Analysis of Genetic Relationship among Medicago sativa,Medicago falcate and Trigonella foenum-graecum Using ISSR

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the genetic relationships among Medicago sativa,Medicago falcata and Trigonella foenum-graecum.[Method] ISSR technique was adopted to determine their genetic relationships.[Result] M.sativa,M.falcate and T.foenum-graecum had a broad genetic base.T.foenum-graecum shared closer relationship with M.falcata rather than M.sativa.The study on relationship between M.sativa and T.foenum-graecum was advantageous to identify disputable transition types.But a boundary should be found to identify species to be M.sativa or T.foenum-graecum.[Conclusion] This study will provide reference for identifying some disputable transition types.

Ameliorative effects of standardized extract from Trigonella foenum-graecum L.seeds on painful peripheral neuropathy in rats

Objective:To evaluate the effects of the standardized extract of fenugreek(Trigonella foenumgraecum L.Family:Leguminasae) seed(IND01) in animal models of peripheral neuropathy. Methods:IND01 was prepared from fenugreek seeds and standardized by high performance liquid chromatography to a marker compound,trigonelline.The effects of daily oral administration of IND01(50,100 and 200 mg/kg) were studied in rats after partial sciatic nerve ligation(PSNL) and sciatic nerve crush injury(SNCI) during 30-days period.The measurements on thermal hyperalgesia(TH),motor function test(MFT) score and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were recorded.Results:IND01 offered sustained protection against TH and deranged MFT scores in both models from 7-day onwards.Fifteen days of daily oral administration of IND01 restored MNCV reduction in rats with SNCI but not with PSNL.Conclusions:IND01 was found to be effective in rat models of painful peripheral neuropathy.

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...

Distribution, Enrichment and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i>L. (Fenugreek) after Fertigation with Paper Mill Effluent

The aim of the study was to investigate distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and Trigonella foenum-graecum (var. Pusa Early Bunching) after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Doses of paper mill effluent viz. 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were used for fertigation of T. foenum-graecum along with bore well water (control). The results revealed that paper mill effluent had significant (P +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, TKN, PO3-4, SO2-4, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn of the soil in both seasons. Insignificant (P > 0.05) changes in WHC and bulk density of the soil were observed after irrigation with paper mill effluent. The agronomical performance of T. foenum-graecum was increased from 5% to 25% concentration and decreased from 50% to 100% concentration of paper mill effluent as compared to control in both seasons. The heavy metals concentration was increased in T. foenum-graecum from 5% to 100% concentrations of paper mill effluent in both seasons. Biochemical components like crude proteins, crude fiber and crude carbohydrates were found maximum with 25% paper mill effluent in both seasons. The enrichment factor (Ef) of various heavy metals was in order of Cd > Mn > Cr > Cu > Zn > Fe for soil and Mn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Zn > Fe for T. foenum-graecum plants after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Therefore, paper mill effluent can be used as a biofertigant after appropriate dilution to improve yield of T. foenum-graecum.

Ameliorative properties of Iranian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds and Punica granatum L. peel extracts in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetic guinea pigs

Objective: To assess the ameliorative properties of Iranian Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(T. foenum-graecum) seeds and Punica granatum L.(P. granatum) peel extracts against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male guinea pigs.Methods: Sixty guinea pigs were divided into six groups(10 guinea pigs per group).Group 1 consisted of normal animals. Groups 2 and 3 were treated with Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extract alone, respectively. Group 4 was treated with streptozotocin only; whereas Groups 5 and 6 receiving streptozotocin were treated with Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extract, respectively.All animals were treated for 30 days, and the body weight, blood and liver biochemical parameters were measured.Results: Guinea pigs exposed to streptozotocin showed an alteration in body weight gain, fasting glucose level, kidney function parameters(blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) as well as decreased serum and hepatic total protein level. In addition, it increased the cholesterol and triglyceride level, while decreasing the hepatic glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity, glycogen, glutathione content and hepatic catalase activity. Oral treatment with T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extracts revealed significant protective properties with respect to body weight gain and other biochemical parameters studied.Conclusions: The Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extracts are significantly potent in ameliorating diabetic condition induced by streptozotocin and improving various biochemical parameters in serum and liver of guinea pigs.

OKRA (HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS) AND FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRACEUM) MUCILAGE:CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION AS FLOCCULANTS FOR TEXTILE EFFLUENT TREATMENTS

The use of new food grade polysaccharides (mucilage) obtained from Hibiscus esculentus and Trigonella foenum graceum,commonly called Okra and Fenugreek,respectively,as flocculants was described.These polysaccharides were used for removal of solids (suspended solids (SS) and total dissolved solids (TDS)) and dyes from real textile effluents and aqueous solutions of different class of synthetic dyes.Influences of varying polysaccharide concentration,contact time and pH on removal of pollutant from the textile...

