Evaluation of Process and Economic Feasibility of Implementing a Topping Cycle Cogeneration

Industrial applications that require steam for their end-use generally utilize steam boilers that are typically oversized,citing operations flexibility.Similarly,gas turbine-based power plants corroborate a gas turbine system that may eventually relieve the usable exhaust into the atmosphere.This study explores the economic and technical feasibility of a topping cycle combined heat and power(CHP)system.It does so by leveraging a partially loaded boiler or gas turbine by increasing its unused load to generate steam and heat for subsequent usage.To this end,a decision support tool(COGENTEC)was developed,which emulates a given facility’s boiler or gas-turbine system,and its operational parameters with the application of steam turbines.The tool provides necessary insights into the most appropriate parameters that enable a CHP system to be technically and economically advantageous.Based on input variables such as boiler-rated capacity,steam pressure,steam temperature,and existing boiler load,among others,COGENTEC designs a topping cycle CHP system to inform a user whether this system is feasible in their facility or not.If applicable,the tool assists the user to realize the point of break-even(fuel cost incurred and cost savings)at the desired steam flow rate.It also conducts sensitivity analyses between energy usage,cost savings,and payback on the investment of the operating parameters to understand the relationship between relevant variables.By utilizing parameters from a pulp and paper manufacturing facility,the research determines that the fuel cost,electricity cost,and steam flow rate are the most important parameters for the feasibility of the system with a desirable payback on the investment.

融合与Topping-off术对腰椎影响的有限元分析

目的：应用有限元方法分析Topping-off术对融合节段的相邻节段的影响.方法：建立L1~L5正常腰椎有限元模型,经与文献结果对比验证有效性后分别建立2种手术模型：（1）L4/L5节段融合的后路腰椎椎间融合术（posterior lumbar intervertebral fusion,PLIF）模型,（2）L4/L5节段融合及L3/L4节段植入棘突间固定装置（interspinous spacer,ISP）的Topping-off模型.分别对两者L1椎体上终板施加500 N垂直压缩载荷以及10 Nm前屈、后伸、（左）侧屈和（右）旋转力矩载荷,观察L3/L4节段活动度、椎间盘压力、小关节应力及L3、L4棘突应力情况,使用SPSS 21.0统计软件对结果进行分析.结果：在前屈、后伸载荷下,Topping-off模型L3椎体相对位移、椎间盘纤维环及髓核压力、双侧小关节应力小于PLIF模型（P〈0.05）,L3、L4椎体棘突应力大于PLIF模型（P〈0.05）.在左侧屈载荷下,Topping-off模型L3/L4节段左侧小关节应力小于PLIF模型（P〈0.05）.结论：Topping-off术能够降低融合相邻节段的椎间盘和小关节负荷,具有潜在的预防融合相邻节段退变的作用.

Effects of chemical topping on cotton development,yield and quality in the Yellow River Valley of China

Topping is a cultivation method that is widely practiced due to the indeterminate growth character of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Among the different methods of accomplishing topping, manual topping is common in the Yellow River Valley of China, although it is time-and labor-intensive. The objective of this study was to characterize the responses of cotton to different topping treatments with respect to development, yield and quality. This study included field experiments from 2015 to 2016 with three different topping methods: manual topping(MT), chemical topping(CT) using mepiquat chloride,and a non-decapitation treatment(NT). We found that the plant height, the number of fruiting branches and the length of upper fruiting branches of cotton treated with CT were significantly lower than NT. The chlorophyll content of cotton treated with CT was not significantly different from NT, but was higher than that of MT in the later season. CT enhanced plant development with reduced endogenous gibberellic acid and abscisic acid contents, and the apical development of the main stem was inhibited. Compared with MT, CT significantly increased the biomass of the vegetative parts. Most importantly,there were no significant differences in the yield or fiber quality between MT and CT. These findings suggested that CT, a simplified and effective topping method, could be utilized as an alternative in the Yellow River Valley of China.

