Molecular phylogeny of tribe Atraphaxideae(Polygonaceae)evidenced from five cpDNA genes

Traditionally, Atraphaxis, Calligonum, Pteropyrum and Parapteropyrum are included in the tribe Atraphxideae. Recently, sequence data has revealed that this tribe is not monophyletic. The structure of the tribe was examined by adding more taxa and sequences to clarify the congruence between morphology and molecular phylogeny, the systematic placements of four genera in Polygonaceae, as well as the infra-generic relationships of Atraphaxis and Calligonum within Atraphaxideae. Five chloroplast genes, atpB-rbcL, psbA-trnH, trnL-tmF, psbK-psbl, and rbcL of Atraphaxis, Calligonum, Pteropyrum, and Parapteropyrum were sequenced. The non-monophyly of Atraphaxideae was confirmed. Atraphaxis and Calligonum, respectively, formed a monophyletic group that was well supported. Calligonum is closely related to Pteropyrum; Atraphaxis is sister to Polygonum s. str. and Parapteropyrum is allied with Fagopyrum. Although the morphology suggested the four genera should form a tribe, the molecular data indicated Atraphaxideae was not one monophyletic group. The clades identified within Atraphaxis corresponded well with the current sectional classification based on morphological features. As for Cal- ligonum, Medusa was identified as a non-monophyletic section.

Dietary intakes of Karen hill triber children aged 1-6 years in northern Thailand

Malnutrition results from insufficient intakes of food including micronutrients such as vitamin A,iron,iodine, zinc,and folic acid.This paper reported the results from a study of dietary intakes of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in the north of Thailand.All children aged 1-6 years(n=158;83 boys,75 girls)from the three Karen villages(Mae Hae Tai,Mae Yot,Mae Raek) of Mae Chaem district in the north of Thailand were studied.All children were examined by a qualified medical doctor and were assessed for their nutrient intakes using 24 hours dietary recall.All families had income lower than the Thailand poverty line(US $1000/ year).For children aged 1-3 years,the nutrients generally consumed were much less than the Thai RDA. Compared with the Thai RDA,all children consumed much less energy(28%-40.5%RDA)than protein (55.8%-96.1%RDA).Interestingly,all boys and only girls from Mae Raek village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA but girls from Mae Hae Tai village and Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A less than the Thai RDA.For children aged 4-6 years,boys from Mae Raek village consumed protein(128.4%RDA) and vitamin C(143.1%RDA)above the Thai RDA.Girls from Mae Yot village also consumed vitamin C (132.9%RDA)above the Thai RDA.Both boys and girls from Mae Raek village and also girls from Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA.Other nutrients were consumed much less than the Thai RDA by all children.All children consumed protein more than 10%of the total energy consumption per day. Most of the energy consumed by children came from carbohydrate.Nearly all children consumed carbohydrate more than 50%of the total energy consumption per day except boys aged 1-3 years from Mae Raek village (consumed 45%).All children from Mae Hae Tai village and boys aged 4-6 years from Mae Yot village(consumed 27%)consumed fat less than 30%of the total energy consumption per day.It appeared that the priority recommendations for improving nutrition in Karen villages in Mae Chaem would be increase energy consumption such as fat and oil.More general work is needed on how children’s diets might be improved in a culturally acceptable manner,so as to bring consumption patterns closer to recommended allowance levels.

Forest utilization patterns and socio-economic status of the Van Gujjar tribe in sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttarakhand,India

The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State, India. The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years. They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures. A few years ago with the announcement of the establish- ment of the Rajaji National Park, the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park, which has affected their lifestyle. The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study. The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony, the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selec- tive trees for various uses. A total of 176 households were interviewed （giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size） by using pre-structured questionnaires. The education level was very low （12.9%） and the average income per household was recorded as Rs. 36000 （approximately $ 803） per year. The major source of income was dairy production （80.6%） followed by labor employment （13.9%）, NTFPs （4.2%） and agricultural production （1.4%）. More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest. The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg, respectively. A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources. Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder, fuel wood, agricultural implements, household articles, dye, medicine, fiber and other products. According to their utility value, the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis, followed by Terminalia alata, Bombax ceiba, Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo,

