Byzantine Robust Federated Learning Scheme Based on Backdoor Triggers

Federated learning is widely used to solve the problem of data decentralization and can provide privacy protectionfor data owners. However, since multiple participants are required in federated learning, this allows attackers tocompromise. Byzantine attacks pose great threats to federated learning. Byzantine attackers upload maliciouslycreated local models to the server to affect the prediction performance and training speed of the global model. Todefend against Byzantine attacks, we propose a Byzantine robust federated learning scheme based on backdoortriggers. In our scheme, backdoor triggers are embedded into benign data samples, and then malicious localmodels can be identified by the server according to its validation dataset. Furthermore, we calculate the adjustmentfactors of local models according to the parameters of their final layers, which are used to defend against datapoisoning-based Byzantine attacks. To further enhance the robustness of our scheme, each localmodel is weightedand aggregated according to the number of times it is identified as malicious. Relevant experimental data showthat our scheme is effective against Byzantine attacks in both independent identically distributed (IID) and nonindependentidentically distributed (non-IID) scenarios.

A shock wave overpressure test system based on multiple triggers

Because single trigger system is unreliable for shock wave overpressure test, this paper presents a multi-trigger overpressure test system. The large memory capacity is divided into parts to achieve data acquisition and storage with multiple triggers. Compared with conventional single-shot storage test system, this system can prevent false trigger and improve reliability of the test. By using explosion time to extract valid signal segments, it improves the efficiency of data recovery. These characteristics of the system contribute to multi-point test. After the dynamic characteristics of the system are calibrated, the valid data can be obtained in explosion experiments. The results show that the multi-trigger test system has higher reliability than single trigger test system.

Scott Triggers评分表与Munro量表评估手术患者压力性损伤的效果比较

目的比较Scott Triggers(ST)评分表与Munro量表对手术患者压力性损伤发生的评估效果,为临床选择合适的评估工具提供参考.方法使用ST评分表和Munro量表对413例手术患者进行压力性损伤风险评估,以术后压疮实际发生数为金标准,采用ROC曲线和Bayes判别分析ST评分表与Munro量表的评估能力.结果共有43例(10.41%)手术患者发生压力性损伤;ST评分表与Munro量表曲线下面积分别是0.626(95%CI:0.578~0.673)、0.670(95%CI:0.622~0.715),两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);交叉验证法对函数进行验证,Munro量表与ST评分表的正判率,分别为89.60%、89.80%.结论ST评分表和Mun-ro量表评估效果相近均可用于手术患者压力性损伤的评估,ST评分表条目少而简洁,应用更便捷.

Braden量表和Scott triggers量表在ICU老年髋关节置换术患者压力性损伤中的应用研究

目的探讨Braden量表和Scott triggers量表在ICU老年髋关节置换术患者压力性损伤风险评估中的预测价值。方法选取2020年11月至2021年5月新疆医科大学第六附属医院髋关节置换术后转入ICU的220例老年患者为研究对象,以术后发生压力性损伤为金标准,通过Braden量表和Scott triggers量表对其进行压力性损伤风险评估并比较预测价值。结果220例患者中共有27例(12.27%)发生了压力性损伤,均为Ⅰ期。当Braden量表ROC曲线下面积为0.735、总分为14.5分、约登指数为0.373时预测价值最好;当Scott triggers量表ROC曲线下面积为0.934、总分为5.5分、约登指数为0.678时预测价值最好。Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验结果显示Braden量表(χ^(2)=3.709,P=0.295),Scott triggers量表(χ^(2)=1.141,P=0.565)。结论Braden量表和Scott triggers量表均可评估ICU老年髋关节置换术患者压力性损伤的发生风险,Scott triggers量表的预测价值优于Braden量表,且条目简洁客观,用时较短。

What triggers tauopathy in chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy（CTE）is a neuropathologically defined tauopathy：CTE is closely related with repetitive,traumatic brain injury.In a most recent study of 202 deceased players of American football from a brain donation program,CTE was neuropathologically diagnosed in 177 players across all levels of play （87%）, including 110 of 111 former National Football League players （99%） （Mez et al., 2017）.

