苏里格气田东区奥陶系H2S分布特征及TSR成因证据

苏东气藏区位于苏里格气田东部和靖边气田北部,下古生界奥陶系马家沟组马五1—马五4亚段是主要产气层。在气藏开发过程中不同井区H_(2)S含量变化极大,为气藏高效、安全开发造成极大干扰。通过对历年800多口井7500多次的H_(2)S含量测试数据的梳理,结合区域地质条件和天然气、储层岩石地球化学特征,分析苏东区下古生界H2S分布特征,揭示其成因机制.

TSRS与外部系统通信状态的自动测试方法

在新型列控系统中,为确保在部分逻辑通道故障的情况下维持TSRS与其外部系统正常的通信连接,需对TSRS与外部系统的逻辑通道和应用层连接状态进行严格的室内测试。提出一种TSRS与其外部设备通信状态的自动测试方法及装置,该装置通过读取原始输入数据,获取TSRS与被测外部系统的IP地址,然后采用判定表法针对多情形进行排列组合,生成每个外设的逻辑通道状态和应用层连接状态的全遍历测试序列,再通过该装置的IP自动修改功能,自动执行测试并记录测试结果,然后根据TSRS和外部系统的通信原理进行判定,自动输出预期结果,最后将自动测试结果与预期结果进行对比,生成最终测试结果表格。该方法可避免测试场景的遗漏,保证测试结果的正确性,快速提升测试效率。

Rapid and stable calcium-looping solar thermochemical energy storage via co-doping binary sulfate and Al–Mn–Fe oxides

Solar thermochemical energy storage based on calcium looping(CaL)process is a promising technology for next-generation concentrated solar power(CSP)systems.However,conventional calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))pellets suffer from slow reaction kinetics,poor stability,and low solar absorptance.Here,we successfully realized high power density and highly stable solar thermochemical energy storage/release by synergistically accelerating energy storage/release via binary sulfate and promoting cycle stability,mechanical strength,and solar absorptance via Al–Mn–Fe oxides.The energy storage density of proposed CaCO_(3)pellets is still as high as 1455 kJ kg^(-1)with only a slight decay rate of 4.91%over 100 cycles,which is higher than that of state-of-the-art pellets in the literature,in stark contrast to 69.9%of pure CaCO_(3)pellets over 35 cycles.Compared with pure CaCO_(3),the energy storage power density or decomposition rate is improved by 120%due to lower activation energy and promotion of Ca^(2+)diffusion by binary sulfate.The energy release or carbonation rate rises by 10%because of high O^(2-)transport ability of molten binary sulfate.Benefiting from fast energy storage/release rate and high solar absorptance,thermochemical energy storage efficiency is enhanced by more than 50%under direct solar irradiation.This work paves the way for application of direct solar thermochemical energy storage techniques via achieving fast energy storage/release rate,high energy density,good cyclic stability,and high solar absorptance simultaneously.

Thermochemical splitting of CO_(2) on perovskites for CO production: A review

Energy supply dominated by fossil energy has been and remains the main cause of carbon dioxide emissions,the major greenhouse gas leading to the current grave climate change challenges.Many technical pathways have been proposed to address the challenges.Carbon capture and utilization(CCU) represents one of the approaches and thermochemical CO_(2) splitting driven by thermal energy is a subset of the CCU,which converts the captured CO_(2) into CO and makes it possible to achieve closed-loop carbon recirculation.Redox-active catalysts are among the most critical components of the thermochemical splitting cycles and perovskites are regarded as the most promising catalysts.Here we review the latest advancements in thermochemical cycles based on perovskites,covering thermodynamic principles,material modifications,reaction kinetics,oxygen pressure control,circular strategies,and demonstrations to provide a comprehensive overview of the topical area.Thermochemical cycles based on such materials require the consideration of trade-off between cost and efficiency,which is related to actual material used,operation mode,oxygen removal,and heat recovery.Lots of efforts have been made towards improving reaction rates,conversion efficiency and cycling stability,materials related research has been lacking-a key aspect affecting the performance across all above aspects.Double perovskites and composite perovskites arise recently as a potentially promising addition to material candidates.For such materials,more effective oxygen removal would be needed to enhance the overall efficiency,for which thermochemical or electrochemical oxygen pumps could contribute to efficient oxygen removal as well as serve as means for inert gas regeneration.The integration of thermochemical CO_(2) splitting process with downstream fuel production and other processes could reduce costs and increase efficiency of the technology.This represents one of the directions for the future research.

