonkinensis)群落的纬度地带性

大果马蹄荷主产南亚热带至中亚热带南缘,南至海南岛,北至罗霄山脉中段的井冈山、桃源洞地区,是常绿阔叶林的特征种。以纬度地带性(海南霸王岭、广东黑石顶、广东南岭、江西金盆山、江西井冈山、湖南桃源洞)为依托,选定6个具代表性的大果马蹄荷群落开展群落生态学研究,结果表明:(1)各样地物种多样性较高,尤以金盆山蕨类植物9科10属11种、种子植物42科78属128种和桃源洞蕨类植物9科11属12种、种子植物41科79属134种最为丰富。群落组成的优势科主要为金缕梅科、壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、杜鹃花科、山矾科等。(2)从区系特征和环境梯度看,大果马蹄荷群落以南亚热带为分布中心,向南或向北其物种多样性Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数及相应的均匀度指数均呈下降趋势,其中霸王岭、黑石顶、南岭、金盆山、井冈山、桃源洞的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为3.453、4.021、4.130、3.790、3.415、3.712。(3)群落相似性聚类分析显示群落随纬度和随海拔高度形成两个梯度系列,一是以黑石顶、金盆山、井冈山、桃源洞的纬度地带性为一支,相似性系数>0.51;二是以南岭和霸王岭聚成海拔梯度较高的另一支,但其相似性系数<0.50,为0.33—0.48。(4)大果马蹄荷群落种类组成在区系性质上很相似,具有明显的南亚热带特征;同时,受海拔、地形、气温、降雨条件等因素的影响,种子植物属的热带成分随纬度增加而呈波动性下降趋势。(5)大果马蹄荷种群在各群落中的重要值水平和径级结构表现出一致性,在纬度地带性差异上无明显的相关性。霸王岭大果马蹄荷的径级结构为增长型,但重要值排名为32,说明向南分布该种群优势度明显下降;在南岭、黑石顶、金盆山、桃源洞该种群优势度较大,且为稳定型种群;在井冈山该群落受到人为干忧,大果马蹄荷的重要值排名第1,但为衰退型种群。

越北腹露蝗(Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will.)发生与粤北河滩植物群落的关系

用普查法研究广东省北部地区越北腹露蝗Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will.严重发生河滩植物群落,鉴定出分属于43个科的植物106种,同时记录下植物群落中植物种名、平均高度、聚生多度、总覆盖率、物候相和生活力,分析了河滩植物群落的植物相似性和丰富度以及优势种数量特征和属性标志,结果表明河滩植被的搭配和空间分布为越北腹露蝗在粤北大发生提供了独特的生境;另外结合各河滩植物群落进行越北腹露蝗1龄蝗蝻虫口密度调查,根据调查结果对越北腹露蝗发生与植物群落的关系进行偏相关分析,分析结果显示枫杨是越北腹露蝗最嗜性植物,其覆盖度与越北腹露蝗发生密度呈极显著相关,偏相关系数为0.856(F=32.9201,P=0.0001),小簕竹是越北腹露蝗非嗜性植物,其覆盖度与越北腹露蝗的发生密度呈显著的负相关,偏相关系数为-0.613(F=0.1617,P=0.021),据此提出了一些控制粤北河滩越北腹露蝗的新举措。

越南植物Michelia tonkinensis(木兰科)的模式考订(英文)

Michelia tonkinensis A.Chev.这个名称在发表时未指定模式,曾被处理为M.balansae(Aug.DC.)Dandy的异名。在查阅了其原白和原始材料后,确认采自越南北部Tuyen Quang省的标本——Fleury 37.667(P)是该种唯一的原始材料,应该作为模式看待,同时确认Michelia tonkinensis是一独立的种,不应该处理为M.balansae的异名。此外,还提供了M.tonkinensis的异名、俗名、描述、分布及查阅的标本等综合信息。

A New Cyclohexene Oxide from Uvaria tonkinensis var.subglabra

A new compound, subglain B, was isolated from the stems of Uvaria tonkinensis var. subglabra and its structure was identified as 1S, 2R, 3S, 6R-1-benzoyloxymethylene-1,2- dihydroxy-3-benzoyloxy-6-chlorocyclohex-4-ene (1), by spectral evidences.