Aftershock of the Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Triggers Large Earthquake in Minxian County, Gansu

Because of the confining compression of the Pacific, Eurasian and Indian plates, the Chinese mainland is frequently stricken with earthquakes, especially in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas and along the NS-trending tectonic zone from Yinchuan to Lanzhou, Chengdu, and finally to the Kunming tectonic belt （Fig. 1）. Historical records show that there are 14 earthquakes of 〉Ms 8 occurring in the two regions, eight of which occurred along the latter tectonic belt. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake located on both the NS tectonic zone and the Longmenshan fault zone along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The Key Triggers for the Transitioning of Informal SMMEs to Formal SMMEs:A Baseline Survey of the Gauteng Province——South Africa

This paper presents the views of 623 informal and formal small,medium,and micro enterprises(SMMEs)operating in the Gauteng Province of South Africa.The objective of the study was to identify challenges and benefits that are experienced by SMMEs during and after the registration process leading to the transition from informal to formal business,the level of awareness by the SMMEs of the registration information,and the procedures in addition to the potential factors that inspire or discourage informal and prospective business registration.The reason for including both informal and formal SMMEs in the survey was to compare the perceptions of these groups of businesses regarding the triggers and/or barriers to register as a formal business.The results show that for both informal and formal businesses,the liability of paying taxes was a major challenge while improved workers’health and safety accrued as a major benefit.Own research emerged as the main source of access to business registration information and procedure.The costs involved in registration were highlighted as one of the major factors discouraging registration but the prospects of expanding the customer base and the ability to achieve a higher turnover as some of the main inspiring factors.The study recommends the development of policies that provide an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises but also to implement measures that improve productivity through access to finance,skills,infrastructure,markets,and technology transfers.

A Study of Presupposition Triggers in Chinese Romantic Conversations

Presupposition means an implied fact or information which is accepted by both speaker and hearer in a conversation,or at least the information that can always be inferred from the context after hearing the discourse.In the analysis of how speaker's assumptions are typically expressed,presupposition has been associated with the use of a large number of words,phrases,and structures,known as presupposition-triggers.There are many studies on trigger language at home and abroad,but there are relatively few studies on analyzing presupposition triggers from the perspective of romantic conversations.In this paper,by analyzing what presupposition triggers are used in the conversations and what functions the triggers perform,also the various ways of communication in which a boyfriend annoys his girlfiriend,we can solve the doubts of many male friends,so that people can have a deeper understanding of presupposition triggers and the application of it in romantic conversations,which may help us a lot in our daily interpersonal communication life.

基于Scott Triggers评分的分级干预在神经外科患者术中压力性损伤预防中的应用研究

目的:探讨基于Scott Triggers评分的分级干预在神经外科患者术中压力性损伤预防中的应用效果。方法:选取2021年3月—2023年2月我院神经外科收治的102例患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组采取手术室常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上采取基于Scott Triggers评分的分级干预。比较两组患者术中压力性损伤发生率。结果:两组患者年龄、体质指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)、手术时间、麻醉分级比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组术中压力性损伤发生率(3.9%)明显低于对照组术中压力性损伤发生率(19.6%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.028)。结论:基于Scott Triggers评分的分级干预可有效预防神经外科患者术中压力性损伤的发生。

REWARDING COOPERATION BETWEEN CAS AND YUNNAN TRIGGERS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC TAKE-OFF

Ⅰ. THE SUGGESTION OF THE STRATEGIC MEASURE Situated at the junction between the vast Eurasian landmass and the south Asian subcontinent, Yunnan Prov-

Scott Triggers评分表与Munro量表用于手术患者压力性损伤评估中对压力性损伤发生率及患者满意度的价值

实验将有机结合Scott Triggers评分表与Munro量表,建立手术患者压力性损伤风险评估信息化模块,追踪术后患者皮肤情况,探讨Scott Triggers评分表与Munro量表对手术患者压力性损伤风险评估的适用性、准确性,确定风险最佳截点及干预措施,并分析其对预防压力性损伤发生和提高患者满意度的作用。方法 选取2021年1月至2022年6月符合纳入排除标准的手术患者作为研究对象。对照组为Munro量表,试验组为Scott Triggers评分表与Munro量表。对比实验结果。结果 从数据可见,试验组压力性损伤发生率为3.33%,对照组为16.67%,对比具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。从数据可见,试验组满意度为93.33%,对照组为76.67%,对比具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 采用Scott Triggers评分表与Munro量表,可实现院内手术患者压力性损伤闭环式护理管理,进一步加强了对全科护理人员进行手术压力性损伤风险评估的培训,有助于降低压力性损伤发生率,提高患者的满意度,具有可推广价值。

