The lack of food security leads us to turn to the riches of the forest, namely non-timber forest products (NTFP) and timber forest products (TFP). In Burkina, these products are a source of income for families, improv...The lack of food security leads us to turn to the riches of the forest, namely non-timber forest products (NTFP) and timber forest products (TFP). In Burkina, these products are a source of income for families, improving their living conditions. Tamarindus indica L. that is a NFTP, is widely used in both rural and urban areas. Unfortunately, tamarind is subject to attack by Caryedon serratus. Its biological activity begins on the fruit before the harvest. The aim of our study is to evaluate some biodemographic parameters of the insect pest C. serratus Olivier. First100 healthy T. indica pods were placed in contact with ten pairs of C. serratus for 24 hours. 25 pods, each carrying a maximum of two eggs, were divided into five batches of 5 pods. Then a pair of C. serratus aged less than 24 h was placed in contact with 4 healthy pods for 24 h. Every day, the pair was removed and transferred to another box containing 4 new healthy pods. A total of 20 replicates were performed. The results showed that C. serratus has an average lifespan of 14 days. However, the female (16 days) lived longer and laid an average of 34 eggs during her lifetime. The egg-laying period lasted 14 days, the number of eggs increased until reaching a maximum peak on the 4<sup>th</sup> day. C. serratus has an embryonic development time of 3 days and an emergence rate of 66.63%. However, the weight of males and females differed significantly (p = 0.0108). We found an intrinsic rate of natural increase of 0.12 and a population doubling time was 5.68 days. These results have enabled us to gain a better understanding of its development cycle and its capacity for regeneration. This allows us to implement control strategies for better stock protection.展开更多
Most seed gums have been widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food products because of their hydrophilic properties. Gums from Tamariudus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were che...Most seed gums have been widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food products because of their hydrophilic properties. Gums from Tamariudus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were chemically modified by carboxymethylation to improve their functionalities. The objective of the present study was to characterize and evaluate crude and carboxymethylated gums from T. indica and C. fistula seeds to achieve the controlled-release of diclofenac sodium(DS) in matrix tablet form. Both crude and carboxymethylated gums were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Xray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the gums were successfully modified by carboxymethylation and that the modified gums were amorphous in structure and had better flow properties. The carboxymethylated gums from both plant seeds did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/ml. All gum samples used as polymeric controlled-release agents were formulated into DS matrix tablets. Hardness and thickness tests were conducted as in-process tests. Drug content estimation and in vitro drug release studies were carried out to evaluate the matrix tablets. Increasing the concentration of gums increased compression time and hardness while it reduced the thickness. Furthermore, the results fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Moreover, the DS tablets were found to release the drug by super case II transport(relaxation). In summary, the carboxymethylated gum from T. indica and C. fistula seeds is an excellent, naturally sourced gum with high physicochemical and functional qualities, and can potentially be used in pharmaceutical applications as a disintegrant, diluent, and drug release-controlling agent.展开更多
Crude seed gum and their carboxymethyl derivatives from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were developed and characterized to apply as the pharmaceutical disintegrant in fast disintegrating Thai cordial table...Crude seed gum and their carboxymethyl derivatives from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were developed and characterized to apply as the pharmaceutical disintegrant in fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. The chemical structure of crude gum was chemically modified via carboxymethylation. Degree of substitution(DS) of carboxymethylated gums was determined. Carboxymethylated gums with minimum and maximum DS values were chosen for further application. IR absorption spectra of gum samples were observed to verify their chemical structure changes. In physical properties, the intrinsic viscosity and swelling property of all gum samples were evaluated. The results showed that carboxymethylated gums had higher intrinsic viscosity than those of crude gum. Moreover, they could swell and be soluble in cold water better than those of crude gums. In conclusion, the modified gums from both plants could provide higher hardness and be better used than that crude gums for fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. However, this is a preliminary assessment to expressing pharmaceutical application possibility of these gums as disintegrants, diluents and drug release controlling agents.展开更多
Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica contain endo-β-1, 4-xyloglucanases which degrade tamarind xyloglucan, but not carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The xyloglucanases are isolated from the germinating tamarind seeds u...Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica contain endo-β-1, 4-xyloglucanases which degrade tamarind xyloglucan, but not carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The xyloglucanases are isolated from the germinating tamarind seeds using 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5 containing 0.5 M NaCl. The Km value is 0.667 g/liter and the enzyme is optimally active at pH 5.5 and stable between pH 4 - 6.5. The optimum temperature is 45?C and is quite stable upto 50?C. The activity declined by 50% at 60?C and is completely inactivated at 70?C. Highest xyloglucanase activity and specific activity are observed on the 23rd day of germination. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated the presence of five isozymes of xyloglucanases which are visualized by activity staining separately with congo red and grams iodine. Isozyme 2 is the major xyloglucanase present throughout the germination period.展开更多
Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica synthesizes various enzymes which are required for the degradation of seed reserves such as xyloglucans, fatty acid esters and proteins. Among these, esterases, belonging to a gr...Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica synthesizes various enzymes which are required for the degradation of seed reserves such as xyloglucans, fatty acid esters and proteins. Among these, esterases, belonging to a group of hydrolytic enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of various types of esters. They play an important role in cell expansion as well as detoxification of xenobiotics and many agrochemicals and insecticides. The esterases are extracted from the germinating tamarind seeds using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7. The Km with α-naphthyl acetate as the substrate is 19.23 μM and the enzymes are optimally active at pH 7.0 to 7.5 and are stable between pH 5.0 to 9.0. The optimum temperature of esterase activity of tamarind seed is between 37?C - 50?C and is stable up to 40?C. The activity declined by 30% at 60?C and about 90% at 70?C. Highest esterase activity and specific activity are observed on the 21st day of germination. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated the presence of nine isozymes of esterases. Band numbers 1, 5 and 6 are the major esterolytic bands present throughout the germination period while band numbers 2 & 3 are minor bands present only during the latter period of the germination. Based on substrate and inhibitor specificity in conjunction with electrophoresis, the esterases 1 to 8 have been classified as carboxylesterases sensitive to organophosphate inhibitor (OP) and PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate) while esterase 9 is classified as carboxylesterase sensitive to OP. These esterases are unaffected by carbamate inhibitor, eserine sulphate.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of total alkaloids extracted from the leaf of Tamarindus indica (T. indica) in rats. Methods:Acetic acid-induced pain and egg albumin-induced...Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of total alkaloids extracted from the leaf of Tamarindus indica (T. indica) in rats. Methods:Acetic acid-induced pain and egg albumin-induced inflammation were used to inspect the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the crude and alkaloidal extracts of T. indica at doses of 40 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Sodium diclofenac was used as the control drug. Results:The percentage yields of crude methanol and alkaloidal extracts of T. indicawere 2.85% and 0.98%, respectively. Screening of secondary metabolite of the crude extract revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, phenols and terpenes, while phlobatannins was not detected. The safe dose and LD50 were 400 and 750 mg/kg for crude methanol extract, respectively, while the safe dose and LD50 of alkaloidal extract were 40 and 57 mg/kg, respectively. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of crude methanol extract and alkaloid extract of T. indica were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those of control rats. The standard drug (sodium diclofenac), crude extract and alkaloidal extract showed percentage inhibition of 89.36%, 53.92% and 81.37% in paw edema, respectively. Conclusions:The results obtained indicated that the crude and alkaloidal extracts of the plant exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, thus, supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of these conditions.展开更多
文摘The lack of food security leads us to turn to the riches of the forest, namely non-timber forest products (NTFP) and timber forest products (TFP). In Burkina, these products are a source of income for families, improving their living conditions. Tamarindus indica L. that is a NFTP, is widely used in both rural and urban areas. Unfortunately, tamarind is subject to attack by Caryedon serratus. Its biological activity begins on the fruit before the harvest. The aim of our study is to evaluate some biodemographic parameters of the insect pest C. serratus Olivier. First100 healthy T. indica pods were placed in contact with ten pairs of C. serratus for 24 hours. 25 pods, each carrying a maximum of two eggs, were divided into five batches of 5 pods. Then a pair of C. serratus aged less than 24 h was placed in contact with 4 healthy pods for 24 h. Every day, the pair was removed and transferred to another box containing 4 new healthy pods. A total of 20 replicates were performed. The results showed that C. serratus has an average lifespan of 14 days. However, the female (16 days) lived longer and laid an average of 34 eggs during her lifetime. The egg-laying period lasted 14 days, the number of eggs increased until reaching a maximum peak on the 4<sup>th</sup> day. C. serratus has an embryonic development time of 3 days and an emergence rate of 66.63%. However, the weight of males and females differed significantly (p = 0.0108). We found an intrinsic rate of natural increase of 0.12 and a population doubling time was 5.68 days. These results have enabled us to gain a better understanding of its development cycle and its capacity for regeneration. This allows us to implement control strategies for better stock protection.