Ethnomedicinal Plants Used in the Healthcare Systems of Tribes of Dantewada, Chhattisgarh India

The tribal people depend on forests for their livelihood and most of the rural people still depend on traditional medicine as a primary healthcare source. The paper highlights the rich plant resources and the vast wealth of ethnobotanical information available with the various tribes of the region. In this paper, some new and less known ethno medicinal uses of 104 plants of tribes of Dantewada, Dakshin Bastar C.G. in different ailments have been reported. The main objective of present work is to give the information and documentation of medicinal plant used by tribal of the study sites. The ethnomedicinal information was gathered from interviews with living elders belonging to Madiya, Muriya, Gond and Bhatra tribes of the study area. The present work on ethnomedicinal plants, used in the healthcare systems of tribes in 15 villages, was carried out from Geedam block of Dantewada, Dakshin Bastar C.G.

A New Approach for Identifying Potentially Effective Indigenous Plants Consumed by Chenchu Tribes and Their Nutritional Composition-India

Traditional knowledge of plants and their properties always has been transmitted from generation to generation through the natural path of everyday life. Food habits of the indigenous population across the globe are very abnormal when compared to that of civilized people. The forest related tribal scientific studies of edible wild plants are extremely constructive to know the nutritional values of the forest indigenous foods and help to eliminate the malnutrition problems in vulnerable group. The existing study was undertaken with an intention and documented 34 exceptional plant species belonging to 15 families with their medicinal values, taxonomical names and nutritional profile. Among the 34 indigenous plant foods, the frequently available and consumed plant foods by particularly vulnerable tribal group Chenchu tribes were selected for nutritional investigation including proximate composition, mineral and vitamin analysis. Results show that the nutritional values of the edible indigenous plant foods are prominent compared to frequently consumed foods available in market. The present study observed that the conventional and nutritional information on wild plant foods is on sharp decline. Unless efforts are made to educate the present generations about the importance of these foods, which may be lost in near future. These studies could contribute significantly to Government policies to improve food security and helps to progress health and nutritional status in marginally deprived tribal communities in India, and in the enhancement of wild vegetable status, whose potential as sources of nutrition is currently undervalued.

The Mediating Effect of Quality of Life on Tourism Impact and Support Attitude in Alishan Tribes

The purpose of this study was aimed to analyze the effect of indigenous people’s perceived impact of tourism development on tribal quality of life and the support attitude toward tourism development. The research subjects were indigenous people who were at least 20 years old and came from one of eight Alishan tribes in Taiwan. This study conducted an investigation by random sampling, a total of 850 questionnaires were distributed and obtained 827 valid questionnaires. The valid return rate was 97.29%. Statistical analysis was performed on the valid questionnaires using descriptive statistics and partial least squares (PLS). According to the analytical result, Alishan indigenous people feel the negative environmental impact brought by tourism is the highest, but in terms of quality of life, they also maintain of nature and culture. When the positive economic, environmental, and sociocultural impact of tourism is higher, tribal quality of life and indigenous people’s support attitude toward tourism development will be more significant;however, when the negative economic, environmental, and sociocultural tourism impact is higher, tribal quality of life will be lower and indigenous people will tend to resist tourism development. Quality of life was found to be a moderator between tourism impact and support attitude toward development. This study proposed suggestions for indigenous tribes and the government to develop the tourism sector and introduced specific research directions for future tribal tourism researchers.

The Distribution of Tribe Blaptini( Coleoptera,Tenebrionidae) in China

In this paper,the distribution status of genera and species of the tribe Balptini discovered in China was summarized.According to related data,19 genera and 169 species of the tribe Balptini are distributed in various provinces and regions of China.Different genera and species of the tribe Balptini are distributed in different regions.This study laid the theoretical foundation for further investigation of the evolutionary process of tribe Blaptini in China.