Hydrogen sulfide:A novel component in Arabidopsis peroxisomes which triggers catalase inhibition

Plant peroxisomes have the capacity to gen erate different reactive oxygen and nitrogen species(ROS and RNS),such as H2O2,superoxide radical(O2^·-),nitric oxide and peroxynitrite(ONOO^-).These organelles have an active nitrooxidative metabolism which can be exacerbated by adverse stress conditions.Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)is a new signaling gasotransmitter which can mediate the posttranslational modification(PTM)persulfidation.We used Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic seedlings expressing cyan fluorescent protein(CFP)fused to a canonical peroxisome targeting signal 1(PTS1)to visualize peroxisomes in living cells,as well as a specific fluorescent probe which showed that peroxisomes contain H2S.H2S was also detected in chloroplasts under glyphosate-induced oxidative stress conditions.Peroxisomal enzyme activities,including catalase,photorespiratory H2O2-generating glycolate oxidase(GOX)and hydroxypyruvate reductase(HPR),were assayed in vitro with a H2S donor.In line with the persulfidation of this enzyme,catalase activity declined significantly in the presence of the H2S donor.To corroborate the inhibitory effect of H2S on catalase activity,we also assayed pure catalase from bovine liver and pepper fruit-enriched samples,in which catalase activity was inhibited.Taken together,these data provide evidenee of the presence of H2S in plant peroxisomes which appears to regulate catalase activity and,consequently,the peroxisomal H2O2 metabolism.

PA1b, a plant peptide, induces intracellular [Ca^(2+)] in- crease via Ca^(2+) influx through the L-type Ca^(2+) channel and triggers secretion in pancreatic β cells

Using alginic acid to adsorb polypeptides at pH 2.7, we isolated a peptide pea albumin 1b (PA1b) from pea seeds. The PA1b is a single chain peptide consisting of 37 amino acid residues with 6 cysteines which constitutes the cystine-knot structure. Using microfluorometry and patch clamp techniques, we found that PA1b significantly elevated the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+ ]i) and elicited membrane capacitance increase in the primary rat pancreatic β cells. The PA1b effect on [Ca2+]i elevation was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ or in the presence of L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, ni- modipine. Interestingly, we found that PA1b significantly depolarized membrane potential, which could lead to the opening of voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and influx of extracellular Ca2+, and then evoke robust secretion. In this study we identified the plant peptide PA1b which is capable of affecting the excitability and function of mammalian pancreatic β cell.

Tribotronic triggers and sequential logic circuits

In this paper, a floating-gate tribotronic transistor （FGTT） based on a mobile triboelectric layer and a traditional silicon-based field-effect transistor （FET） is proposed. In the FGTT, the triboelectric charges in the layer created by contact electrification can be used to modulate charge carrier transport in the transistor. Based on the FGTTs and FETs, a tribotronic negated AND （NAND） gate that achieves mechanical-electrical coupled inputs, logic operations, and electrical level outputs is fabricated. By further integrating tribotronic NAND gates with traditional digital circuits, several basic units such as the tribotronic S-R trigger, D trigger, and T trigger have been demonstrated. Additionally, tribotronic sequential logic circuits such as registers and counters have also been integrated to enable external contact triggered storage and computation. In contrast to the conventional sequential logic units controlled by electrical signals, contact-triggered tribotronic sequential logic circuits are able to realize direct interaction and integration with the external environment. This development can lead to their potential application in micro/nano-sensors, electromechanical storage, interactive control, and intelligent instrumentation.

