Explanation of Cold Nuclear Fusion and Biotransmutations

Low energy nuclear reactions are possible in condensed matter because of image forces. They result from induced charges at the surface of metals or very polarizable media. The height and width of the Coulomb barrier in free space can thus be reduced. Nuclear fusion requires also the formation of a compound nucleus in one of its excited states, but two deuterons yield an α particle that has 2 excited states. They are respectively accessible at high or low energies. Since the reduction of the Coulomb barrier depends on the local curvature of the interface, cold fusion becomes autocatalytic, but heat production is controllable. Even microbes, plants and animals can produce transmutations. They are also due to image forces. This solves a basic problem in nuclear physics and there are possible applications: facilitated synthesis of superheavy elements and development of a new type of energy sources. They are moderate, but safe.

Physical studies of minor actinide transmutation in the accelerator-driven subcritical system

The accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS) with a hard neutron energy spectrum was used to study transmutation of minor actinides (MAs). The aim of the study was to improve the efficiency of MA transmutation while ensuring that variations in the effective multiplication factor (keff) remained within safe margins during reactor operation. All calculations were completed using code COUPLE3.0. The subcritical reactor was operated at a thermal power level of 800 MW, and a mixture of mononitrides of MAs and plutonium (Pu) was used as fuel. Zirconium nitride (ZrN) was used as an inert matrix in the fuel elements. The initial mass composition in terms of weight percentages in the heavy metal component (IHM) was 30.6% Pu/IHM and 69.4% MA/IHM. To verify the feasibility of this MA loading scheme, variations in keff, the amplification factor of the core, maximum power density and the content of MAs and Pu were calculated over six refueling cycles. Each cycle was of 600 days duration, and therefore, there were 3600 effective full power days. Results demonstrated that the effective transmutation support ratio of MAs was approximately 28, and the ADS was able to efficiently transmute MAs. The changes in other physical parameters were also within their normal ranges.It is concluded that the proposed MA transmutation scheme for an ADS core is reasonable.

Yield of long-lived fission product transmutation using proton-, deuteron-, and alpha particle-induced spallation

The transmutation of long-lived fission products through spallation induced by light nuclides was investi-gated for the purpose of determining the feasibility of this approach for long-lived fission products,in both economic and environmental terms.The cross-section data were obtained from the TALYS Evaluated Nuclear Data Library(TENDL).A thick target model was used to study the consumption of the target isotopes in the transmutation process.The transmutation yield was calculated using the highest beam intensity available with the China initiative accelerator-driven system.It was found that the light nuclide-induced spallation reaction can significantly reduce the radio toxicity of the investigated long-lived fission products.Using the transmutation target made of elemental LLFP and the proton beam with an intensity of 5 mA,the consumption of 90 Sr,93 Zr,107 Pd,or 137 Cs can reach approximately 500 g per year.

Fusion-Driven Sub-Critical Dual-Cooled Waste Transmutation Blanket:Design and Analysis

The Fusion-Driven Sub-critical System (FDS) is one of the Chinese programs to be further developed for fusion application. Its Dual-cooled Waste Transmutation Blanket (DWTB), as one the most important part of the FDS is cooled by helium and liquid metal, and have the features of safety, tritium self-sustaining, high efficiency and feasibility. Its conceptual design has been finished. This paper is mainly involved with the basic structure design and thermal-hydraulics analysis of DWTB. On the basis of a three-dimensional (3-D) model of radial-toroidal sections of the segment box, thermal temperature gradients and structure analysis made with a comprehensive finite element method (FEM) have been performed with the computer code ANSYS5.7 and computational fluid dynamic finite element codes. The analysis refers to the steady-state operating condition of an outboard blanket segment. Furthermore, the mechanical loads due to coolant pressure in normal operating conditions have been also taken into account. All the above loads have been combined as an input for a FEM stress analysis and the resulting stress distribution has been evaluated. Finally, the structure design and Pb-17Li flow velocity has been optimized according to the calculations and analysis.