基金the Higher Education Research Promotion-National Research Universities(HERP-NRU)for financial support under grant no.2559A10862013
文摘Most seed gums have been widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food products because of their hydrophilic properties. Gums from Tamariudus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were chemically modified by carboxymethylation to improve their functionalities. The objective of the present study was to characterize and evaluate crude and carboxymethylated gums from T. indica and C. fistula seeds to achieve the controlled-release of diclofenac sodium(DS) in matrix tablet form. Both crude and carboxymethylated gums were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Xray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the gums were successfully modified by carboxymethylation and that the modified gums were amorphous in structure and had better flow properties. The carboxymethylated gums from both plant seeds did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/ml. All gum samples used as polymeric controlled-release agents were formulated into DS matrix tablets. Hardness and thickness tests were conducted as in-process tests. Drug content estimation and in vitro drug release studies were carried out to evaluate the matrix tablets. Increasing the concentration of gums increased compression time and hardness while it reduced the thickness. Furthermore, the results fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Moreover, the DS tablets were found to release the drug by super case II transport(relaxation). In summary, the carboxymethylated gum from T. indica and C. fistula seeds is an excellent, naturally sourced gum with high physicochemical and functional qualities, and can potentially be used in pharmaceutical applications as a disintegrant, diluent, and drug release-controlling agent.
基金Higher Education Research Promotion-National Research Universities (HERP-NRU) for financial supporting under grant no. 2558A10862016
文摘Crude seed gum and their carboxymethyl derivatives from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were developed and characterized to apply as the pharmaceutical disintegrant in fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. The chemical structure of crude gum was chemically modified via carboxymethylation. Degree of substitution(DS) of carboxymethylated gums was determined. Carboxymethylated gums with minimum and maximum DS values were chosen for further application. IR absorption spectra of gum samples were observed to verify their chemical structure changes. In physical properties, the intrinsic viscosity and swelling property of all gum samples were evaluated. The results showed that carboxymethylated gums had higher intrinsic viscosity than those of crude gum. Moreover, they could swell and be soluble in cold water better than those of crude gums. In conclusion, the modified gums from both plants could provide higher hardness and be better used than that crude gums for fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. However, this is a preliminary assessment to expressing pharmaceutical application possibility of these gums as disintegrants, diluents and drug release controlling agents.
文摘Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica contain endo-β-1, 4-xyloglucanases which degrade tamarind xyloglucan, but not carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The xyloglucanases are isolated from the germinating tamarind seeds using 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5 containing 0.5 M NaCl. The Km value is 0.667 g/liter and the enzyme is optimally active at pH 5.5 and stable between pH 4 - 6.5. The optimum temperature is 45?C and is quite stable upto 50?C. The activity declined by 50% at 60?C and is completely inactivated at 70?C. Highest xyloglucanase activity and specific activity are observed on the 23rd day of germination. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated the presence of five isozymes of xyloglucanases which are visualized by activity staining separately with congo red and grams iodine. Isozyme 2 is the major xyloglucanase present throughout the germination period.
文摘Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica synthesizes various enzymes which are required for the degradation of seed reserves such as xyloglucans, fatty acid esters and proteins. Among these, esterases, belonging to a group of hydrolytic enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of various types of esters. They play an important role in cell expansion as well as detoxification of xenobiotics and many agrochemicals and insecticides. The esterases are extracted from the germinating tamarind seeds using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7. The Km with α-naphthyl acetate as the substrate is 19.23 μM and the enzymes are optimally active at pH 7.0 to 7.5 and are stable between pH 5.0 to 9.0. The optimum temperature of esterase activity of tamarind seed is between 37?C - 50?C and is stable up to 40?C. The activity declined by 30% at 60?C and about 90% at 70?C. Highest esterase activity and specific activity are observed on the 21st day of germination. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated the presence of nine isozymes of esterases. Band numbers 1, 5 and 6 are the major esterolytic bands present throughout the germination period while band numbers 2 & 3 are minor bands present only during the latter period of the germination. Based on substrate and inhibitor specificity in conjunction with electrophoresis, the esterases 1 to 8 have been classified as carboxylesterases sensitive to organophosphate inhibitor (OP) and PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate) while esterase 9 is classified as carboxylesterase sensitive to OP. These esterases are unaffected by carbamate inhibitor, eserine sulphate.
文摘Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of total alkaloids extracted from the leaf of Tamarindus indica (T. indica) in rats. Methods:Acetic acid-induced pain and egg albumin-induced inflammation were used to inspect the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the crude and alkaloidal extracts of T. indica at doses of 40 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Sodium diclofenac was used as the control drug. Results:The percentage yields of crude methanol and alkaloidal extracts of T. indicawere 2.85% and 0.98%, respectively. Screening of secondary metabolite of the crude extract revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, phenols and terpenes, while phlobatannins was not detected. The safe dose and LD50 were 400 and 750 mg/kg for crude methanol extract, respectively, while the safe dose and LD50 of alkaloidal extract were 40 and 57 mg/kg, respectively. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of crude methanol extract and alkaloid extract of T. indica were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those of control rats. The standard drug (sodium diclofenac), crude extract and alkaloidal extract showed percentage inhibition of 89.36%, 53.92% and 81.37% in paw edema, respectively. Conclusions:The results obtained indicated that the crude and alkaloidal extracts of the plant exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, thus, supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of these conditions.