Environmental insults:critical triggers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterised by a rapid loss of lower and upper motor neurons.As a complex disease,the ageing process and complicated gene-environment interactions are involved in the majority of cases.Main body:Significant advances have been made in unravelling the genetic susceptibility to ALS with massively parallel sequencing technologies,while environmental insults remain a suspected but largely unexplored source of risk.Several studies applying the strategy of Mendelian randomisation have strengthened the link between environmental insults and ALS,but none so far has proved conclusive.We propose a new ALS model which links the current knowledge of genetic factors,ageing and environmental insults.This model provides a mechanism as to how ALS is initiated,with environmental insults playing a critical role.Conclusion:The available evidence has suggested that inherited defect(s)could cause mitochondrial dysfunction,which would establish the primary susceptibility to ALS.Further study of the underlying mechanism may shed light on ALS pathogenesis.Environmental insults are a critical trigger for ALS,particularly in the aged individuals with other toxicant susceptible genes.The identification of ALS triggers could lead to preventive strategies for those individuals at risk.

Comparison between four treatment modalities for active myofascial triggers points

Aim:The study aimed at the painful trigger points(TrPs)for the purpose of ablating muscle spasms and restoring normal muscle length to find the most effective treatment for alleviating pain and improving mouth range of motion in patients with myofascial pain dysfunction.Methods:We enrolled 72 patients with pain and reduced mouth opening due to temporomandibular joint dysfunction.Patients assigned to four groups and four treatment modalities used to treat myofascial TrPs pain.We used mean and standard deviation values.The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare the two groups.The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to study the changes by the time in mean pain scores.The Student’s t-test was used to compare maximum mouth opening(MMO)groups.Then paired t-test was also used to study the changes of time in an MMO.Results:The results showed that pulsed electromagnetic field(PEMF)therapy is the most effective treatment modality regarding for pain relief.Both the anesthesia and PEMF groups showed a reduction in mean pain scores throughout all follow-up periods,and a statistically significant increase in mean MMO.Conclusion:The findings suggest that PEMF is the most effective treatment for alleviating pain and improving mouth range of motion in patients with myofascial pain.

When the Stars Align: Hypertriglyceridemic Pancreatitis Is Inevitable

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory process affecting the pancreas. Hypertriglyceridemic AP (HTAP) is its third leading cause after gallstones followed by alcohol use. It develops when stars align viz. triggers (acquired surges) in patients with genetic hypertriglyceridemia. Case: severe and acute pancreatitis had developed in a 57-year-old man with type IIb familial hyperlipidemia after heavy fatty meals. The acute phase was controlled by holding oral intake with weekly Evolocumab therapy and long-term prevention by weight reduction and Fenofibrate alone. His pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions remained normal after 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion: Those four measures were safe, practical and effective for short- and long-term management of HTAP.

Suggested Work Modifications for Patients with Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors in Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by painful nodules, abscesses, and scarring, primarily affecting areas rich in apocrine glands. Environmental and occupational risk factors, including prolonged exposure to heat, friction, and certain chemicals, have been identified as exacerbating conditions for HS. Yet, there remains a lack of tailored recommendations for modifying work environments to alleviate these triggers. This review presents novel suggestions for work modifications to reduce HS flare-ups, such as implementing breathable, friction-reducing workwear, ergonomic adjustments to minimize pressure on affected areas, and introducing low-irritant hygiene protocols in workplaces with chemical exposure. These recommendations are grounded in emerging evidence linking specific occupational exposures to the exacerbation of HS symptoms. The novelty of this approach lies in its proactive stance, shifting from reactive management of HS symptoms to preventative environmental modifications. Future studies should explore the long-term efficacy of these modifications and investigate the potential for personalized work environment adjustments based on individual patient profiles. Targeted workplace interventions may significantly improve the quality of life for HS patients, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary collaboration between dermatologists, occupational health specialists, and employers.

Digital signal acquisition system for complex nuclear reaction experiments

A digital data-acquisition system based on XIA LLC products was used in a complex nuclear reaction experiment using radioactive ion beams.A flexible trigger system based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)parametrization was developed to adapt to different experimental sizes.A user-friendly interface was implemented,which allows converting script language expressions into FPGA internal control parameters.The proposed digital system can be combined with a conventional analog data acquisition system to provide more flexibility.The performance of the combined system was veri-fied using experimental data.