Spatio-temporal Variation Characteristics of Extreme Climate Events and Their Teleconnections to Large-scale Ocean-atmospheric Circulation Patterns in Huaihe River Basin,China During 1959–2019

Huaihe River Basin(HRB) is located in China’s north-south climatic transition zone,which is very sensitive to global climate change.Based on the daily maximum temperature,minimum temperature,and precipitation data of 40 meteorological stations and nine monthly large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices data during 1959–2019,we present an assessment of the spatial and temporal variations of extreme temperature and precipitation events in the HRB using nine extreme climate indices,and analyze the teleconnection relationship between extreme climate indices and large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices.The results show that warm extreme indices show a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend,while cold extreme indices(except for cold spell duration) and diurnal temperature range(DTR) show a significant decreasing trend.Furthermore,all extreme temperature indices show significant mutations during 1959-2019.Spatially,a stronger warming trend occurs in eastern HRB than western HRB,while maximum 5-d precipitation(Rx5day) and rainstorm days(R25) show an increasing trend in the southern,central,and northwestern regions of HRB.Arctic oscillation(AO),Atlantic multidecadal oscillation(AMO),and East Atlantic/Western Russia(EA/WR) have a stronger correlation with extreme climate indices compared to other circulation indices.AO and AMO(EA/WR) exhibit a significant(P < 0.05) negative(positive)correlation with frost days and diurnal temperature range.Extreme warm events are strongly correlated with the variability of AMO and EA/WR in most parts of HRB,while extreme cold events are closely related to the variability of AO and AMO in eastern HRB.In contrast,AMO,AO,and EA/WR show limited impacts on extreme precipitation events in most parts of HRB.

Monitoring and identification of spoilage-related microorganisms in braised chicken with modified atmosphere packaging during refrigerated storage

This study mainly monitored the dominant bacterial populations and identified the spoilage-related microorganisms of braised chicken meat stored under different CO_(2)-modified atmosphere packaging(MAP)during refrigerated storage using a culture-dependent method and 16S rDNA identification.The quality changes and shelf life of the meat were also measured.The growth rate of total viable count(TVC)in braised chicken was slower with an increase of CO_(2) content in MAP,which also occurred in the remaining bacterial species monitored(lactic acid bacteria,Pseudomonas spp.,Brochothrix thermosphacta).The MAP exerted beneficial effects on the quality of braised chicken,as demonstrated by retarding the production of total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N)and delaying lipid oxidation(TBARS test).A total of 14 isolates were identified from braised chickens with different packaging at the end of storage,these included P.fragi(6 isolates),P.psychrophila(2 isolates),Enterococcus faecalis(3 isolates),B.thermosphacta(2 isolates),Staphylococcus equorum(1 isolate).

Gaze and Oppositional Gaze in Mr. Tang’s Girls

The gaze is a means of power that can flow through family relationships.It has intense regulatory overtones.In her short story Mr.Tang’s Girls,Malaysian-Chinese Anglophone diasporic writer Shirley Geok-lin Lim shows the conflict between Eastern and Western cultures and the resistance of women under the oppression of patriarchy through the portrayal of the father,Ah Kong,and the eldest daughter,Kim Li.Based on Foucault’s discipline gaze and Hooks’oppositional gaze,this article analyzes the power operation in the story from the following three aspects:the male gaze,discipline and self-discipline,and the oppositional gaze.Kim Li’s subjective image of breaking free from male ownership control has been presented.It suggests the difficulties encountered by female groups in their rebellion against the male gaze and their pursuit of freedom and emancipation.It also reflects the tragedy of awakening women’s destinies under the dual oppression of patriarchy and the East-Westen cultural conflict.