The efficacy of chemical topping in field-grown cotton is mediated by drip irrigation amount in irrigated agricultural area

Background:Cotton production in China is challenged by high labor input including manual topping(MT).Recently,to replace MT in the Xinjiang cotton region of China,mepiquat chloride(MC)was applied once more than the traditional multiple-application;this was designated as chemical topping(CT),but it is unclear whether the amount of irrigation needs to be adjusted to accommodate CT.Results:The main plots were assigned to three drip irrigation amounts[300(I_(1))480(I_(2)), and 660(I_(3))mm],and the subplots were assigned to the CT treatments[450(MC)750(MC_(2)),and 1050(MC_(3))mL·hm^(-2)25%MC]with MT as a control that was performed after early bloom.The optimum drip irrigation amount for CT was explored based on leaf photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence,biomass accumulation,and yield.There were significant influe nces of drip irrigation,topping treatme nts and their interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics,gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation characteristics as well as yield.The combination of I_(2) and MC_(2)(I_(2)MC_(2))performed best.Compared with I_(2)MC_(2)the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatai conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),and photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)of I_(2)MC_(2)significantly increased by 4.0%~7.2%,6.8%〜17.1%,5.2%~17.6%,and 4.8%~9.6%,respectively,from the peak flowering to boll opening stages.Moreover,I_(2)MC_(2) showed fast reproductive organ biomass accumulation and the highest seed cotton yield;the latter was 6.6%~12.8%higher than that of I_(2)MT.Further analysis revealed that a 25%MC emulsion in water(MCEW)application resulted in yield improvement by increasing Pn,φPSⅡ,and qP to promote biomass accumulation and transport to reproductive organs.Conclusion:The results showed that the 480 mm drip irrigation combined with 750 mL·hm^(-2)MC increased the rate of dry matter accumulation in reproductive organs by increasing Pn,φPSⅡ and qP to improve photosynthetic performance,thus achieving higher yield.

Spectral and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cotton under Chemical-controlled Topping Technology

[Objective] The paper was to study the effect of chemical-controlled topping technology on spectral and photosynthetic characteristics of cotton. [Method] Two row spacing configurations and four topping treatments were set in the experiment field, and the spectral and photosynthetic characteristics of cotton under different configurations and topping treatments were analyzed. [Result] There was no significant difference in spectral reflectance of cotton leaves and canopy among all treatments(T1-T8) before topping. After topping, the spectral reflectance of cotton leaves showed little difference in visible light band, but significant differences in near-infrared light band under two row spacing configurations(T2-T4, T6-T8).And in near-infrared band, compared with CK(T1, T5), the reflectance increased and then decreased under close planting with equal row spacing configurations(T2-T4) and narrow row dense planting configurations(T6-T8). However, the change of cotton canopy reflectance in short infrared bands increased first and then decreased under close planting with equal row spacing configuration, and increased constantly under narrow row dense planting configuration. The photosynthetic capacity of leaves increased, and the net photosynthetic rate(A), stomatal conductance(GH_(2O)),transpirationrate(E) and intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci) significantly increased by controlling the top with chemicals, and differences were ob-served between two configurations. After topping treatments, the leaf area of apical leaf increased, and chemical-controlled topping treatments had significant difference with the control. The apical cotton leaves were shrunk internally, and the plant height increased gradually by 7-15 cm;the number of fruit branches increased by 2-4, and the area of apical leaves decreased significantly in chemical-controlled topping treatments.[Conclusion] After topping with chemicals, the spectral characteristics of cotton change, the photosynthetic capacity of leaves is improved, and the growth of apical leaves and apex of cotton is inhibited.