The impact of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet on seed germination and seedlings growth of fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum)

The effects of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (CAPPJ) were investigated on germination and early seedling growth of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) seeds. A two-electrode argon CAPPJ system with and without an additional grounded electrode [accelerating grounded (AG) electrode] was used at different exposure times. After 16 h of observation, the germination rates increased by 4 and 7 times, without and with using an AG electrode, respectively, for 1 min of plasma exposure. An increase in shoot fresh weight was observed, especially at 10 min exposure time. A high dry weight of root and shoot at 1 min-AG exposure time was observed. The root:shoot ratio was lower in plasma-treated seedlings, compared with the control plants. The study found that the O-radical emission line (777.4 nm) enhanced 5 times, due to the presence of an AG electrode, which increased the axial electric field and led to the formation of more streamers. The three stated effects (O-radicals, enhancement of the electric field and streamers) could be the cause for the stimulation of seed germination and seedling growth parameters when using the CAPPJ. The scanning electron microscope images showed the etching of the seed surface layers, which was more pronounced when an AG electrode was applied. The results of the current study indicate that the germination rates increased due to the increase of O-radical concentration and the etching of the seed surfaces.

Pollen morphology of some Tunisian species from genus of Trigonella L.

The pollen morphology of lbur species from the genus Trigonella L. （Fabaceae） distributed in Tunisia （T. foenum-graecum, T. maritima, T. stellata and T. monspeliaca） was studied with light and scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Results showed that the pollen morphology of these four species was not homogenous in relation to shape, dimensions and ornamentation. The pollen grains were 3-zonocolporate, radially symmetrical, isopolar, prolate to perprolate type （P/E = 1.45-2.09）. Medium in size, elliptical or rectangular-obtuse-convex in equatorial view and circular in polar view. Ectoapertures-colpi： long, medium width, with acute ends, endoapertures-pork large, circular to lolongate, protruding in mesocolpium. The rectum was reticulate to perforate reticulate with ± irregular pattern of muri, except for T. monspeliaca which ornamentation was relatively homogeneous with a loose network and psilate area. Ornamentation with lumina different in size was most clearly expressed in mesocolpium while the apocolpium and the area just along the apertures was psilate or with small scattered puncta. The exine thickness was 1.10-2.42 μtm.

Increase of Trigonelline in Trigonella persica Plant under Drought Stress

Trigonella persica is a valuable medicinal plant which comprises trigonelline that is secondary metabolite and important component in cosmetic and medicine.This research was conducted in order to evaluation the drought stress effect on growth parameters,root anatomical changes and trigonelline content in T.persica.Plants were grown under soil moisture corresponding to 100%,75%,50%and 25%field capacity for two weeks.The data showed that drought stress was significantly decreased fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root.In addition,leaf area was declined due to drought stress.Interestingly,root length was enhanced by drought stress.Root microscopic study demonstrated that drought stress increased thickness of epidermal,endodermal,vascular bundle,central cylinder and parenchyma in T.persica.Drought stress caused a significant increment in alkaloid and trigonelline content in aerial parts and roots of T.persica.These results revealed that T.persica responded to drought stress by increasing the alkaloid and trigonelline,as well as the anatomical changes in root.Considering the importance of trigonline and alkaloids,this work may open prospects for production of the pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites thereby drought stress.

Clinical Observation on Trigonella Foenum-graecum L.Total Saponins in Combination with Sulfonylureas in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of trigonella foenurn-graecurn L. total saponins （TFGs） in combination with sulfonylureas （SU） in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） not well controlled by SU alone. Methods： Sixty-nine T2DM patients whose blood glucose levels were not well controlled by oral sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drug were randomly assigned to the treated group （46 cases） and the control group （23 cases）, and were given TFGs or placebo three times per day, 6 pills each time for 12 weeks, respectively. Meanwhile, the patients continued taking their original hypoglycemic drugs. The following indexes, including effects on traditional Chinese medicine （TGM） symptoms, fast blood glucose （FBG）, 2-h post-prandial blood glucose （2h PBG）, glycosylated hemoglobin （HbAlc）, clinical symptomatic quantitative scores （CSQS）, body mass index （BMI）, as well as hepatic and renal functions, were observed and compared before and after treatment. Results： The efficacy on TCM symptoms was obviously better in the treated group than that in the control group （P〈0.01）, and there were statistically remarkable decreases in aspect of FBG, 2h PBG, HbAlc and CSQS in the treated group as compared to those in the control group （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, while no significant difference was found in BMI, hepatic and renal functions between the two groups （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： The combined therapy of TFGs with sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drug could lower the blood glucose level and ameliorate clinical symptoms in the treatment of T2DM, and the therapy was relatively safe.