Particle Size Optimization of Thermochemical Salt Hydrates for High Energy Density Thermal Storage

Thermal energy storage(TES)solutions offer opportunities to reduce energy consumption,greenhouse gas emissions,and cost.Specifically,they can help reduce the peak load and address the intermittency of renewable energy sources by time shifting the load,which are critical toward zero energy buildings.Thermochemical materials(TCMs)as a class of TES undergo a solid-gas reversible chemical reaction with water vapor to store and release energy with high storage capacities(600 kWh m^(-3))and negligible self-discharge that makes them uniquely suited as compact,stand-alone units for daily or seasonal storage.However,TCMs suffer from instabilities at the material(salt particles)and reactor level(packed beds of salt),resulting in poor multi-cycle efficiency and high-levelized cost of storage.In this study,a model is developed to predict the pulverization limit or Rcrit of various salt hydrates during thermal cycling.This is critical as it provides design rules to make mechanically stable TCM composites as well as enables the use of more energy-efficient manufacturing process(solid-state mixing)to make the composites.The model is experimentally validated on multiple TCM salt hydrates with different water content,and effect of Rcrit on hydration and dehydration kinetics is also investigated.

Advanced Thermochemical Conversion Approaches for Green Hydrogen Production from Crop Residues

The huge volumes of crop residues generated during the production,processing,and consumption of farm products constitute an ecological nuisance when ineffectively managed.The conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is one of the sustainable management strategies for ubiquitous crop residues.Production of green hydrogen from crop residue sources will contribute to deepening access to clean and affordable energy,mitigating climate change,and ensuring environmental sustainability.However,the deployment of conventional thermochemical technologies for the conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is costly,requires long residence time,produces low-quality products,and therefore needs to be upgraded.The current review examines the conventional,advanced,and integrated thermochemical conversion technologies for crop residues for green hydrogen production.After a brief overview of the conventional thermochemical techniques,the review delves into the broad narration of advanced thermochemical technologies including catalytic pyrolysis,microwave pyrolysis,co-pyrolysis,hyropyrolysis,and autothermal pyrolysis.The study advocates the deployment of integrated pyrolysis,anaerobic digestion,pyrolysis,and gasification technologies will ensure scalability,decomposition of recalcitrant feedstocks,and generation of high grade green hydrogen.The outlook provides suggestions for future research into cost-saving and sustainable integrated technologies for green hydrogen production towards achieving carbon neutrality and a circular bio-economy.

过表达TSR2通过下调PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制胃癌细胞的增殖和侵袭

目的探讨TSR2核糖体成熟因子在胃癌中的表达情况及其与胃癌恶性演进的相关性,并分析其潜在的作用机制。方法纳入105例胃癌患者资料,分析TSR2在胃癌组织中表达水平及其对胃癌恶性进展、术后5年生存率的影响;GO及KEGG富集分析预测TSR2的生物学功能及可能的作用机制;通过慢病毒转染技术上调和下调TSR2在胃癌细胞系(MGC-803)的表达水平,并采用CCK-8、Transwell评估其对MGC-803细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移的影响;Western blot检测p-PI3K、p-AKT表达。结果TSR2在胃癌组织的表达水平显著低于癌旁组织(P<0.001),且TSR2的表达水平与CEA、CA19-9、T分期及N分期相关(P<0.05)。单因素联合多因素分析显示,TSR2低表达(P=0.020)、CEA≥5μg/L(P=0.021)、CA19-9≥37 kU/L(P=0.001)、T3~T4分期(P=0.039)和N2~N3分期(P=0.027)是独立影响胃癌患者施行根治术后5年生存率的风险因子。生存分析结果显示,TSR2表达水平与胃癌患者术后5年生存率呈正相关(P<0.001)。生物信息学富集分析预测TSR2的功能可能与PI3K/AKT信号通路相关。CCK-8和Transwell实验结果显示,上调TSR2可抑制胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭(P<0.05),下调则反之(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示过表达TSR2可下调胃癌细胞中磷脂肌醇3激酶(PI3K)和蛋白激酶B(AKT)的磷酸化,敲低则反之(P<0.05)。结论TSR2在胃癌组织中低表达并影响患者预后,其可能与下调PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制胃癌细胞的增殖、侵袭与迁移有关。

