嗜酸乳杆菌发酵罗望子(Tamarindus indica L.)饮料的研制

以营养丰富的野生果树资源———罗望子为原料,利用浸提法制取原果汁,并对原汁进行预处理,得到适合嗜酸乳杆菌生长繁殖的罗望子果汁,通过发酵制得新型的果汁发酵饮料———罗望子活性乳酸菌饮料,并对其制作工艺进行了探讨。该活性乳酸菌制品营养丰富、芳香浓郁、口感怡人,饮料中嗜酸乳杆菌含量达1.0×108个/mL。

Study of Some Biodemographic Parameters of Caryedon serratus Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Insect Pest of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica Lin.) Fruit, in Burkina Faso

The lack of food security leads us to turn to the riches of the forest, namely non-timber forest products (NTFP) and timber forest products (TFP). In Burkina, these products are a source of income for families, improving their living conditions. Tamarindus indica L. that is a NFTP, is widely used in both rural and urban areas. Unfortunately, tamarind is subject to attack by Caryedon serratus. Its biological activity begins on the fruit before the harvest. The aim of our study is to evaluate some biodemographic parameters of the insect pest C. serratus Olivier. First100 healthy T. indica pods were placed in contact with ten pairs of C. serratus for 24 hours. 25 pods, each carrying a maximum of two eggs, were divided into five batches of 5 pods. Then a pair of C. serratus aged less than 24 h was placed in contact with 4 healthy pods for 24 h. Every day, the pair was removed and transferred to another box containing 4 new healthy pods. A total of 20 replicates were performed. The results showed that C. serratus has an average lifespan of 14 days. However, the female (16 days) lived longer and laid an average of 34 eggs during her lifetime. The egg-laying period lasted 14 days, the number of eggs increased until reaching a maximum peak on the 4th day. C. serratus has an embryonic development time of 3 days and an emergence rate of 66.63%. However, the weight of males and females differed significantly (p = 0.0108). We found an intrinsic rate of natural increase of 0.12 and a population doubling time was 5.68 days. These results have enabled us to gain a better understanding of its development cycle and its capacity for regeneration. This allows us to implement control strategies for better stock protection.

Use of seed gums from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula as controlled-release agents

Most seed gums have been widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food products because of their hydrophilic properties. Gums from Tamariudus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were chemically modified by carboxymethylation to improve their functionalities. The objective of the present study was to characterize and evaluate crude and carboxymethylated gums from T. indica and C. fistula seeds to achieve the controlled-release of diclofenac sodium(DS) in matrix tablet form. Both crude and carboxymethylated gums were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Xray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the gums were successfully modified by carboxymethylation and that the modified gums were amorphous in structure and had better flow properties. The carboxymethylated gums from both plant seeds did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/ml. All gum samples used as polymeric controlled-release agents were formulated into DS matrix tablets. Hardness and thickness tests were conducted as in-process tests. Drug content estimation and in vitro drug release studies were carried out to evaluate the matrix tablets. Increasing the concentration of gums increased compression time and hardness while it reduced the thickness. Furthermore, the results fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Moreover, the DS tablets were found to release the drug by super case II transport(relaxation). In summary, the carboxymethylated gum from T. indica and C. fistula seeds is an excellent, naturally sourced gum with high physicochemical and functional qualities, and can potentially be used in pharmaceutical applications as a disintegrant, diluent, and drug release-controlling agent.

Development and characterization of seed gums from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula as disintegrating agent for fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet

Crude seed gum and their carboxymethyl derivatives from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were developed and characterized to apply as the pharmaceutical disintegrant in fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. The chemical structure of crude gum was chemically modified via carboxymethylation. Degree of substitution(DS) of carboxymethylated gums was determined. Carboxymethylated gums with minimum and maximum DS values were chosen for further application. IR absorption spectra of gum samples were observed to verify their chemical structure changes. In physical properties, the intrinsic viscosity and swelling property of all gum samples were evaluated. The results showed that carboxymethylated gums had higher intrinsic viscosity than those of crude gum. Moreover, they could swell and be soluble in cold water better than those of crude gums. In conclusion, the modified gums from both plants could provide higher hardness and be better used than that crude gums for fast disintegrating Thai cordial tablet. However, this is a preliminary assessment to expressing pharmaceutical application possibility of these gums as disintegrants, diluents and drug release controlling agents.