基于网络药理学探究“葫芦巴-迷迭香”提取物治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的潜在作用机制及实验验证

(目的)利用网络药理学相关技术,分析中药“葫芦巴-迷迭香”提取物治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的潜在作用机制。(方法)构建活性物质、活性靶点和疾病相关靶点的网络药理图,通过网络分析阐释其作用机制。选取50只SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、Ⅱ型糖尿病模型组及“葫芦巴-迷迭香”提取物高、中、低剂量治疗组,每组10只。试剂盒检测大鼠血清中总甘油三脂、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量,ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清中白细胞介素IL-6、IL-2、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和表皮细胞生长因子(EGF)表达情况。(结果)“葫芦巴-迷迭香”筛选得到56个活性成分及764个治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病潜在相关靶点。蛋白相互作用分析提示FGFR1、TNF、INSR、IL-6、MAPK14、JUN、PPARA、VEGFA、PTPN1、PTPN2、IGF1R、PTPN11为关键靶点。动物实验表明“葫芦巴-迷迭香”提取物给药中、高剂量组可显著降低血清中的甘油三酯和胆固醇,上调高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量,下调低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量,调节炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-2的含量,提高VEGF和EGF的表达。(结论)较为系统地解析了“葫芦巴-迷迭香”提取物治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的作用机制,为中医药治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病和中药新药的研发奠定了基础。

葫芦巴(Trigonella foenum-graecum)染色体核型分析

葫芦巴是现在较为常用的中药材之一,但对其染色体的核型分析研究较少。为了研究葫芦巴染色体形态结构特征以及探索遗传机制,本试验以采自河北的葫芦巴种子为研究对象,采用根尖染色体制片与显微摄影技术相结合的方法,以确定染色体数目和进行核型分析。结果显示:河北葫芦巴有16条染色体,核型公式为2n=16=4m+2m (SAT)+10sm,染色体相对长度在4.63%~8.17%范围内,臂比在1.17~2.43范围内,核型不对称系数为64.03%,随体在第8对染色体的短臂上,核型类别为2A型。本研究结果既可为今后选择种内杂交和种间杂交育种种类提供科学依据,又可为探索其物种遗传机制、亲缘关系与进化、远缘杂种的鉴定等提供重要依据。

Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds extract plays a beneficial role on brain antioxidant and oxidative status in alloxan-induced Wistar rats

Context:Trigonella foenum-graecum(TriFG)exhibits increased scavenger enzymatic activities and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species in diabetic rats.Objective:The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of TriFG on lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant status in brain tissue of rats exposed to alloxan.Materials and Methods:Healthy male rats(180±10 g)were allocated into five groups.Animals in group 1 maintained on normal tap water served as controls and rats in groups 2,3,4,and 5 were treated as experimental groups.Rats in group 2 were intraperitoneally injected with alloxan(120 mg/kg BW)and treated as diabetic rats,whereas rats in groups 3 and 4 were maintained on same experimental regimen as that of rats in groups 1 and 2,respectively,and in addition,they were orally gavaged with herbal extracts of TriFG(0.25 g/kg BW).Diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide in group 5 were used as positive controls.Results and Discussion:Significant(P<0.001)increase in the antioxidant enzymes with a significant(P<0.001)decrease in the lipid peroxidation levels were observed in the brain tissue of diabetic rats treated with TriFG extract as compared to diabetic and glibenclamide-treated rats.No significant changes were observed in pro-and antioxidant levels in brain tissue of rats treated with TriFG extract alone when compared to normal rats.In diabetic rats,brain mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase,glutamate dehydrogenase,and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity levels were significantly(P<0.05)decreased with reversely increased was observed in lactate dehydrogenase activity(P<0.05).Conclusions:The findings of the present study suggested that TriFG,through its antioxidant properties,protects brain tissue by mitigating oxidative stress induced by alloxan-exposed rats.TriFG extract significantly increased the antioxidant and oxidative properties in diabetic rats when compared with the control group rats.

Ethnopharmacological,phytochemical and clinical studies on Fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Trigonella foenum-graecum(fenugreek)belonging to the family Fabaceae,is widely used for both culinary as well as clinical purposes since antiquity.Folkloric medicines across globe particularly use this plant for boosting immunity and combating digestive and reproductive impairments.The plant is rich reservoir of different phytoconstituents attributed to their diverse pharmacological effects.Therefore,the present article is planned on its ethnomedicinal uses,botanical description,phytochemistry,pharmacology,toxicology,clinical efficacy,mechanism of action and nanoparticle synthesis.In all pharmacological studies,the dose,major bioactive,type of extract and possible outcomes is also discussed,to establish its specific role against a particular ailment.It was hypothesized that the nanoparticle synthesis will lead to the enhanced pharmacology.Results showed that ethnomedicinal data well supports the different pharmacological aspects of Trigonella formulations in different countries.Trigonelline(phytoestrogen)renders most of therapeutic potential of Trigonella.The reported therapeutics can also be accounted as the synergistic pharmacology of different bioactives.Nanoparticle synthesis significantly improves its pharmacological efficacy.Clinical studies well validated its antidiabetic and reproductive health improving efficacies.Though no serious toxic effects were observed with the use of this plant but further well-designed placebo trials are still needed to demonstrate its full therapeutic potential.

