NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ON FLASH BUTT WELDING FOR HIGH MANGANESE STEELS

An axial symmetry finite element model coupled with electricity-thermal effect was developed to study the temperature field distribution in process of the flash butt welding (FBW) of frog high-manganese steel. The influence of temperature dependent material properties and the contact resistance were taken into account in FEM simulation. Meanwhile, the lost materials due to splutter was resolved by using birth and death element. The result of analyzing data shows that the model in the FBW flashing is reasonable and feasible, and can exactly simulate the temperature field distribution. The modeling provides reference for analysis of welding technologies on the temperature field of high-manganese steel in FBW.

A Review of Influencing Factors of Damping Properties of High Manganese Steel

High manganese steel has wide prospects in industry due to their excellent mechanical and damping properties. The quenching structures of high manganese steel are ε-martensite, γ-austenite and α'-martensite. Researches show that the damping properties of high manganese steel are related to these microstructures. Besides, there are many ways to improve the damping property of damping alloys. This paper reviews the damping mechanism and the influences of the ad-dition of alloying elements, heat treatment, pre-deformation and other factors on their damping performance, hoping to provide methods and ideas for the study of damping properties of high manganese steel. .

Effect of deformation twinning on the evolution of texture in TWIP steels during cold-rolling

Texture evolution of high-manganese twining-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels (Fe-16Mn-0.6C) during cold-rolling is studied by means of quantitative orientation distribution function (ODF)analysis.Thickness reductions of the specimens during cold-rolling are 10%,20%,30%,50% and 65%,respectively.Evolution of texture is of the Brass type,which is typical for low-stacking fault energy (SFE) materials.The contribution of deformation twinning to the development of texture is clearly illustrated by the monotonic increase of the twinned Cu component.In the present study,the deformation twinning was identified as significantly contributing to deformation up to the maximum reduction applied.These results are useful for the prediction and control of the texture in TWIP steels.

温轧TWIP钢/高碳钢组织及力学性能研究

采用热轧-温轧工艺制备了孪生诱导塑性(TWIP)钢和高碳钢双层复合材料,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针等观察双层钢的显微组织与界面元素分布,发现两种材料界面结合良好、无缝隙和孔洞,Mn元素由TWIP钢侧向高碳钢侧扩散。复合材料热轧后进行铅浴处理,高碳钢区域形成细片状的索氏体组织,索氏体片层间距随铅浴温度升高而增大。520℃铅浴时平均片层间距为202 nm,抗拉强度为1592 MPa,延伸率9.9%,材料的综合力学性能较好。铅浴处理后的双层钢在300℃进行多道次温轧,进一步细化晶粒,产生位错增殖,抗拉强度随温轧压下量增大而增大,延伸率有所降低。轧制压下量达到70%时,高碳钢侧的索氏体片层间距进一步减小,TWIP钢侧发生剧烈塑性变形,晶粒沿轧制方向拉长。

WELDING BETWEEN HIGH MANGANESE STEEL AND HIGH CARBON STEEL

Manuscript received 30 July 1999 Abstract The shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) of a manganese steel part as a crossing of railway track to a carbon steel part as the rails of the railroad is the welding of dissimilar steel. It are was known that it is not possible to the the rail of railroad directly to the cross- ing of railway track made from a steel containing about 14% of manganese (wt. ) because of so many differences between the two kinds of steels such as composition, microstructure,mechanical properties and weldability.A method was used to solve the problem by presetting an intermediate layer on each side of the joint and other special procedures were used.The result of test indicated that a good weld joint was obtained.