Major challenges and recent advances in characterizing biomass thermochemical reactions

Thermochemical conversions are pathways for biomass utilization to produce various value-added energy and chemical products. For the development of novel thermochemical conversion technologies, an accurate understanding of the reaction performance and kinetics is essential. Given the diversity of the thermal analysis techniques, it is necessary to understand the features and limitations of the reactors, ensuring that the selected thermal analysis reactor meets the specific need for reaction characterization. This paper provides a critical overview of the thermal analysis reactors based on the following perspectives: 1) gas flow conditions in the reactor, 2) particle’s external and internal heat and mass transfer limitations, 3) heating rate, 4) temperature distribution, 5) nascent char production and reaction, 6) liquid feeding and atomization, 7) simultaneous sampling and analyzing of bed materials, and 8) reacting atmosphere change. Finally, prospects and future research directions in the development of analysis techniques are proposed.

Mesoscale study on explosion-induced formation and thermochemical response of PTFE/Al granular jet

The dynamic formation,shock-induced inhomogeneous temperature rise and corresponding chemical reaction behaviors of PTFE/Al reactive liner shaped charge jet(RLSCJ)are investigated by the combination of mesoscale simulation,reaction kinetics and chemical energy release test.A two-dimensional granular model is developed with the randomly normal distribution of aluminum particle sizes and the particle delivery program.Then,the granular model is employed to study the shock-induced thermal behavior during the formation and extension processes of RLSCJ,as well as the temperature history curves of aluminum particles.The simulation results visualize the motion and temperature responses of the RLSCJ at the grain level,and further indicate that the aluminum particles are more likely to gather in the last two-thirds of the jet along its axis.Further analysis shows that the shock,collision,friction and deformation behaviors are all responsible for the steep temperature rise of the reactive jet.In addition,a shock-induced chemical reaction extent model of RLSCJ is built based on the combination of the Arrhenius model and the Avrami-Erofeev kinetic model,by which the chemical reaction growth behavior during the formation and extension stages is described quantitatively.The model indicates the reaction extent highly corresponds to the aluminum particle temperature history at the formation and extension stages.At last,a manometry chamber and the corresponding energy release model are used together to study the macroscopic chemical energy release characteristics of RLSCJ,by which the reaction extent model is verified.

Design and synthesis of thermally stable single atom catalysts for thermochemical CO_(2) reduction

The continuous and excessive emission of CO_(2)into the atmosphere presents a pressing challenge for global sustainable development.In response,researchers have been devoting significant efforts to develop methods for converting CO_(2)into valuable chemicals and fuels.These conversions have the potential to establish a closed artificial carbon cycle and provide an alternative resource to depleting fossil fuels.Among the various conversion routes,thermochemical CO_(2)reduction stands out as a promising candidate for industrialization.Within the realm of heterogeneous catalysis,single atom catalysts(SACs)have garnered significant attention.The utilization of SACs offers tremendous potential for enhancing catalytic performance.To achieve optimal activity and selectivity of SACs in CO_(2)thermochemical reduction reactions,a comprehensive understanding of key factors such as single atom metal-support interactions,chemical coordination,and accessibility of active sites is crucial.Despite extensive research in this field,the atomic-scale reaction mechanisms in different chemical environments remain largely unexplored.While SACs have been found successful applications in electrochemical and photochemical CO_(2)reduction reactions,their implementation in thermochemical CO_(2)reduction encounters challenges due to the sintering and/or agglomeration effects that occur at elevated temperatures.In this review,we present a unique approach that combines theoretical understanding with experimental strategies to guide researchers in the design of controlled and thermally stable SACs.By elucidating the underlying principles,we aim to enable the creation of SACs that exhibit stable and efficient catalytic activity for thermochemical CO_(2)reduction reactions.Subsequently,we provide a comprehensive overview of recent literature on noble metal-and transition metal-based SACs for thermochemical CO_(2)reduction.The current review is focused on certain CO_(2)-derived products involving one step reduction only for simplicity and for better understanding the SACs enhancement mechanism.We emphasize various synthesis methods employed and highlight the catalytic activity of these SACs.Finally,we delve into the perspectives and challenges associated with SACs in the context of thermochemical CO_(2)reduction reactions,providing valuable insights for future research endeavor.Through this review,we aim to contribute to the advancement of SACs in the field of thermochemical CO_(2)reduction,shedding light on their potential as effective catalysts and addressing the challenges that need to be overcome for their successful implementation as paradigm shift in catalysis.