Studies on Xyloglucanase during the Germination of Seeds of Tamarindus indica

Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica contain endo-β-1, 4-xyloglucanases which degrade tamarind xyloglucan, but not carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The xyloglucanases are isolated from the germinating tamarind seeds using 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5 containing 0.5 M NaCl. The Km value is 0.667 g/liter and the enzyme is optimally active at pH 5.5 and stable between pH 4 - 6.5. The optimum temperature is 45?C and is quite stable upto 50?C. The activity declined by 50% at 60?C and is completely inactivated at 70?C. Highest xyloglucanase activity and specific activity are observed on the 23rd day of germination. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated the presence of five isozymes of xyloglucanases which are visualized by activity staining separately with congo red and grams iodine. Isozyme 2 is the major xyloglucanase present throughout the germination period.

Protective effects of crude and alkaloidal extracts of Tamarindus indica against acute inflammation and nociception in rats

Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of total alkaloids extracted from the leaf of Tamarindus indica (T. indica) in rats. Methods:Acetic acid-induced pain and egg albumin-induced inflammation were used to inspect the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the crude and alkaloidal extracts of T. indica at doses of 40 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Sodium diclofenac was used as the control drug. Results:The percentage yields of crude methanol and alkaloidal extracts of T. indicawere 2.85% and 0.98%, respectively. Screening of secondary metabolite of the crude extract revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, phenols and terpenes, while phlobatannins was not detected. The safe dose and LD50 were 400 and 750 mg/kg for crude methanol extract, respectively, while the safe dose and LD50 of alkaloidal extract were 40 and 57 mg/kg, respectively. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of crude methanol extract and alkaloid extract of T. indica were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those of control rats. The standard drug (sodium diclofenac), crude extract and alkaloidal extract showed percentage inhibition of 89.36%, 53.92% and 81.37% in paw edema, respectively. Conclusions:The results obtained indicated that the crude and alkaloidal extracts of the plant exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, thus, supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of these conditions.

水分胁迫对芒果(Mangifera indica L.)幼叶细胞活性氧伤害的影响

对芒果进行水分干旱胁迫处理 .结果表明 ,水分胁迫使芒果幼叶的相对含水量 RWC( relative water content)和叶水势 ΨT 下降 .芒果幼叶的超氧离子 O- 2.产生速率随水分胁迫处理强度加大而增加 .丙二醛 MDA( malondialdehyde)含量的变化趋势与 O- 2.产生速率的变化趋势相似 ,超氧歧化酶 SOD( superoxide dismutace) ,过氧化物酶 POD( peroxidase)和过氧化氢酶 CAT( catalase)的活性水平也与 O- 2.的变化相一致 ,细胞相对质膜透性加大 .说明芒果幼叶的水分胁迫损伤 ,是由 O- 2.引发的膜脂过氧化 ,致使 MDA含量增加 。

Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Chalkiness and Endosperm Transparency Detected in Three Recombinant Inbred Line Populations of Indica Rice

Quantitative trait loci（QTL） for percentage of chalky grain,degree of chalkiness,and endosperm transparency were detected using 3 recombinant inbred line populations derived from crosses between parental lines of commercial three-line hybrids of indica rice.Two of the populations showed great variations on heading date,and the other had a short range of heading date variation.A total of 40 QTLs were detected and fell into 15 regions of 10 chromosomes,of which 5 regions were detected for 1 or more same traits over different populations,2 were detected for different traits in different populations,3 were detected for 2 or all the 3 traits in a single population,and 5 were detected for a single trait in a single population.Most of these QTLs have been reported previously,but a region located on the long arm of chromosome 10 showing significant effects in all the 3 populations has not been reported before.It was shown that a number of gene cloned,including the Wx and Alk for the physiochemical property of rice grain,and GW2,GS3 and GW5 for grain weight and grain size,could have played important roles for the genetic control of grain chalkiness in rice,but there are many more QTLs exerting stable effects for rice chalkiness over different genetic backgrounds.It is worth paying more attentions to these regions which harbor QTL such as the qPCG5.2/qDC5.2/qET5.2 and qPCG10/qDC10/qET10 detected in our study.Our results also showed that the use of segregating populations having high-uniform heading date could greatly increase the efficiency of the identification of QTL responsible for traits that are subjected to great environmental influence.