In vivo anticancer activity of maesopsin 4—O— β—glucoside isolated from leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev.Ex Gagnep

Objective:To investigate the antitumor effect of maesopsin 4-O-β-glucoside(TAT2) isolated from the leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis(A.tonkinensis) A.Chev.ex Gagnep.Methods:The antitumor activity of TAT2 was evaluated in Lewis lung carcinoma(LLC) tumor-bearing mice.BALB/c mice had tumors induced by implantation with 2× 10~6 LLC cells into the subcutaneous right posterior Hank.Tumor-bearing mice were treated orally with a range of doses of TAT2 and a standard drug,doxorubicin.Animals were observed for tumor growth and mortality rate.Blood was collected to determine hematological and biochemical parameters.Results TAT2 was isolated from an ethanolic extract of 1.tonkinensis leaves.Its structure was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy,and identified as TAT2.The compound did not show acute toxicity at the highest dose tested(2 OIK) mg/kg body weight).TAT2 exhibited antitumor activity by decreasing tumor growth,increasing the survival rale,and ameliorating some hematological and biochemical parameters at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight(P<0.05).Conclusions:These results indicate that TAT2 possesses clear antitumor activity.Due to its bioavailability and low toxicity,and the fact that it could be isolated in a large scale from A.tonkinensis leaves,the compound shows promise as a potential anticancer drug.

Study on Response Characteristics of Styrax tonkinensis to Heavy Metal Stress

[Objectives]To explore the response characteristics of chlorophyll and photosynthesis in Styrax tonkinensis under different concentrations of copper and cadmium stress and analyze the internal mechanism of the effects of copper and cadmium pollution stress on photosynthesis.[Methods]Taking seedlings of S.tonkinensis as the research object,the response characteristics of chlorophyll and photosynthesis of S.tonkinensis were compared under different concentrations of copper and cadmium.[Results]With the increase of copper and cadmium treatment concentrations,the chlorophyll content first rose and then fell.With the increase of cadmium concentration,the net photosynthetic rate of S.tonkinensis plants increased from decrease to increase,and the stomatal conductance,transpiration rate and intercellular CO_(2) concentration all increased.[Conclusions]Under the stress of different concentrations of cadmium,the photosynthetic characteristics of S.tonkinensis were not obviously inhibited.Copper stress has inhibitory effect on photosynthesis of S.tonkinensis.

Toxicity comparison of different active fractions extracted from radix Sophorae tonkinensis in zebrafish

Radix Sophorae tonkinensis(RST) is a widely used herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, the toxicity data for RST are limited. The aim of this work is to assess and compare the toxicity of the whole RST extract and its five active fractions using the zebrafish model. Five active fractions of RST were prepared using five different types of solvents, which included dealkalized water, ethanol, n-butyl ethanol, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether. The chemical profiles of the active fractions were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), and the toxicity observed in the zebrafish model was confirmed using mouse models. In the zebrafish model, cardiovascular toxicity was observed for the fraction extracted using diethyl ether, and hepatotoxicity was observed for the whole RST extract and the fractions extracted using water and ethanol, whereas both cardiovascular and hepatic toxicities were observed for the fractions extracted using n-butyl ethanol and dichloromethane. The hepatotoxicity of the fractions extracted using n-butyl ethanol and dichloromethane was also observed in mice. Our findings provide the toxicity data for RST and its five active fractions through modeling in a zebrafish, and indicate that the different fractions may each have a different toxicity, which is helpful for the optimal use of RST in clinical practice.

Flavonoids rather than alkaloids as the diagnostic constituents to distinguish Sophorae Flavescentis Radix from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma: an HPLC fingerprint study

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix(Sophora flavescens Ait., SFR) and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma(S. tonkinensis Gapnep., STR) are two commonly used traditional Chinese medicines from Sophora(Leguminosae) plants, which are believed to possess similar bioactive components with entirely different clinical applications. In order to find out the characteristic chemical constituents potentially leading to the unique medicinal properties claimed for each of the two closely related TCMs, an HPLC fingerprint method was developed for analyses of the alkaloid and flavonoid constituents of SFR and STR, respectively, which were further evaluated and compared through similarity calculation and hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA). The results from the present study showed that the alkaloid fingerprints of the two herbs were similar, with many components co-existing in both drugs and various batches of samples from different species being mixed together in the HCA dendrogram. However, their flavonoid constituents were totally different with specific fingerprints being yielded for each herb, and further HCA analysis showed that the tested samples could almost be clearly divided into two groups based on their origins of species. The results from the present study indicated that the flavonoid constituents could serve as the differentially diagnostic constituents of SFR and STR and might potentially attributed to their distinct therapeutic effects.