Investigation of Particle Breakdown in the Production of Composite Magnesium Chloride and Zeolite Based Thermochemical Energy Storage Materials

Composite thermochemical energy storage(TCES)represents an exciting field of thermal energy storage which could address the issue of seasonal variance in renewable energy supply.However,there are open questions about their performance and the root cause of some observed phenomena.Some researchers have observed the breakdown of particles in their production phase,and in their use.This study seeks to investigate the underlying cause of this breakdown.SEM and EDX analysis have been conducted on MgCl2 impregnated 13X zeolite composites of differing diameters,as well as LiX zeolite.This was done in order to study the level of impregnation of salt into the zeolite matrix,as well as the effect this impregnation process has on the morphology of the zeolite.Analysis was conducted using ImageJ software to study the effect of the impregnation process on the diameter of the particles.It has been found that a by weight impregnation concentration of magnesium chloride of 11.90%for the LiX zeolite,and 7.59%and 5.26%for the large diameter 13X zeolite and the small diameter 13X zeolite respectively has been achieved.It has been found that the impregnation process significantly affects themorphology of 13X zeolite particles,causing large fissures to form,and eventually resulting in the previously found breakdown of these particles.It has been verified that a primary factor influencing the breakdown of the 13X zeolite particles is the efflorescence and sub-fluorescence phenomena,which leads to a build-up of crystals in the zeolite pores.It has also been found that prolonged impregnation times and the use of high concentration salt solutions in the soaking process can induce significant crystal growth which also leads to the breakdown of these particles.Results demonstrate that LiX zeolite is the optimum host matrix choice in these conditions.These results will allow for the design of more resilient composite TCES particles.

Experimental and numerical studies of Ca(OH)_(2)/CaO dehydration process in a fixed-bed reactor for thermochemical energy storage

The Ca(OH)_(2)/CaO thermochemical energy storage(TCES)system based on calcium looping has received extensive attention owing to its high energy storage density,prolonged energy storage time,and environmental friendliness.The heat storage process of the Ca(OH)_(2)/CaO TCES system in a mixed heating reactor was evaluated in this study,by employing a combination of direct and indirect heating modes.The dehydration process was studied experimentally,and a numerical model was established and verified based on the experimental results.The dehydration behavior of 500 g of Ca(OH)_(2) powder was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor with mixed heating.The experimental and simulation results indicated that mixed heating causes combined centripetal and horizontal propulsion.Heat input is the main limiting factor in the heat storage process,because the radial advance of the reaction is hindered by the low thermal conductivity of the solid reactant particles.Heat transmission partitions were added to enhance the performance of the reactor.The performance of the modified reactor was compared with that of a conventional reactor.The radial heat transmission partitions in the modified reactor effectively enhance the energy storage rate and reduce the reaction time by 59.5%compared with the reactor without partitions.