Antioxidant,phytotoxic and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum

Objective:To analyze the methanol extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum(T.foenum-graecum)for antioxidant,phytotoxic and cytotoxic activity.Methods:The powder of T.foenum-graecum was extracted in diluted methanol with the help of random shaking method.All extracts of the plant were measured for cytotoxic activity(beside brine shrimp and antioxidant activity vs.1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical).Results:Various concentrations of methanolic extract of T.foenum-graecum were observed as 36.16%to 54.12%with rising concentrations of 50 to 1000μg/mL.Significantly phytotoxic activity(100 and 1000μg/mL)reduced the growth of roots(radicals)and shoots(hypocotyls)of rice when compared to control after 3 and 7 days’treatment.At a concentration of 10μg/mL,the survival rate of cytotoxic activity of brine shrimp was maximum and at a concentration of 250μg/mL,the death rate of brine shrimp was maximum.Conclusions:T.foenum-graecum has potential activity against free radical mediated sickness and thus it is possible to treat cancer.

内生菌根菌对蓝莓抗氧化成分含量的影响

分析内生菌根菌对蓝莓(Semen trigonellae)鲜果中抗氧化成分的影响。以北陆蓝莓为材料,对接种和未接种菌根菌蓝莓鲜果中具有抗氧化作用的花青素、鞣花酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化进行了研究。结果表明,蓝莓接种菌根菌后鞣花酸、花青素、SOD活性总体呈上升趋势,比未接种分别高31.3%,125.0%和22.8%。

青海省胡卢巴根瘤菌的抗逆性

从青海省的西宁、大通和乐都各城区采集豆科植物胡卢巴（Trigonella foenum-grecum L.）的根瘤,经分离、纯化、镜检、回接获得10株未知菌株,对获得的根瘤菌进行耐盐、耐酸碱、抗生素抗性和温度敏感性等抗逆性测定.结果表明,供试菌株对酸碱的耐性比较强,所有菌株都能在pH 5～9的范围内生长;供试菌株耐盐性较强,有4株菌株能在40 g/L NaCl上生长,其中l株菌株能在50 g/L NaCl上生长;对温度的适应范围较宽：各菌株对不同种类、不同浓度抗生素的抗性存在差异.筛选出3株耐盐、耐酸碱、生长温度范围广和抗生素抗性较强的菌株,分别为QXT805、QXT808、QXT809.

栽培密度对胡芦巴生产性能和生物量分配的影响

应用盆栽试验研究了栽培密度对胡芦巴（Trigonella foenum-graecumL.）形态特征和生物量分配的影响.结果表明,胡芦巴株高介于16～23 cm之间,分枝数2～3个,节数为11节左右,6～8节的节间距呈中间长两头短的趋势,复叶长较复叶宽短,顶生小叶长与宽除3株/盆处理外,其他处理下均成长∶宽为3∶2的特征;根冠比为0.55 ～0.61,茎叶比为0.64 ～0.73,干鲜比为0.13 ～0.19,光合产物茎叶根的于重分配比例为13∶ 18∶1至32∶42∶1,生物量测算结果表明,胡芦巴单位面积鲜产为8 306.2～8 324.8 kg/hm2,产干草505.9～512.7kg/hm2,侧根较发达,占总根系的50％ ～ 62％.探明胡芦巴是一种侧根较发达,叶量丰富,适口性较强的牧草,适宜于水土保持和护坡的种植.建议栽培密度566～890株/m2,可适当密植.

中药胡芦巴的黄酮类成分研究

目的：对中药胡芦巴的黄酮类成分进行研究。方法：采用硅胶、聚酰胺和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＬＨ２０柱进行分离，用物理、化学和光谱学方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果：分得５个黄酮类化合物，分别为牡荆素、小麦黄素、柚皮素、槲皮素和小麦黄素７Ｏ葡萄糖甙。结论：小麦黄素、柚皮素和小麦黄素７Ｏ葡萄糖甙为首次从胡芦巴中分得。

胡芦巴的化学成分研究

目的 :研究中国产胡芦巴种子的化学成分。方法 :硅胶色谱柱分离 ,物理、化学和光谱学方法鉴定结构。结果 :分离并鉴定了 7个化合物 ,为双咔唑、单棕榈酸甘油酯、硬脂酸、β 谷甾醇吡喃葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖乙醇苷、D 3 甲氧基肌醇和蔗糖。结论 :均为首次从胡芦巴中分得 。