Flavonoids from the roots and rhizomes of Sophora tonkinensis and their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity

Acute respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)had caused a global pandemic since 2019,and posed a serious threat to global health security.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has played an indispensable role in the battle against the epidemic.Many components originated from TCMs were found to inhibit the production of SARS-CoV-23C-like protease(3CLpro)and papain-like protease(PLpro),which are two promising therapeutic targets to inhibit SARS-CoV-2.This study describes a systematic investigation of the roots and rhizomes of Sophora tonkinensis,which results in the characterization of 12 new flavonoids,including seven prenylated flavanones(1−7),one prenylated flavonol(8),two prenylated chalcones(9−10),one isoflavanone(11),and one isoflavan dimer(12),together with 43 known compounds(13−55).Their structures including the absolute configurations were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of MS,1D and 2D NMR data,and time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism(TDDFT ECD)calculations.Compounds 12 and 51 exhibited inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-23CLpro with IC_(50) values of 34.89 and 19.88μmol·L^(−1),repectively while compounds 9,43 and 47 exhibited inhibitory effects against PLpro with IC_(50) values of 32.67,79.38,and 16.74μmol·L^(−1),respectively.

Two new benzopyran derivatives from Gouania leptostachya DC. var. tonkinensis Pitard.

Two new benzopyran derivatives,1-[（rel 2S,3R）-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl]ethanone（1）,and 1-[（rel 25,35）-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl]ethanone（2）,along with four known flavonoids,prodelphinidin C,prodelphinidin B3,（-）-epi-gallocatechin and（＋）-gallocatechin,were isolated from the stems of Gouania leptostachya DC.var. tonkinensis Pitard.Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods including HR-ESI-MS,1D and 2D NMR.Prodelphinidin C exhibited significant inhibitory activity forα-glucosidase.

山豆根菌核病病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选

采用常规组织分离法分离山豆根(Sophora tonkinensis Radix)菌核病病原菌,利用柯赫式法则进行致病性测定,基于形态特征、菌丝融合群测定、细胞核荧光染色以及rDNA-ITS序列分析进行病原菌的鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定5种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑制活性。结果表明,山豆根菌核病的病原菌为立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani),属于融合群AG-1。98%恶霉灵可溶性粉剂(SP)、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂(WG)、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油(EC)、10亿/g哈茨木霉菌悬浮剂(SC)、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂(WP)对病原菌菌丝的生长均有较好的抑制效果,抑制中浓度(EC_(50))分别为0.0611、0.5757、0.0748、0.2843、0.7405 mg/L。

山豆根多糖的研究进展

山豆根(Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis)多糖是山豆根中主要活性成分之一。山豆根多糖在免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等方面具有显著活性。对山豆根多糖提取工艺﹑分离纯化方法﹑化学组成结构﹑生理活性以及近几年在动物试验中的研究结果等进行了分析,并展望了山豆根多糖今后的主要研究方向。

山豆根总生物碱的超声提取工艺

[目的]筛选山豆根总生物碱的最佳提取工艺。[方法]以山豆根为原料,利用超声波技术提取山豆根总生物碱,通过单因素试验(考察因素:乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取次数)和L9(34)正交试验设计,对山豆根总生物碱的提取工艺进行优化。[结果]单因素试验结果显示,4个考察因素的最佳工艺为:乙醇浓度40%、料液比1∶25(g/ml)、提取时间2 h、提取2次,此时得到的总生物碱含量最高。正交试验结果显示,影响山豆根总生物碱提取含量的各因素主次顺序为:乙醇浓度(A)>提取时间(C)>料液比(B)>提取次数(D),超声提取的最佳工艺为:乙醇浓度40%、料液比1∶20(g/ml)、提取时间1.5 h、提取2次,在此条件下,山豆根总生物碱的提取含量为16.713 7 mg/g。[结论]该方法优化了山豆根总生物碱的超声提取工艺,为山豆根总生物碱的进一步研究奠定基础。