Transmutation of 129I in a single-fluid double-zone thorium molten salt reactor

Herein, we assess the129I transmutation capability of a 2250-MWt single-fluid double-zone thorium molten salt reactor(SD-TMSR) by considering two methods. One is realized by loading an appropriate amount of129I before the startup of the reactor, and the amount of129I during operation is kept constant by online feeding129I.The other adopts only an initial loading of129I before startup, and no other129I is fed online during operation.The investigation first focuses on the effect of the loading of I on the Th-233U isobreeding performance. The results indicate that a233U isobreeding mode can be achieved for both scenarios for a 60-year operation when the initial molar proportion of LiI is maintained within 0.40% and 0.87%, respectively. Then, the transmutation performances for the two scenarios are compared by changing the amount of injected iodine into the core. It is found that the scenario that adopts an initial loading of129I shows a slightly better transmutation performance in comparison with the scenario that adopts online feeding of129I when the net233U productions for the two scenarios are kept equal. The initial loading of129I scenario with LiI = 0.87% molar proportion is recommended for129I transmutation in the SD-TMSR,and can transmute 1.88 t of129I in the233U isobreeding mode over 60 years.

Waste Transmutation and Nuclear Energy Generation Using a Tokamak Fusion-Fission Hybrid Reactor

A tokamak fusion-fission hybrid reatcor is proposed as one of candidates for disposal ofthe long-lived actinides and fission product wastes and supply of future energy.To assess thefeasibility of transmutation of long-lived radiowastes using fusion-fission hybrid reactors,afusion core design is presented and several possible conceptual blankets are studied,for,re-spectively,actinides transmutation and fission product transmutation.The results show thatactinides and fission products may be effectively transmuted using the presented hybrid reac-tors.

The Measure of Cage Guide’ transmutation Based on C8051F340

This paper designed an admeasuring apparatus of cage guide’ transmutation based on C8051F340.Cage guide is very important to mine’ hoisting system,but it hasn’t a good idea to measure its transmutation.The instrument measure cage guide’s crosswise distance and longitudinal distance through displacement transducer and shaft encoder,and use C8051F340’ USB controller communicate with upper monitor.The upper monitor will display cage guide’s configuration.Its feasibility has been proved by field tests.

Cosmic Transmutation Conjecture

This paper analyzes the big trip phenomenon, restricting it to happen only in the context of the multiverse when the involved wormhole is asymptotically flat and recent criticisms are pointless. A new kind of Lorentzian asymptotically anti-de Sitter wormholes is considered in some detail and it is seen that such wormholes cannot contribute the big trip phenomenon. The ideas of big trip, multiverse and Boltzmann brains are then used to advance the conjecture of cosmic transmutation according to which the host universe where one of the mouths of a grown up wormhole is inserted may be converted into a universe similar to the traveling one if the latter contains a civilization which is typical also in the host universe. The origin of life in the context of the multiverse is then briefly discussed.

On the Transmutation of Media Management Concept under the Trend of Media Fusion

Under the background of rapid progress of science and technology,the trend of media integration is constantly strengthened,which urges the original media management concept to be constantly changed and to form a new media management concept.In order to apply to the development needs under the trend of media integration.This paper summarizes the media integration,analyzes the influence of the media integration trend on the media management concept,explores the direction of the evolution of the media management concept under the media integration trend,and aims to provide a reference for the development of the media industry.

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoen- vironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient set- tlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate condi- tions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.

In-situ observation of twinning and detwinning in AZ31 alloy

Twinning and detwinning behavior of a commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy during cyclic compression–tension deformation with a total strain amplitude of 4%(±2%) was evaluated using the complementary techniques of in-situ neutron diffraction, identical area electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. In-situ neutron diffraction demonstrates that the compressive deformation was dominated by twin nucleation, twin growth, and basal slip, while detwinning dominated the unloading of compressive stresses and subsequent tension stage. With increasing number of cycles from one to eight: the volume fraction of twins at-2% strain gradually increased from 26.3% to 43.5%;the residual twins were present after 2% tension stage and their volume fraction increased from zero to 3.7% as well as a significant increase in their number;and the twinning spread from coarse grains to fine grains involving more grains for twinning. The increase in volume fraction and number of residual twins led to a transition from twin nucleation to twin growth, resulting in a decrease in yield strength of compression deformation with increasing cycles. A large number of-component dislocations observed in twins and the detwinned regions were attributed to the dislocation transmutation during the twinning and detwinning. The accumulation of barriers including twin boundaries and various types of dislocations enhanced the interactions of migrating twin boundary with these barriers during twinning and detwinning, which is considered to be the origin for increasing the work hardening rate in cyclic deformation of the AZ31 alloy.