超稠油油藏热化学驱油水渗流特征

针对超稠油油藏热化学驱开发过程中不同温度区域内的油水渗流特征不明的问题,利用微观可视化实验和一维物理模拟实验,定量研究了不同温度下热水和驱油剂对驱油效率的影响及相对渗透率的变化规律,分析了热水和驱油剂驱油的致效机理和交互作用。实验结果表明:温度为70℃时,高温驱油剂驱的油相相对渗透率增大,水相相对渗透率变化较小;温度为150℃时,热水和驱油剂的协同增效作用更显著,热水驱转高温驱油剂驱和直接高温驱油剂驱的油相、水相相对渗透率均明显增大;温度超过200℃后,驱油剂在高温限制下驱油作用减弱,热水对驱油效率的提升大幅增加。研究表明:不同温度下,热水驱和高温驱油剂驱均可提高驱油效率;随着温度升高,热水对提高驱油效率的作用不断增大,驱油剂对驱油效率的贡献先增大后减小;热化学驱通过热水、驱油剂在不同温度区域的接替驱油和协同作用,能够实现超稠油油藏效益开发。该研究可为热化学驱提高超稠油油藏采收率提供参考。

A thermochemical model description of CaO_(2)-SiO2-Al_(2)O_(3) silicate system

A thermochemical model based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory(IMCT)was developed to calculate thermodynamic data in the CaO-SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3) slag system,considering the influential role of oxide activities on the thermodynamic properties of slags.Using this model,iso-activity contours were obtained for oxide components CaO,SiO_(2) and Al2O3 in this system at temperatures of 1,873 K and 1,773 K.When compared with the IMCT model,it is found that the predicted activities of oxide components in the CaO-SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3) system using the model developed in this study better matches experimental data from literature in terms of both trend and numerical value.Therefore,the model developed in this study can serve as a robust modeling tool for metallurgical processes,and the thermodynamic data predicted by this new model can be used to improve the metallurgical technology.

全球高含硫天然气藏资源分布、地质特征与勘探开发进展

随着勘探开发技术的进步和成本的降低,全球高含硫天然气藏的勘探开发取得了显著进展,但目前针对全球高含硫天然气藏的资源分布和共性地质特征的相关研究较少。为此,在对全球高含硫气藏调研分析的基础上,系统总结了其储量分布特点、天然气地球化学特征、油气成藏条件与富集规律,分析了全球高含硫天然气藏勘探开发历程和关键技术,指出了高含硫天然气资源的安全高效利用的重要意义。研究结果表明:①高含硫天然气藏主要分布在特提斯域中段与前陆相关的叠合盆地三叠系、侏罗系、石炭系和二叠系4个层系,其中石灰岩和白云岩发现的储量超过90%;②高含硫天然气藏一般具有高甲烷、中CO_(2)、低N_(2)含量和硫同位素分馏小的特点;③大型高含硫天然气藏具有优越烃源岩条件,发育优质碳酸盐岩储层与封闭条件良好的膏盐岩盖层,其形成往往经历了高温高能环境并经过多期次调整成藏;④全球高含硫天然气藏经历了2个储量快速增长阶段,主要产量集中在卡塔尔、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯、中国和阿曼等5个国家;⑤形成了元素硫溶解和沉积伤害评价、高含硫气井井下节流器、高含硫气藏防腐以及天然气净化等关键开发技术,并建立了高含硫天然气藏安全开发标准和制度、管理与决策体系。结论认为,高含硫天然气田在区域构造位置、储层地质层位和岩性等方面分布极不均衡,大型气藏分布相对集中,天然气地球化学特征明显,气藏形成需要特殊的地质条件,形成的系列适用的勘探开发理论技术为全球高含硫天然气资源的安全高效利用提供了重要的参考和指导。

注热化学流体吞吐解除岩石储层反凝析伤害评价

为长期有效解除凝析气藏反凝析带来的储层伤害,提出了一种注热化学流体吞吐解除凝析油堵塞孔喉的新方法。针对致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩和页岩3类岩石,开展了注热化学流体吞吐岩心驱油实验,评价了热化学流体解除凝析油堵塞的可行性,并基于核磁共振技术分析了吞吐前后3类岩石微观孔隙结构的变化特征,明确了热化学流体解除反凝析伤害机理。实验结果表明,热化学流体(NH_(4)Cl和NaNO_(2))在乙酸溶液催化下能够迅速释放大量气体和蒸汽,提高岩心压力和温度,降低原油黏度,使凝析油由液态转变为气态,减小渗流阻力。致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩和页岩岩心注热化学流体吞吐累积凝析油采出程度分别为65.7%,73.9%和46.3%。其中,致密砂岩和碳酸盐岩岩心仅需2轮吞吐即可有效清除55.5%和67.6%的凝析油堵塞。而页岩岩心需要延长焖井时间及增加吞吐次数方能提高凝析油的采出程度。热化学流体吞吐后,致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩和页岩岩心平均孔径分别由0.37,1.04和0.0021μm增大至0.84,2.04和0.0058μm。热化学流体吞吐效果是注CH_(4)吞吐和注甲醇吞吐效果的1.85和1.32倍。