中药山豆根的研究进展

对珍稀中草药山豆根(Radix sophorae Tonkinensis)的生物学特性、资源分布及现状、药用价值、主要生理活性成分及药效分析、毒性研究、繁育方法、栽培技术等方面进行了综述,为深入研究和合理开发利用山豆根提供了参考。

索氏提取法提取东京野茉莉种子油的工艺

采用索氏提取法提取东京野茉莉(Styrax tonkinensis)种子油,利用单因素试验和正交设计考察提取溶剂、液料比、提取时间、提取温度4因素对东京野茉莉种子油提取率的影响,优化提取工艺。结果表明,索氏提取法提取东京野茉莉种子油的最佳工艺条件为液料比25∶1(V∶m,mL/g)、提取溶剂石油醚(沸程60～90℃)、提取时间4 h、提取温度80℃,在此条件下提取率可达55.87%。

酶法提取山豆根总黄酮的工艺研究

为了研究酶法提取山豆根(Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep)总黄酮的最佳工艺条件,对3种酶(纤维素酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶与果胶酶的复合酶)提取山豆根总黄酮的效果进行了比较,选用纤维素酶为提取剂,以山豆根总黄酮得率为考察指标,分别对4个提取参数(提取液p H、提取时间、提取温度及酶加量)进行单因素试验,然后采用正交试验对提取条件进行优化。结果表明,山豆根总黄酮的最佳提取条件为:酶加量0.5%、提取温度70℃、提取时间1.5 h、提取液p H 4.0,在此条件下,山豆根总黄酮的提取率可达到0.73%。该结果可为开发利用山豆根植物资源提供理论依据。

不同LED光源对越南槐幼苗生物量及活性成分含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,以自然光为对照,测定红光、蓝光、白光3种不同LED光源处理下越南槐(Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.)幼苗的生物量和活性成分含量,以探讨不同LED光源对越南槐幼苗生物量和活性成分含量的影响。结果表明,不同LED光源对越南槐幼苗生物量和活性成分含量的影响不同,与自然光相比,红光、蓝光及白光均抑制了越南槐幼苗生物量的积累,而蓝光能提高越南槐幼苗苦参碱与氧化苦参碱总量,且随着处理时间的延长,蓝光与自然光条件下含量差异越明显,表现为在蓝光处理下60、90 d时越南槐幼苗苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的总量分别为自然光的1.04、1.17倍。

正交设计优化山豆根黄酮、皂苷提取工艺

以山豆(Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep.)根为原料,采用了闪式提取法、超声波提取法、酶促复合提取法等进行对比研究。以总皂苷、总黄酮的得率为指标,正交设计探讨了超声提取法的最佳提取条件和参数。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数50%,料液比1∶20(g∶m L),超声时间40 min,超声功率500 W,超声温度80℃。在最佳提取条件下,放大10倍总皂苷、总黄酮的得率分别为1.22%、2.48%,相对标准偏差在2%以内。

开喉剑及组方药材山豆根、八爪金龙挥发油的GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取开喉剑及组方药材中山豆根(Radix sophorae tonkinensis)、八爪金龙[Ardisia crispa(Thunb.)A.DC]的挥发油,并通过GC-MS联用技术对其进行分析比较。结果表明,从开喉剑挥发油中共鉴定出8个成分;山豆根、八爪金龙挥发油中分别鉴定出20、23个成分,开喉剑挥发油中成分与单味药材挥发油中成分的种类有较大差异。

山豆根不同组分小鼠急性毒性比较研究

目的比较山豆根全组分、水提组分、醇提组分、总生物碱提取物对小鼠的急性毒性,为山豆根的临床安全使用提供实验依据。方法采用经典的急性毒性实验方法测定山豆根全组分的最大耐受量(MTD)及水提组分、醇提组分、总生物碱提取物的小鼠口服半数致死量(LD50),观察其急性毒性症状谱,记录累积死亡数及小鼠体重变化。结果山豆根全组分的MTD为10.68g·kg-1,水提组分、醇提组分、总生物碱提取物的小鼠口服LD50及95%可信限分别为17.469(15.450～19.701)g·kg-1、27.135(24.869～29.622)g·kg-1、13.399(12.016～14.899)g·kg-1,主要毒性症状是烦躁、多动、呼吸急促、抽搐。结论山豆根不同组分急性毒性大小顺序依次是总生物碱提取物、水提组分、全组分、醇提组分,其毒性成分与致毒机制尚待进一步研究。