Transmuted Exponentiated Moment Pareto Distribution

In this work, the authors proposed a four parameter potentiated lifetime model named as Transmuted Exponentiated Moment Pareto (TEMP) distribution and discussed numerous characteristic measures of proposed model. Parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood and performance of these estimates is also assessed by simulations study. Four suitable lifetime datasets are modeled by the TEMP distribution and the results support that the proposed model provides much better results as compared to its sub-models.

Self-assembling Process of Alkanethiol Monolayers on Gold Surface via Underpotential Deposition

It was demonstrated feasible that underpotential deposition（UPD） of copper on a monolayer-modified gold substrate can be used to determine the gold electrode area. The deposition and stripping of a Cu adlayer can take place reversibly and stably at a bared or a self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrode. The growth kinetics of decanethiol/Au was also investigated v/a Cu UPD. The difference between the assembling kinetics determined by UPD and that by quartz crystal microbalance measurements reveals the configuration transmutation of the assembled molecules from a disordered arrangement to an ordered arrangement durinr the self-assembling processes.

Understanding Accelerator Driven System (ADS) Based Green Nuclear Energy: A Review

This paper reflects the scopes of accelerator driven system (ADS) based nuclear energy, as a reliable source of electric energy generation, comparing to the other existing non-renewable and renewable sources. There are different limitations in the use of every source of electric energy but in consideration of minimum environmental impact, exclusively inherently low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and also, high life time with maximum power production efficiency, nuclear would be the best choice. From this study it was found that several difficulties involved in the ADS based energy production, more specifically, difficulties regarding the target parameters, coding system, waste management, etc. Hence suggestions from this study points out that if it is possible to ensure more energy efficient production of enriched uranium, improved nuclear fuels and reactors that allow greater utilization, extended life times for nuclear power plants (NPPs) that reduce the need to build new facilities, improved coding system capable of minimizing the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental calculation of spallation products, improved data library with sufficiently available high energy nuclear data to perform a better coding analysis, and finally, considering the environmental safety if the disposal of the radioactive wastes could manage more effectively, nuclear energy would then play a significant role in minimizing future energy crisis worldwide as well as to save our loving green earth.

Nitrogen Discharged from the Earth’s Interior Regions

The abundant nitrogen in the Earth’s atmosphere can be interpreted as the result of endothermic nuclear transmutation of carbon and oxygen atom pairs in (Ca, D) CO3 or CaCO3 aragonite lattice of Earth’s crust from the Archean era to the present time, by physical catalytic help of excited electrons e* generated by stick sliding due to plate tectonics and geoneutrinos ν by the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium and thorium in Earth’s mantle: through a nuclear attraction effect that is due to deuteron catalysis of nitrogen formation. The relationship between the critical temperature T and the critical pressure P for the nuclear transmutation is expressed as 7253 × e-0.014P, and the formation of nitrogen in the mantle is possible at temperatures ≥ 2510 K and pressure ≥ 58 GPa.

The Theory of Four Elements Through History and Its Influence on the Development of Chemistry

The theory of four elements(or roots)was the first plural attempt to explain life and change and was based on the combination of four different roots that give rise to life and matter.The four elements(fire,air,water and earth)were thought to be the building blocks of all substances.This theory was derived from observation and reason and it might be viewed as a material or substancialist theory.Its development brought important concepts such as equilibrium,proportion and combination to chemistry and medicine.The aim of the present paper is to describe the theory of four elements,its origin and development from Empedocles and Aristotle to Roulle and Beeckman.Although the conception of the chemical elementsin modern chemistry is different from the theory of four elements,that theory was valuable as an intellectual effort to understand nature and transmutation and to conciliate reason and senses,besides being the first theory postulating the pluralism of matter’s composition,in opposition to monism.I argue that chemistry has a past and it is important to know the theory of the four elements for its historical value because it can be considered an introductory chapter of chemistry,introducing the concepts of indestructible elements and the proportional combination of them in Western thought.