Influence of carbon content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels

In this paper, a comparison study was carried out to investigate the influence of carbon content on the microstructure, hardness, and impact toughness of water-quenched Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels. The study results indicate that both steels' water-quenched microstructures are composed of austenite and a small amount of carbide. The study also found that, when the carbon contents are the same, there is less carbide in Mn18Cr2 steel than in Mn13Cr2 steel. Therefore, the hardness of Mn18Cr2 steel is lower than that of Mn13Cr2 steel but the impact toughness of Mn18Cr2 steel is higher than that of Mn13Cr2 steel. With increasing the carbon content, the hardness increases and the impact toughness decreases in these two kinds of steels, and the impact toughness of Mn18Cr2 steel substantially exceeds that of Mn13Cr2 steel. Therefore, the water-quenched Mn18Cr2 steel with high carbon content could be applied to relatively high impact abrasive working conditions, while the as-cast Mn18Cr2 steel could be only used under working conditions of relatively low impact abrasive load due to lower impact toughness.

Influence of carbon content on wear resistance and wear mechanism of Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels

By means of impact abrasion tests, micro-hardness tests, and worn surface morphology observation via SEM, a comparison research based upon different impact abrasive wear conditions was conducted in this research to study the influence of different carbon contents(1.25 wt.%, 1.35 wt.%, and 1.45 wt.%) on the wear resistance and wear mechanism of water-quenched Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels. The research results show that the wear resistance of the Mn18Cr2 cast steel is superior to that of the Mn13Cr2 cast steel under the condition of the same carbon content and different impact abrasive wear conditions because the Mn18Cr2 cast steel possesses higher worn work hardening capacity as well as a more desirable combination of high hardness and impact toughness than that of the Mn13Cr2 cast steel. When a 4.5 J impact abrasive load is applied, the wear mechanism of both steels is that plastic deformation fatigue spalling and micro-cutting coexist, and the former dominates. When the carbon content is increased, the worn work hardening effect becomes increasingly dramatic, while the wear resistance of both steels decreases, which implies that an increase in impact toughness is beneficial to improving the wear resistance under severe impact abrasive wear conditions. Under the condition of a 1.0 J impact abrasive load, the wear mechanism of both steels is that plastic deformation fatigue spalling and micro-cutting coexist, and the latter plays a leading role. The worn work hardening effect and wear resistance intensify when the carbon content is increased, which implies that a higher hardness can be conducive to better wear resistance under low impact abrasive condition.

Effect of RE-Modifier on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of High-Carbon Medium-Manganese Steel

The effect of RE-modifier on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high carbon-medium manganese steel has been investigated in present work. The results showed that the RE-modifier can refine the crystalline grain of high-carbon medium-manganese steel. The shape and distribution of carbides are improved and the columnar grains and phosphide in grain boundary are eliminated. Consequently, the impact toughness of the steel is increased by more than one time, compared with no addition of RE-modifier.

Influence of Impact Energy on Impact Corrosion-abrasion of High Manganese Steel

The impact corrosion-abrasion properties and mechanism of high manganese steel were investigated under different impact energies. The result shows that the wearability of the steel decreases with the increase of the impact energy. The dominant failure mechanism at a lower impact energy is the rupture of extrusion edge along root and a slight shallow-layer spalling. It transforms to shallow-layer fatigue flaking along with serious corrosion-abrasion when the impact energy is increased, and finally changes to bulk flaking of hardened layer caused by deep work-hardening and heavy corrosion-abrasion.

Hot workability of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel（Fe - 20Mn - 3Si - 3Al） were investigated by using hot compression test in a temperature range from 800℃to 1 050℃and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s-1 to 5.0 s-1.The effects of temperature,strain rate,and true strain on the flow behavior and microstructures of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel were discussed.The results show that the dynamic recrystallization occurs only at higher temperature and lower strain rate.Hot deformation behaviors of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel were sensitive to temperature and strain rate.The apparent stress exponent and the apparent activation energy of the investigated steel were about 4.280 and 463.791 kJ/mol, respectively.The apparent activation energy of the high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel was approached to the austenitic stainless steel（400 -500 kJ/mol）.The hot working equation is obtained. Hot deformation peak stress increased with increasing of the value of lnZ.Peak stress and InZ exhibits a linear variation,the linear correlation coefficient was 0.988 9.The results show that the dynamic recrystallization was prone to occur when lnZ≤43.842 26 and Z≤1.098×1019,and better hot deformation properties would be obtained under this condition.