The Possibilities of Using the Minimax Method to Diagnose the State of the Atmosphere

The article is devoted to the discussion of the possibilities of approbation of one of the probabilistic methods of verification of evaluation works-the minimax method or the method of establishing the minimum risk of making erroneous diagnoses of the instability of the planetary boundary layer of air.Within the framework of this study,the task of probabilistic forecasting of diagnostic parameters and their combinations,leading in their totality to the formation of an unstable state of the planetary boundary layer of the atmosphere,was carried out.It is this state that,as shown by previous studies,a priori contribution to the development of a number of weather phenomena dangerous for society(squalls,hail,heavy rains,etc.).The results of applying the minimax method made it possible to identify a number of parameters,such as the intensity of circulation,the activity of the Earth’s magnetosphere,and the components of the geostrophic wind velocity,the combination of which led to the development of instability.In the future,it is possible to further expand the number of diagnosed parameters to identify more sensitive elements.In this sense,the minimax method,the usefulness of which is shown in this study,can be considered as one of the preparatory steps for the subsequent more detailed method for forecasting individual hazardous weather phenomena.

基于炉膛水冷壁H_(2)S气氛场实时测量的锅炉运行监测与优化研究

为揭示锅炉水冷壁H_(2)S在不同负荷时的浓度分布、H_(2)S与炉膛组分CO和SO_(2)的关系、结焦区域H_(2)S分布情况以及运行调整对H_(2)S和NO_(x)的影响情况,指导锅炉运行,在某300 MW等级电站锅炉上安装了水冷壁气氛在线监测装置,系统研究了炉内近壁面H_(2)S、CO等还原性组分的生成规律及运行调整对炉内氛围的影响。结果表明:(1)在高负荷时炉内H_(2)S、CO整体浓度较高,并且负荷越高,腐蚀倾向越严重。(2)负荷在由高向低下降的过程中,存在一临界负荷(40%BMCR),当降至此临界负荷时,壁面气氛由还原性气氛开始转化为氧化性气氛。该炉易发生高温腐蚀的负荷范围为60%~100%。(3)总体上壁面H_(2)S与CO表现出正相关性,而H_(2)S与SO_(2)呈负相关性,但同时壁面各组分间又呈现出一定的独立性。(4)结焦区域H_(2)S平均浓度比非结焦区域高出537×10^(-6)(体积分数,下同),这与结焦区域水冷壁相较于非结焦区域水冷壁腐蚀更严重的现象一致。(5)关闭燃尽风投运层数、增加运行氧量,可以显著降低H_(2)S浓度,最高降幅可达91.4%,但H_(2)S浓度降低会引起NO_(x)增加,关一层燃尽风,NO_(x)平均上涨109 mg/m^(3)。建议在实际运行中,需要平衡好这对矛盾。

Application of Clausius-Clappeyron Relation (1832) and Carnot Principle (1824) to Earth’s Atmosphere Tricellular Circulation

Atmospheric or climate phenomena are usually a combination of elementary events whose scales range from the very small (microscopic) to the infinitely large (synoptic). This means that build reasoning from ground- or space-based observations only, regardless of the physics of elementary processes, inevitably leads to erroneous results. Given the fact that plots of Troposphere Tricellular Circulation are only based on weather mean conditions measured near the ground (i.e.: pressure and winds fields observed at the surface of the earth), we want to improve these representations of the general circulation of the atmosphere, by using both Clausius-Clapeyron Relation and Carnot Principle derived respectively in 1832 and 1824. Indeed, Clausius-Clapeyron relation shows precisely that, unlike the dry water vapor that can be assimilated to the ideal gas at many circumstances, the saturated water vapor has, in an air parcel at the same time cold (temperature below 0.0098°C) and rich in moisture (vapor pressure above 6.11 mb), thermoelastic properties diametrically opposed to those of ideal gas (including dry water vapor). Vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor in the atmosphere provided by ground- or space-based observations lead to the location of a troposphere region in which the ideal gas assumption should be banned: hence appropriate and unique plot of earth’s atmosphere tricellular circulation.

Meteorites Penetration into the Dense Layers of the Earth＇s Atmosphere： Physical Mechanism behind the Explosive Phenomena

This discussion paper is an attempt to consider new ideas about the nature of explosive phenomena of the meteorite bodies in the Earth＇s atmosphere. Authors attract approaches, based on the concepts of physics of combustion, explosion and detonation in order to explain the explosive collapse of the meteorite. Authors believe that the meteorite explosion may be the result of gas-detonation mechanism of overheated meteoric bodies explosive boiling-up （the ＂vapor explosion＂）, accompanied by the formation of a supersonic front of shock wave. The considered hypothesis regarding the role of the ＂vapor explosion＂ in geological disasters can be used to explain the mechanisms of explosive phenomena in Volcanology： （1） With respect to the description of nature of phreatic eruptions; （2） for interpretation of dynamic regularities of the volcano crater opening and the subsequent shock-wave emission of steam-gas ＂fountain＂ to a height of several kilometers with fragments of magma and rocks as a result of the ＂vapor explosion＂ of overheated magma mass under the dome of the volcano.