Simulation of Nigerian Crude Oil Types for Modular Refinery (Topping Plant) Operations

This research study focused on the need to curb scarcity and importation of petroleum finished products in oil-producing nation Nigeria through the operation of conventional modular refineries in conjunction with major refineries operating efficiently. Hence, the study focused on the suitability and operations of conventional modular refinery processes by considering twenty different types of Nigerian crude oil for crude oil assay analysis and classification using Aspen Hysys. The crude oil assay results categorized the twenty Nigerian crude oil types as light and medium sweet crude, while based on recovery volume percent at a true boiling point of 370℃, the twenty crude oil types were categorized into Group A (crude oil with recovery volume above 80%), Group B (crude oil with recovery volume between 70% and 79%) and Group C (crude oil with recovery volume below 70%) respectively. Besides, light and medium sweet oil types were simulated in a conventional modular refinery (topping plant) at different numbers of column trays (25, 29, 35, 40 and 48) to determine their product yield. Based on product yield and equipment costs at different numbers of tray columns, a modular refinery with twenty-nine column trays was applied in this study. Thus, twenty Nigerian crude oil types were simulated in a conventional modular refinery of 30,000 barrel per day capacity and twenty-nine column trays respectively to evaluate their product yield and tray compositions.

基于谱压缩的大斜视TOPS BP图像自聚焦算法

在机动平台大斜视TOPS模式SAR成像时,通过使用地平面直角坐标系BP成像算法,能够在短时间内获取地距平面无畸变的宽幅SAR图像,但实际应用中如何对BP图像快速完成运动误差补偿与旁瓣抑制仍是一个难点。针对此问题,提出了一种改进的谱压缩方法,基于此能够快速实现机动平台大斜视TOPS模式地平面BP图像自聚焦等后续操作。首先,考虑到传统BP谱压缩方法仅适用于聚束成像模式,结合大斜视TOPS SAR虚拟旋转中心理论与波数谱分析,推导出了改进的精确谱压缩函数,能够通过全孔径压缩获得无模糊的地平面TOPS模式BP图像频谱。在此基础上,利用相位梯度自聚焦(PGA)能够快速完成全孔径运动误差估计与补偿。此外,基于提出的改进谱压缩方法得到的无模糊对齐BP图像频谱,可以在方位频域统一加窗实现图像旁瓣抑制。最后,通过仿真数据处理验证了所提算法的有效性。

An enhanced spectral diversity coregistration method for dualpolarimetric Sentinel-1A/B TOPS data

Sentinel-1A/B data are crucial for retrieving numerical information about surface phenomena and processes.Coregistration of terrain observation by progressive scans(TOPS)data is a critical step in its application.TOPS data must be fundamentally co-registered with an accuracy of 0.001 pixels.However,various decorrelation factors due to natural vegetation and seasonal effects affect the coregistration accuracy of TOPS data.This paper proposed an enhanced spectral diversity coregistration method for dual-polarimetric(PolESD)Sentinel-1A/B TOPS data.The PolESD method suppresses speckle noise based on a unified non-local framework in dual-pol Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR),and extracts the phase of the optimal polarization channel from the denoised polarimetric interferometric coherency matrix.Compared with the traditional ESD method developed for single-polarization data,the PolESD method can obtain more accurate coherence and phase and get more pixels for azimuth-offset estimation.In bare areas covered with low vegetation,the number of pixels selected by PolESD is more than the Boxcar method.It can also correct misregistration more effectively and eliminate phase jumps in the burst edge.Therefore,PolESD will help improve the application of TOPS data in low-coherence scenarios.

紫光展锐携手移远通信推出5G模组新品,多种场景大有可为

近日,紫光展锐联合移远通信推出搭载展锐P7885的全新5G智能模组——SG530C-CN。该模组拥有出色的算力和连接能力,并在多媒体性能与成本效益层面呈现较高水平,将广泛应用于智慧零售、娱乐/直播、手持终端、工业AI等相关应用场景。高性能低功耗,满足各种场景所需P7885是紫光展锐首款5G行业方案平台,面向垂直行业的5G应用与智能化升级需求,采用6nm EUV先进工艺、八核1+3+4三丛集CPU架构,集成Arm MaliG57四核GPU,运行频率850MHz,NPU算力达到8 TOPS。