TWIP钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为研究

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、极化曲线及阻抗测试等电化学测试研究了两种TWIP钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:TWIP钢的组织主要为内部有大量孪晶的奥氏体组织。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,TWIP980钢与TWIP1180钢相比较,TWIP980钢的耐蚀性能更好,TWIP1180钢腐蚀倾向明显,耐腐蚀能力较差。TWIP1180钢耐腐蚀性能较差的主要原因在于TWIP1180钢中Mn含量较大,腐蚀倾向增加。并且TWIP980钢中Al含量大于TWIP1180钢,Al的存在会促进形成钝化膜,降低TWIP980钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀倾向性。

High Manganese Steel Alloying Process and Its Influence on Microstructure and Properties of the Steel

The influence of two kinds of alloying processes, adding Nb (or Ti) and N-Mn alloy as well as adding Nb (or Ti) and spraying N2, on microstructures and properties of a high manganese steel has been studied. It has been found that adding Nb(or Ti), accompanying with N-Mn alloy, is unfavourable to microstructure compactness of the high manganese steel, but adding Nb (or Ti)and spraying N2 into the melt is good for refining austenitic grain, forming a lot of hard particles and improving microstructure compactness. The mechanical properties of the high manganese steel have relation to the content of elements Nb or Ti. Its fracture mode will turn ductile fracture into brittle cleavage fracture gradually. By X-ray and TEM analysis, it is proved that the austenite can be transformed to deformation-induced α martensite after adding a certain amount of element Nb (or Ti). The microstructure transformation of alloying high manganese steels through deformation is one of methods for strengthening austenite matrix and increasing the work-hardening rate as well as improving antiwear property.

Dependence of Deformation Twinning on Grain Orientation and Texture Evolution of High Manganese TWIP Steels at Different Deformation Temperatures

Mechanical properties, microstructure and texture evolution were studied in two tensile-deformed high manganese TWIP steels at different temperatures. Special attention was paid to the effects of deformation temperature and grain orientation on twinning behavior. The results showed that, at -70 ℃ and at room temperature, both twins and hexagonal martensite were found in a lower manganese steel of 26Mn. With deformation temperature rising, twins became less and they disappeared at 500 ℃. Strong <111> texture appeared at 300 ℃, while it weakened at 500 ℃ due to the low strain rate and higher stacking fault energy. EBSD measurement revealed the dependence of deformation twinning on grain orientation at all test temperatures.

Influences of Thermal Martensites and Grain Orientations on Strain-induced Martensites in High Manganese TRIP/TWIP Steels

Strain-induced martensites in high manganese TRIP/TWIP steels were investigated in the presence of thermal martensites and under the influence of austenitic grain orientation by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).Before deformation,the morphology of α'-M depended mainly on the number of variants and growing period.Regardless of martensite morphologies and deformation,the Kurdjumov-Sachs(K-S) orientation relationships always maintained.The 6 α-M variants formed from a plate of ε-M were of 3 pairs of twins with a common axis <110> α' parallel to the normal of {111} γ habit plane to minimize transformation strain.When α'-M could be formed only by deformation,it nucleated at the intersection of ε-M variants and grew mainly in thick ε-M plates.Thick ε plates promoted significantly the α'-M and weakened the influence of grain orientations.During tension,the transformation in <100>-oriented grains was observed to be slower than that in <111>-oriented grains.Deformation twins promoted ε-M formation slightly and had no apparent effect on α'-M.Deformation increased the number of ε-M variants,but reduced that of α'-M variants.