GENERATIONS from EXILE TRIBE

他们一直乘着上升的气流。自2012年出道已经过了7年,他们的音乐更加丰富、精美,他们的合作更加有默契。再加上,每个人都有自己不同的个性,可以纯洁、可以复杂、可以大胆、可以纤细。他们拓展了自己的可能性,魅力也随之见长。他们最大的武器,就是纯粹却坚韧的'少年气'—。永远活泼纯粹又快乐,GENERATIONS永远是专心音乐的傻瓜。为音乐和组合献上自己的人生的7个人,是永远的少年,在这个夏天会绽放出更耀眼的光辉。

Walking to the Tsosisumkyi“Tribe”

Why do I refer to Tsosisumkyi village as a"tribe"?The simple reason is that this rural community did not go through any democratic reform while Tibet experienced its transition from a feudal serfdom to socialism.How is Tsosisumkyi today?Is there any kind of chieftain in control of this"tribe"?

Taboos of Tibetan Nomadic Tribes

ＴａｂｏｏｓｏｆＴｉｂｅｔａｎＮｏｍａｄｉｃＴｒｉｂｅｓＡＯＨＯＮＧＴｉｂｅｔａｎｆｏｌｋｌｏｒｅｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｖａｒｉｏｕｓｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｃｅｌｅｂｒａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｉａｌＯｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｓ，ａｎｄｗｅｄｄｉｎｇａｎｄｆｕｎｅｒａｌ...

The Lhoba Tribe in Dermo

ＴｈｅＬｈｏｂａＴｒｉｂｅｉｎＤｅｒｍｏｂｙＷａｎｇＬｉｍｉｎＯｎＡｕｇｕｓｔ１５，１９５０，ｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｄａｙｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｖｅｎｔｈｍｏｎｔｈｉｎｔｈｅＴｉｂｅｔａｎＹｅａｒｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｏｎＴｉｇｅｒ，ａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｍｅａｓｕｒ...

Morphometry and Significance of Collodiaphyseal Angle among Bini Tribe in Southern Nigeria

Introduction:The collodiaphyseal angle(CDA)is an angle formed between the femoral neck and femoral shaft axes.It is a vital determinant of femoral neck fracture as narrower angle is often used as a predictor of stress fracture.It is also important in orthopedic treatment planning,especially hip replacement surgery.Aim:This study was carried out to evaluate the CDA values among the Bini tribe and elucidate its significance.Methodology:This study employed 200 anterior-posterior pelvic radiographs of the Bini tribe(100 males and 100 females)aged between 25 and 55 years obtained from selected radiological diagnostic centers in Benin City,Nigeria,after obtaining the Institutional Ethical Approval.They were used to evaluate the right and left CDA as an angle formed by intersection of the femoral neck and shaft axes and measured using the goniometer.Data were statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS(version 20)with the mean,standard deviation,and range evaluated,and side and gender comparisons were done using t-test,and P<0.05 was set as statistically significant level.Results:The average CDA was 135.56°±5.75°and 131.67°±6.15°in males and females,respectively.This angle showed significant gender differences bilaterally(P<0.05).However,the bilateral differences in the CDA were not statistically significant among either male or female Binis(P>0.05).Conclusion:The CDA can be employed as a morphometric indicator of sexual differences and for other clinical applications.

铁骊族称来源及其居地考

铁骊族称有一个历史的演变过程。唐朝置铁利部,渤海置铁利府,辽朝置铁骊国,民国置铁骊县,新中国成立后置铁力县,后改铁力市。铁利、铁骊、铁力等不同称谓,都是铁骊(利)人以农业经济为主,从事耒耜耕、耦耕、犁耕的文化遗存。“利”是“犁”的古文,“力”与“丽”通,“力”一人一耒耕地,“丽”两人两耒耕地,“骊”是“犁耕”时代的写照。今铁力地区,各族人民自古就以农耕经济为主,兼渔猎经济。今铁力市及其周围地方,自唐代以来一直是唐代铁利部、辽代铁骊国中心位置,是铁骊族居住之地。