开发和利用我国中草药作为储粮保护剂的研究——2.苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)和使君子(Quisqualis indica L.)对绿豆象和赤拟谷盗的毒杀作用

本文报导了苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)及使君子(Quisqualis indica L.)对绿豆象幼虫、成虫和赤拟谷盗各虫态的毒杀作用。利用喷雾、点滴和拌粮等不同方法处理试虫,结果表明,使君子粉的不同溶剂提取物对绿豆象幼虫、成虫和赤拟谷盗各虫态均无明显毒杀作用。苦楝粉95％乙醇提取物对两种试虫亦无明显毒杀作用。而苦楝油的毒杀效果则比较明显,并对其进行了室内毒力测定。

A new coumarin from Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A.Mey

A new coumarin was obtained from the stems and roots of Wikstroemia indica （L.） C. A. Mey. Its structure was elucidated as methyl 3-（2-hydroxy-4-（7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yloxy） phenyl） propanoate by spectroscopic methods.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS法分析栾樨叶的化学成分

采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)对栾樨叶的化学成分进行定性分析。栾樨叶提取液经Waters UPLC BEH C_(18)柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)分离,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,正、负离子模式下采集得到基峰色谱图。通过质谱数据库、化合物质谱裂解规律,并结合相关文献及对照品的保留时间与质谱信息,从栾樨叶中共鉴别出52个化学成分,包括2个香豆素类,15个黄酮类,16个苯丙素类,5个生物碱类,5个脂肪酸类,3个有机酸类,3个氨基酸类,1个酚酸类和2个其他类化合物,其中23个成分为栾樨叶中首次报道,11个化合物经对照品验证。该方法准确、可靠、高效,适用于栾樨叶化学成分的快速鉴定,可为栾樨叶的药效机制研究及临床应用提供依据。

Effects of chilling tolerance induced by spermidine pretreatment on antioxidative activity,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure of indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings

Spermidine（Spd） is known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to chilling stress and counteract the adverse effect of stress conditions.Antioxidant activities,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure change under chilling stress were investigated in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.12-d-old seedlings were subjected to exogenous Spd（1 mmol L^（-1）） and then a chilling stress（6℃,4 d） was induced,followed by a subsequent recovery（25℃,4 d）.Results showed that malondialdehyde（MDA） and proline content were enhanced significantly,whereas shoot fresh and dry weights decreased during chilling stress and after recovery;chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly but declined after recovery;additionally,total soluble sugar,sucrose,fructose and starch contents increased significantly during chilling stress,and only soluble sugar and fructose contents were observed in increase after recovery;chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase（SOD）,peroxidase（POD） and catalase（CAT） activities,but declined after recovery,and the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery;however,endogenous indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）,zeatin riboside（ZR）,gibberellic acid（GA_3）,and abscisic acid（ABA） levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment.The microscopic analysis revealed that chilling stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope during chilling stress and increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes after recovery.In contrast,exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from chilling-induced injuries in terms of lower malondialdehyde,proline and carbohydrates accumulation coupled with increased endogenous hormones metabolism.After recovery,Spd pretreatment chilling-exposed seedlings showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and normal physiological function of chloroplasts.These results suggest that Spd could promote effectively chilling tolerance which might be largely attributable to the integrity of cell structure and normal metabolism of endogenous hormones in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.

Characterization of Esterases of Tamarindus indica Seeds

Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica synthesizes various enzymes which are required for the degradation of seed reserves such as xyloglucans, fatty acid esters and proteins. Among these, esterases, belonging to a group of hydrolytic enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of various types of esters. They play an important role in cell expansion as well as detoxification of xenobiotics and many agrochemicals and insecticides. The esterases are extracted from the germinating tamarind seeds using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7. The Km with α-naphthyl acetate as the substrate is 19.23 μM and the enzymes are optimally active at pH 7.0 to 7.5 and are stable between pH 5.0 to 9.0. The optimum temperature of esterase activity of tamarind seed is between 37?C - 50?C and is stable up to 40?C. The activity declined by 30% at 60?C and about 90% at 70?C. Highest esterase activity and specific activity are observed on the 21st day of germination. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated the presence of nine isozymes of esterases. Band numbers 1, 5 and 6 are the major esterolytic bands present throughout the germination period while band numbers 2 & 3 are minor bands present only during the latter period of the germination. Based on substrate and inhibitor specificity in conjunction with electrophoresis, the esterases 1 to 8 have been classified as carboxylesterases sensitive to organophosphate inhibitor (OP) and PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate) while esterase 9 is classified as carboxylesterase sensitive to OP. These esterases are unaffected by carbamate inhibitor, eserine sulphate.

Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of C4H Gene of Mangifera indica L.

Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase( C4H) is a key enzyme in phenylpropanoid pathway in plants. Its activity and abundance directly affect the biosynthesis of flavonoids and aromatic compounds. In this study,degenerate primers were designed according to previously reported C4 H gene sequences to clone C4H cDNA sequence with 3'and 5'RACE-PCR from mango( Mangifera indica L). The full-length cD NA of M. indica C4H is 1 680 bp long. Its open reading frame( ORF)is 1 518 bp,encoding a protein of 505 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 58. 08 kDa. The isoelectric point of the predicted protein is 9. 52. Functional prediction showed that this gene is mainly located in mitochondria. In addition,the tertiary structure of the protein was built using SWISS-MODEL,and the results showed that the protein has three possible conformations. Phylogenetic analysis based on C4H protein sequences revealed that M. indica has a close genetic relationship with olive( Canarium album) and cocoa( Theobroma cacao). By analyzing the expression level of C4H gene in three colored mango cultivars,we found that that the expression level of C4 H gene in Guifei( with red peel) was the highest,and that in Guiqi( with green peel) was the lowest. The results provide a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and C4H's impact on the color of mango fruit.

Unripe Fruit Extracts of <i>Mangifera indica L.</i>Protect against AGEs Formation, Melanogenesis and UVA-Induced Cell Damage

In this study, we explored the effects of unripe fruit extracts of Mangifera indica L. on the anti-aging activity in skin cells. Mangifera indica L. is a popular economical and medicinal plant with numerous health-beneficial properties. The aqueous extracts of unripe fruit of Mangifera indica L. were obtained and subjected to HPLC and NMR analyses for the identification of bioactive compounds. The anti-glycation effect of Mango unripe fruit extracts was monitored by in vitro model system of AGEs (Advanced glycation end products) formation. Mango unripe fruit extracts significantly inhibited the AGEs formation in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, Mango unripe fruit extracts possessed a comparable efficiency to commercialized Kojic acids in the inhibition of melanogenesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. The UVA-induced cell damages can be prevented and repaired by Mango unripe fruit extracts in skin fibroblast CCD-966SK. Compared to the untreated control, Mango unripe fruit extracts significantly increased the cell viability while being applied before (36%) or after (43%) UVA irradiation. These results verified the potential application of Mango unripe fruit extracts in the skin protection and recovery from UVA irradiation, as well as the suppression of AGEs formation and melanogenesis.

Efficient Regeneration System for Genetic Transformation of Mulberry (<i>Morus indica</i>L. Cultivar S-36) Using <i>in Vitro</i>Derived Shoot Meristems

Shoot meristems used for the study were exercised from the in vitro regenerated shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of BAP for multiplication. The sensitivity of the in vitro regenerated was studied using shoot meristems of 0.5 cm. Shoot meristems were cultured on medium containing 10-100 mg/l kanamycin to determine the concentration that was lethal for multiple shoot induction and root induction. The response of shoot multiplication decreased (66.2%-6.2%) as the concentration of kanamycin increased (10.0-70.0 mg/L) with complete inhibition of shoot proliferation at 100 mg/L kanamycin. The rooting phase was very sensitive to kanamycin compared to shoot multiplication. The percentage of shoots that rooted decreased (53.8%-4.8%) with increase in the concentration of kanamycin (10.0-70.0 mg/l) on IBA and 2,4-D supplemented medium. For transformation studies, the shoot tips that were infected with Agrobacterium strain were placed on selection medium containing MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 100 mg/L kanamycin and scored for the putative transformed shoots. An average of 62.2% of shoot tips developed shoot buds from the base and the shoots reached a length of 0.5-1.0 cm at the end of 30 days of culture on the selective medium in comparison to control which showed no response. An average of 66.7% of the regenerated plants showed GUS expression on selection medium where 43.2% and 65% of GUS expression was recorded in the leaves and callus. Leaves and callus induced from the controls did not show GUS activity. Stable integration of nptII gene with the genomic DNA from these transformed plants was confirmed through PCR analysis. Our result presents an efficient regeneration system using in vitro derived shoot meristems for Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer.

Occurrence Regularity of Fruit Physiological Disease Spongy Tissue in Zihua Mango(Mangifera indica L.)