高锰奥氏体TRIP/TWIP钢的组织和力学性能

研究了两种不同锰含量的高锰奥氏体钢在室温拉伸变形过程中力学性能和组织的变化。结果表明，随着钢中锰含量的变化，实验钢在流变应力的作用下出现相变诱导塑性的TRIP效应和孪晶诱导塑性的TWIP效应。在1×10^-3s^-1的初始应变速率条件下，锰的质量分数为23．8％的实验钢可达到666MPa的抗拉强度和67％的伸长率，而锰的质量分数为33％的实验钢可达到540MPa的抗拉强度和97％的伸长率。并且在10^-3-10^-1s^-1的初始应变速率范围内，实验钢的抗拉强度对于流变应力不敏感，而实验钢的塑性则表现出一定的应变速率敏感性。由于该钢具有较好的综合力学性能，有望作为新一代高强度、高塑性汽车用钢。

锰元素对TWIP钢层错能和变形机制的影响

根据层错能的热力学模型,计算了Fe-XMn-3Si-3Al系高强度高塑性TWIP钢的层错能。计算结果表明,随锰含量增加Fe-XMn-3Si-3Al系TWIP钢层错能增加,在此基础上讨论了锰含量对Fe-XMn-3Si-3Al系TWIP钢变形机制、力学性能和微观组织的影响。在合金中Mn含量的提高使层错能增加,而层错能的增加使Fe-XMn-3Si-3Al系钢表现出不同的变形机制,即逐渐由TRIP效应变为TWIP效应;同时随着Mn含量的提高,合金的抗拉强度降低,而塑性提高。

高强度高塑性TWIP钢的开发研究

通过调整成分 ,研究了一种新型的高锰钢成分对组织结构和 TWIP效应以及对强度、塑性的影响。结果表明 ,该钢在变形后基体中存在大量细小的形变孪晶 ,室温下可具有相变诱导塑性和孪晶诱导塑性的 TWIP效应 ,因而具有高的强度 (10 0 0 MPa以上 )和极高的伸长率 (6 0 %～ 90 % )。该钢种是很有前途的高强度、高塑性钢种 。

18.8%MnTRIP/TWIP钢拉伸应变硬化行为

对锰含量为18.8%的TRIP/TWIP钢进行单轴拉伸实验,研究了这种钢的应变硬化行为.结果表明:这种高锰TRIP/TWIP钢的真应力应变曲线不完全遵循Hollomon的线性关系,在不同变形阶段强化机制制不同.在塑性变形的开始阶段TRIP效应比较明显,且应变硬化指数n是恒定的:而真应变在0.14-0.35之间时二阶导数d^2σ/dε~2>0,应变硬化指数n随着应变量的增加而增加,其微观机制是形成大量的形变孪晶,并有孪晶和位错的交互作用,TWIP效应在该阶段占主导作用.真应变大于0.35后有少量TRIP效应,此时两相均发生变形.

高锰TWIP/TRIP钢研究进展与应用

综述了近来年高锰孪晶诱发塑性/相变诱发塑性(TWIP/TRIP)钢的研究进展和实际应用情况。介绍了晶粒尺寸对TWIP钢变形机制的影响,观察了形变孪晶随晶粒尺寸变化的演变过程。总结了形变诱导马氏体和形变诱导孪晶的演变机理。简述了碳化钒(VC)沉淀粒子对高锰TWIP/TRIP钢延迟断裂及加工硬化行为的影响,并对VC沉淀粒子与形变孪晶的交互作用机制进行了探讨。阐述了双辊铸轧工艺制备高锰TWIP/TRIP钢薄带的近终成型工艺过程及显微组织的演变机理,并探讨了工程应用的前景。

Cr含量对高锰奥氏体TWIP钢高温氧化行为的影响

通过恒温氧化增重实验和扫描电镜观察及XRD分析,研究了Cr含量对高锰奥氏体孪晶诱发塑性(TWIP)钢在700℃氧化8 h的高温氧化动力学过程及氧化产物的影响.结果表明:随着Cr含量的提高,高锰奥氏体TWIP钢的抗氧化能力增强;当Cr的质量分数为1.13%时,经过在700℃下8 h的高温氧化,样品单位面积的氧化增重为30μg/mm2;而当Cr的质量分数增加到3.95%时,单位面积的氧化增重降低至3μg/mm2.随着Cr含量的增加,高锰奥氏体TWIP钢氧化层的致密度提高,氧化产物的构成也具有明显的差异.