“叶护葛逻禄”译名辨误

jafʁu(yabğū,yabqu,jabghu)和jabaqu(yabāğū,yabaqu)常见于古代波斯语文献和突厥语文献,是完全不同的两个词语。jafʁu即汉文史籍中的“叶护”;jabaqu为操用印欧语的炽俟(ʧigil)集团中的部落名,亦即狭义的葛逻禄,为葛逻禄集团的核心部落,汉文史籍中音译作“药勿葛”“婆蔔”“婆匐”。jabaqu qarluq实指狭义的葛逻禄,应译作“药勿葛葛逻禄”“婆蔔葛逻禄”或“婆匐葛逻禄”。将二者混同,译作“叶护民族”“叶护族”或“叶护葛逻禄”,并非仅是翻译之误,而是直接关涉到对葛逻禄历史和中亚古代史的认知问题。

学术部落及其领地:当代学习研究中三种文化的对立与融合

该文使用学术部落及其领地这一学科文化的人类学隐喻作为概念框架,对当代学习研究的学术部落及其领地进行了分析,鉴别了其中存在的三种文化并对其内涵进行了阐释,提出学习科学的文化是认知的文化,学习技术的文化是认知造物的文化,学习工程的文化是造物的文化。以此为基础,对当代学习研究中三种文化的对立产生的历史后果及其超越进行了探讨,为此需构建科学—技术—工程的文化连续统,建立学习研究的“生态学隐喻”,改变学术部落中的学术实践,形成一种全新的、更具内在统一性的学习研究文化。

A Collinearity-Incorporating Homology Inference Strategy for Connecting Emerging Assemblies in the Triticeae Tribe as a Pilot Practice in the Plant Pangenomic Era

Plant genome sequencing has dramatically increased,and some species even have multiple high-quality reference versions.Demands for clade-specific homology inference and analysis have increased in the pangenomic era.Here we present a novel method,GeneTribe(https://chenym1.github.io/genetribe/),for homology inference among genetically similar genomes that incorporates gene collinearity and shows bet-ter performance than traditional sequence-similarity-based methods in terms of accuracy and scalability.The Triticeae tribe is a typical allopolyploid-rich clade with complex species relationships that includes many important crops,such as wheat,barley,and rye.We built Triticeae-GeneTribe(http://wheat.cau.edu.cn/TGT/),a homology database,by integrating 12 Triticeae genomes and 3 outgroup model genomes and implemented versatile analysis and visualization functions.With macrocollinearity analysis,we were able to construct a refined model illustrating the structural rearrangements of the 4A-5A-7B chromosomes in wheat as two major translocation events.With collinearity analysis at both the macro-and microscale,we illustrated the complex evolutionary history of homologs of the wheat vernalization gene Vm2,which evolved as a combined result of genome translocation,duplication,and polyploidization and gene loss events.Our work provides a useful practice for connecting emerging genome assemblies,with awareness of the extensive polyploidy in plants,and will help researchers efficiently exploit genome sequence re-sources.

Chemical Constituents of Plants from Tribe Chelidonieae and their Bioactivities

The tribe Chelidonieae comprises 23 species of eight genera with an extensive distribution and a long medicinal usage history both in China and Western countries. A large number of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from the species in tribe Chelidonieae, such as alkaloids, organic acids, and their derivatives, aromatics, triterpenoids, sterols, essential oils, and proteins, most of which possess a variety of bioactivities, especially for the antibacterial, anti-inflammation, antitumor, analgesia, anti-oxidation, and antiparasitic activity. Meanwhile, potential toxicities have been discovered in some constituents. Therefore, the species in tribe Chelidonieae have become a rich source for new drug discovery, biologic study, and mechanism research. This paper presents comprehensive information of the chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological research on the plants in tribe Chelidoieae, which is a reference for the plants in this tribe for further development.