生物质热化学转化制氢技术研究进展

对生物质热化学转化制氢技术进行综述,介绍热解及重整制氢、气化制氢和超临界水气化制氢的影响因素(原料、温度和催化剂等)和面临问题(焦油、催化剂失活和投入成本等),提出由原料特性和制氢条件选择制氢方式,再通过预处理和调控反应条件等可提高制氢效率。将3种技术进行对比,得出气化制氢的效率相对较高,气化和热解更适合含水量低的生物质,超临界水气化制氢在处理有毒废水等方面有优势等结论,并提出焦油的处理、制备催化剂和研发设备等是未来的主要研究方向。

双膛石灰竖窑粉尘排放特性及控制技术研究

分析了石灰双膛竖窑在泄压过程中的粉尘排放特性,初始冲击波压力过高导致烟气无法直连布袋除尘器,这是造成粉尘污染的主要原因。弄清了初始冲击波的形成、传播与演化行为特征,比对了延长直管长度、增加弯管数量、增加变径结构与泄压腔体三种方式对冲击波压力的衰减效果,提出了一种基于压块泄压阀的柔性泄压直联布袋技术,将放散烟气初始冲击波压力由8 kPa降至1 kPa,达到烟气直连布袋、环境粉尘污染得到大幅改善的效果。同时,针对粉尘在阀体和管道中易沉降的难题,提出了一种基于3通内旋阀的扇形旋塞防沉降技术,解决了粉尘在阀体与管道系统内的沉降难题。

新型储能技术进展与挑战Ⅱ:物理储能与储热技术

新型储能技术日益成为中国建设新型能源体系和新型电力系统的关键技术,已成为中国经济发展的新动能,将在促进可再生能源消纳、实现能源体系转型、提高能源利用效率、减少环境污染等方面发挥重要作用,相关技术研究也在快速发展。开展了该领域的系列评价性综述工作,分为电化学储能技术、物理储能与储热技术、储能集成与规划3个部分,对各类新型储能技术的应用领域、最新研究进展及局限性等问题进行了全面系统的对比分析,并进一步探讨了储能集成、安全、规划调度等储能系统相关领域面临的挑战及发展趋势。第2部分为物理储能与储热技术,重点对物理储能与储热技术中的压缩空气储能、飞轮储能、重力储能、相变储热、热化学储热和卡诺电池技术与工程的相关成果进行了综合分析与讨论。总体而言,物理储能和储热技术大多具有使用寿命长、安全性高的特点,且在能量转化过程中自身多具有转动惯量,属于电网支撑型的储能技术,可满足从大规模长时储能到高功率快速响应的不同需求。在新兴的物理储能和储热技术中,重力储能和卡诺电池的相关技术显示出良好的发展前景。

四川盆地高含H_2S天然气的分布与TSR成因证据

四川盆地是中国高含硫化氢天然气分布最集中的地区,目前已在震旦系(威远气田)、下三叠统飞仙关组(罗家寨、普光、渡口河、铁山坡、七里北)、嘉陵江组(卧龙河)和中三叠统雷口坡组(磨溪、中坝)发现了近10个高含硫化氢的大中型气田(藏),探明储量5000×108m3。这些高含硫化氢气藏普遍经历过较大的埋深过程(储层经历过较高温度),储层上下或储层中间均发育有膏质岩类,且气源充足,具备硫酸盐热化学还原反应(ThermochemicalSulfateReduction,TSR)发生的物质基础和热动力条件。从气藏地质特征以及天然气组成和碳、硫同位素等方面的证据表明,四川盆地中、下三叠统和震旦系气藏的硫化氢属于TSR成因。而且TSR对烃类的大量选择性消耗一方面导致天然气干燥系数增大,另一方面导致气藏充满度降低,气藏压力系数变小。