The Progress of Researches on ADS in China

The conceptual study of the accelerator driven system(ADS)that lasted for about five years ended in 1999 in China.As one project of the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)in the energy domain,which is sponsored by the China Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST),a five-year-program of fundamental research of ADS physics and related technology was launched in 2000 and passed national review at the end of 2005.The China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE),the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP),the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics in Peking University(PKU-IHIP)and other institutions jointly carried out the research.The research activities were focused on HPPA physics and technology,reactor physics of external source driven sub-critical assembly,nuclear data base and material study.For HPPA,a high current injector consisting of an ECR ion source,LEBT and an RFQ accelerating structure of 3.5 MeV was built.In reactor physics study,a series of neutron multiplication experimental study has been carried out and still being done.The VENUS facility has been constructed as the basic experimental platform for neutronics study in ADS blanket.It's a zero power sub-critical neutron multiplying assembly driven by external neutron produced by a pulsed neutron generator.The theoretical,experimental and simulation study on nuclear data,material properties and nuclear fuel circulation related to ADS is carrying on to provide the database for ADS system analysis.The main results on ADS related researches will be reported.

Huge Variety of Nuclides That Arise in the LENR Processes: Attempt at Explanation

Researches in the field of low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) have shown a wide variety of manifestations of these phenomena. They appear in metals with hydrogen dissolved in them, in plasma, in gas discharge, in electrolysis, and even in biological systems. In addition to energy release, which far exceeds the capabilities of chemical reactions, LENR is characterized by a huge variety of emerging chemical elements. This report provides examples of appearance of many initially missing elements in different LENR installations. For example, in the nickel-hydrogen LENR reactor created in our laboratory, which worked for 7 months, Ca, V, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ba, Sr, Yb, Hf were found. Moreover, new elements were found not only in the “fuel” but also in the surrounding matter. The huge variety of chemical elements that arise can be explained by the fact that in the processes of LENR, the interaction covers several atoms at once. The article discusses approaches to explaining the phenomena discovered in the process of LENR researches.

The Bivariate Transmuted Family of Distributions:Theory and Applications

The bivariate distributions are useful in simultaneous modeling of two random variables.These distributions provide a way to model models.The bivariate families of distributions are not much widely explored and in this article a new family of bivariate distributions is proposed.The new family will extend the univariate transmuted family of distributions and will be helpful in modeling complex joint phenomenon.Statistical properties of the new family of distributions are explored which include marginal and conditional distributions,conditional moments,product and ratio moments,bivariate reliability and bivariate hazard rate functions.The maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)for parameters of the family is also carried out.The proposed bivariate family of distributions is studied for the Weibull baseline distributions giving rise to bivariate transmuted Weibull(BTW)distribution.The new bivariate transmuted Weibull distribution is explored in detail.Statistical properties of the new BTW distribution are studied which include the marginal and conditional distributions,product,ratio and conditional momenst.The hazard rate function of the BTW distribution is obtained.Parameter estimation of the BTW distribution is also done.Finally,real data application of the BTW distribution is given.It is observed that the proposed BTW distribution is a suitable fit for the data used.

Charged particles:Unique tools to study irradiation resistance of concentrated solid solution alloys

Many multicomponent concentrated solid solution alloys(CSAs),including high-entropy alloys(HEAs),exhibit improved radiation resistance and enhanced structural stability in harsh environments.To study and assess irradiation resistance of nuclear materials,energetic ion and electron beams are commonly used to create displacement damage.Moreover,charged particles of ions,electrons,and positrons are unique tools to create and characterize radiation effects.Ion beam analysis(e.g.,Rutherford backscattering spectrometry,nuclear reaction analysis,and time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis),electron microscopy techniques(e.g.,transmission or scanning electron microscopy,and electron diffraction),and positron annihilation spectroscopy have been applied to characterize irradiated CSAs or HEAs to understand defect formation and evolution together with chemical and microstructural information.Their distinctive analyzing power and some perspectives in these techniques are reviewed.In developing structural alloys desirable for applications in advanced reactors,neutron exposure is a critical test but the limitation in achievable high damage levels is,however,a bottleneck.Ion irradiation is often used as a surrogate for neutron irradiation,and the associated reduced transmutations and higher displacements per atom(dpa)rates are desirable for materials research.Nevertheless,cautions need to be taken when relying on ion irradiation results for reactor evaluations.Literature on differences between ions and neutrons is briefly reviewed.In addition,the links to bridge the current advances on fundamental understandings to reactor applications are discussed to lay the groundwork between neutrons and ions for radiation effects studies.