[ Objective ] The aim was to study the occurrence regularity of fruit physiological disease spongy tissue in Zihua mango （Mangifera indica L. ）. [ Meth. od] Main features of disease symptoms of Zihua mango fruit spongy tissue were investigated from 2002 to 2005 ,and the correlation between the incidence of Zihua mango fruit spongy tissue and its external factors （ fruit maturity, fruit size and fruit yield per plant） was analyzed comprehensively. [Result] The main features of disease symptoms appeared depressed cavity in the middle or lower part of fruit, forming spongy-like cavity. Immature fruits basically had no incidence. The dis- ease began to appear before 10 d of maturity. The disease incidence rate had extremely positive correlation with fruit weight, fruit vertical diameter or cross diame- ter. [ Conclusion] The research provides reference for field diagnoses, identification, preharvest and postharvest uninjurous test of fruit physiological disease suonaw tissue.

Antimicrobial Activities of Seed Extracts of Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>L.)

Mangifera indica L. is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in the wild in tropical regions and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the world. This present study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of mango seed against 25 representatives gram positive, gram negative, acid fast bacteria and fungi. Mango fruit seed were extracted by Soxhlet using methanol and ethanol as solvents. The extracts were tested against the microorganisms using disc diffusion method at different concentrations: 5 mg/mL, 3.75 mg/mL, 3.125 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.875 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL). In vitro antibacterial activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of mango bulb showed inhibitions to tested organisms with variable inhibition zones. Except one organism (Rhodococcus equi), no resistance among the tested strains was shown. The mean zone of inhibition produced ranged between 5 mmand18 mmwith18 mm/Mycobacterium smegmatis showed the highest zone of inhibition. In most test strains comparable zones of inhibitions were noted for both methanol and ethanol extract. Candida albicans and Aspergilllus niger were both inhibited by the extracts. The methanol and ethanol extracts of mango seed showed good inhibitory effects against almost all tested strains. The inhibition zones produced by mango extract were less than those produced by standard positive control drug. This could be due to low diffusion rate of mango extract in agarose medium, a thing needed to be further investigated. The products are potential new antimicrobial therapy in the ethnopharmacology domain.

Antibacterial Effect of Herba paederiae and Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.-Bip Combined with Antibiotics

[ Objective] TO observe the in-vitro antibacterial activity of Herba paederiae and Kalimeds indica （ L. ） Sch.-Bip and their antibacterial effect when being used with commonly used antibiotics. [ Method ] Staphylococcus aureus CMCC29178 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922 reference strains were used for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration （MIC） and fractional inhibitory concentration （FIC） index using the broth microdilution method. [ Result] The aqueous extracts of Herba paederiae and Kalimeris indica （ L. ） Sch. -Bip had certain antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Eschedchia coli. Synergistic effects or additive effects at different degrees were observed when they were applied with the commonly used antibiotics. [ Conclusion] Water extraction can be widely used to primarily screen medicinal plants with antibacterial activity.

The Effect of Electrolyte on Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Using Natural Dye from Mango (<i>M. indica</i>L.) Leaf as Sensitizer

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated with mango leaf dye extracts as natural dye sensitizers at pH value of 5.20 and temperature of 18.1°C. Methanol was used as dye-extracting solvent. DSSCs from dye extract of M. indica L. with KMnO4 electrolyte had the highest photocurrent density of 1.3 mA/cm2 and fill factor FF of 0.46 for the sun at its peak. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) had a photocurrent density of 1.3 mA/cm2 and FF of 0.8 at sundown. Potassium Iodide (KI), Potassium Bromide (KBr) and Mercury Chloride (HgCl2) electrolytes had 0.2 mA/cm2, 0.08 mA/cm2 and 0.02 mA/cm2 photocurrent densities respectively. The fill factors of 0.09, 0.03 and 0.003 respectively for sun overhead while 0.08 mA/cm2, 0.01 mA/cm2 and 0.01 mA/cm2 were the values of photocurrent densities respectively at sundown. The fill factors were 0.02, 0.0006 and 0.003 respectively at sundown. The maximum power Pmax of the DSSCs were 0.5 mW/cm2, 0.10 mW/cm2, 0.01 mW/cm2 and 0.012 mW/cm2 respectively at 1300 h at 1630 h 0.9 mW/cm2, 0.14 mW/cm2, 0.005 mW/cm2 and 0.0015 mW/cm2 respectively.