一种顾及相邻影像偏移量的基线数据链式配准方法

在铁路勘察设计选线阶段,InSAR是采空区、滑坡等地质灾害探测的重要技术手段,为了解决TOPS模式下长时间基线数据容易产生相位跳变,配准精度较低等问题,提出一种顾及相邻影像偏移量长时间基线链式配准方法。在“几何配准+增强谱分集配准”框架下,通过选定相邻已配准的影像作为第二主影像,与第一主影像共同形成配准干涉链。配准过程中,分别求取辅影像与第二主影像、采样后的辅影像与第一主影像的偏移量值,再通过偏移量叠加的方式求取最终的主辅影像配准偏移量值,从而达到TOPS模式的配准精度要求。实验表明,该方法可以有效避免长时间基线下配准精度差、相位跳变问题,其数据配准精度均优于0.001个像素。

低龄学习者同伴评价体系的完全性与不完全性研究

同伴评价具有显著的促学效果,而现有文献较少研究初中英语写作课堂的同伴评价体系。Topping同伴评价模型展示了同伴评价的学习过程与认知发展,对比此模型,研究发现优秀学习者能够获得完全的促学益处,但较弱的学习者不能完全地享受促学益处。

Sentinel-1A卫星TOPS模式数据的SBAS时序分析方法——以黄河三角洲地区为例

Sentinel-1A是目前在轨运行的新一代SAR卫星,其TOPS成像模式具有宽幅成像的特点,能够实现大范围地表形变监测,目前国内外鲜有基于渐进扫描(terrain observation by progressive scans,TOPS)模式影像的小基线集(short baseline subset,SBAS)处理研究成果发表。以黄河三角洲地区作为研究区,选取了2015年5月—2016年4月27景Sentinel-1A TOPS模式影像,组成了94对干涉影像对,使用ECMWF气象数据估算大气延迟,实现大范围大气相位校正;然后采用SBAS时序分析方法提取了研究区地表累积形变量及形变速率图。研究结果表明,该地区近年来仍存在持续沉降,在广饶镇齐成工业园、广饶盐场及南宅科村周边等地区存在明显的沉降漏斗,沉降监测结果与该研究区已有文献所述沉降规律吻合,证明了TOPS模式SBAS时序分析方法应用于形变监测的可行性和有效性。

Sentinel-1A卫星TOPS模式数据干涉处理

TOPS成像模式通过在方位向和距离向联合调整波束姿态来实现宽幅成像。与条带模式不同,该模式在成像过程中每组Burst多普勒中心频率在方位向发生变化,干涉处理重采样时精确获取每个采样单元的多普勒中心频率是本文研究的重点。因此本文采用意大利那波里地区Sentinel-1A卫星数据进行了试验,首先采用联合估计方法有效计算出了多普勒中心频率,再调制插值核,进而获得了干涉处理结果,最后参考零多普勒时间进行Burst干涉图间的拼接,获得了更大范围的干涉图。

基于方位谱分析的斜视TOPS SAR子孔径成像方法

斜视TOPS SAR成像处理需要解决3大问题:方位频谱混叠,距离和方位耦合严重,方位输出时域混叠。针对上述问题,该文提出一种基于谱分析的子孔径成像处理方法。首先对子孔径数据在时域适当进行扩展并获取无模糊的2维频谱,然后采用修正的距离徙动算法进行距离徙动校正和距离脉冲压缩,最后在方位频域对子孔径信号进行拼接处理,获得全孔径信号无模糊的方位频谱并结合谱分析技术将信号聚焦在方位频域。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。

面向现代物流的饮品包装数字化设计及优化研究

目的传统包装设计流程对于产品包装与物流环节的匹配性关注较少,造成物流浪费。为了解决这一问题,需要对传统包装设计流程进行改进。方法在分析产品包装生命周期内周转环节的基础上,采用逆向分析物流环节的方法,利用TOPS Pro软件进行模数分割以确定产品包装最大外尺寸系列;利用Pro/E绘图功能进行局部造型设计和结构设计,并利用行为建模方法进行容积敏感度分析;对造型进行优化,并确定容积及灌装高度。结果优化后的包装设计流程,采用模数分割、行为建模、敏感度分析等数字化设计手段,可以大大简化设计流程,同时设计结果对降低物流成本有较大帮助。结论优化后的设计流程在物流环节与产品包装的参数之间建立了合理联系,使设计结果更为可信。同时,减少了传统设计流程中设计的盲目性,提高了设计效率。

ScanSAR与TOPSAR的对比研究

基于ScanSAR工作模式的特点,研究了scalloping效应产生的机理.从成像机理、信号特点及成像算法等方面对TOPSAR进行了详细的分析.ScanSAR和TOPSAR的点目标仿真结果表明,TOPSAR较好地解决了ScanSAR的scalloping效应问题,即幅度不均匀调制问题.

Sentinel-1 TOPS影像干涉处理与形变监测

Sentinel-1AIW模式可获取250km宽的SAR影像,且噪声小、重访周期短。然而Sentinel-1A的TOPS成像方式造成SAR影像方位向多普勒频率变化较大,干涉数据处理对影像配准要求极高。提出基于DEM和精密轨道的TOPS影像高精度配准和拼接方法,实现TOPS影像干涉变形监测的数据处理,并利用升降轨TOPS影像数据获取门源地震雷达视线向一致的同震变形,证实本文数据处理方法的正确性。

TOPS Pro软件在液态乳品包装优化设计中的应用研究

基于减少使用包装材料的考虑,通过数学计算,结合使用TOPS Pro包装设计软件的模拟分析,提出采用小包装三边等长、中包装内装12盒的新液态奶品包装设计方案。根据与市场销售的2种同类容积的液态奶包装比较发现,无论是在节省包装材料方面,还是在降低仓储与运输成本方面,新的包装设计方案均为最佳,其中,小包装节省材料最高可达14.54%,中包装用料可节省26.75%,运输能力也提高1.99%。

Flumetralin and dimethyl piperidinium chloride alter light distribution in cotton canopies by optimizing the spatial configuration of leaves and bolls

Plant growth regulators(PGRs)are frequently used to adjust cotton growth and development.The objectives of this study were to determine how PGRs affect plant morphology,light distribution and the spatial distribution of leaves and bolls within the cotton canopy.The field experiments were carried out at Shihezi(Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,China)in 2014 and 2015.The experiment included two PGR treatments:(i)flumetralin(active ingredient(a.i),N-N-ethy)-2,6-dinitro-4-aniline and(i)mepiquat chloride(ai,1-dimethyl-piperidiniuchloride)plus flumetralin.No PGR(manual topping)was applied in the control treatment.The chemically-topped plants were taller and had more main stem internodes than the manually-topped plants.Furthermore,the PGRs significantly reduced the length of fruiting branches in the upper canopy,resulting in a more compact canopy.The maximum leaf area index was signifcantly greater in the chemically-topped treatments than that in the control.In particular,the PGRs increased leaf area index by 25%in the upper canopy.The leaf area duration was also longer in the chemically-topped treatments than in the control.Compared with the control,the chemically-topped treatments increased canopy diffuse non-interceptance by 35.75%in the upper canopy layer,while reducing the fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation by 14.45%in the upper canopy layer.Light transmittance in the upper and middle canopy layers was greater in the chemically-topped treatments than in the control,which increased boll numbers in both the upper canopy and the middle canopy.However,the chemically-topped treatments resulted in less light-leakage through the lower canopy layer during the late growth stages,which had a tendency to increase boll numbers in the whole canopy.In summary,the PGRs optimized canopy shape,light distribution and the spatial distribution of bolls and leaves.