On the Walker’ Model for the Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere

Climate change is a wicked problem because it is hard to say what the problem is, and to define it clearly. However, we know that global temperature rise correlates with increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide [1] and [2]. In this paper, we analyze a model for the carbon dioxide developed by Walker in [3] with several source terms. Our numerical results show that the burning fossil fuels have an effect on the carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere and the climate change problem, one of the major global challenger of our time.

Relationship between Sea Surface Single Carrier Waves and Decreasing Pressures of Atmosphere Lower Boundary

Descriptions of unusually high waves appearing on the sea surface for a short time (freak, rogue or killer waves) have been considered as a part of marine folklore for a long time. A number of instrumental registrations have appeared recently making the community to pay more attention to this problem and to reconsider known observations of freak waves. To allow a better understanding of the behavior of rogue waves associated with tornadoes in terms of their origin, the nonlinear theory of off-balance systems is developed in the specific case of strong agitations constantly seen on the surface of extensive and deep rivers, when they are crossed by an atmosphere’s low pressure system (tornadoes, cyclones, hurricanes, etc.). A mathematical model based on the Navier-Stokes and Euler Lagrange equations coupled with assumptions derived from instrumental registrations on the training locations (or birth places) of freak waves is developed to enhance the physics of processes responsible for the formation (or origin) of the waves associated with atmosphere’s low pressure systems. Freak waves births’ constraints are mainly the need for both consistent water (i.e., extensive-deep rivers) and potential velocity flow availabilities. Numerical simulations, based on the use of the NLSE (Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation) are performed to validate our mathematical model on the births of single carrier waves associated with atmosphere’s low pressure systems.

Increased Temperature and Entropy Production in the Earth’s Atmosphere: Effect on Wind, Precipitation, Chemical Reactions, Freezing and Melting of Ice and Electrical Activity

Since the late nineteenth century, until the present time, there has been an increase in the earth’s global mean surface temperature (GMST). This temperature increase has been calculated at 0.85&deg;C over the period 1880-2012. The causes of this temperature increase include increased levels of greenhouse gases (GHG’s), variations in solar irradiance and changes in absorption and re-radiation of heat. Volcanic activity and orbital cycles work to cool the earth’s surface. A thermodynamic analysis is presented of the earth’s atmosphere. The analysis demonstrates an increase in entropy production as a result of increased GMST. An equation is derived expressing entropy production in the atmosphere based on atmospheric processes (wind, precipitation, chemical reactions, electrical activity and heat transfer). The effects of increased entropy production on wind, precipitation, freezing and melting of ice, chemical reactions and electrical activity are given showing an increase in the combination of the above phenomena.

Earth’s Atmosphere Prevailing Surface Winds Based on Effectiveness of Mbane Biouele Formula Derived in 2009

Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.

Sources of IR Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere in Connection with the PeTa Effect

The PeTa (Perelman-Tatartchenko) effect is the radiation of the energy of a first-order phase transition during the transition from a less condensed phase to a more condensed one. The effect was independently discovered by M. Perelman and the author of this paper. Six papers on the PeTa effect have been published in this journal over the past nine years. They are devoted to the development of PeTa models to explain the following phenomena: IR radiation from cold surfaces, cavitation luminescence/sonoluminescence (CL/SL), laser-induced bubble luminescence (LIBL), and vapor bubble luminescence (VBL) in underwater geysers. This paper describes the sources of PeTa radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. These sources of infrared radiation have been investigated by numerous research groups, but their interpretation either does not exist at all, or it is erroneous. The following phenomena are specifically considered: PeTa radiation during the formation of clouds and fog;a pulse laser based on the PeTa radiation;condensation explosions as sources of PaTa radiation;measurement of the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere using PeTa radiation;atmospheric scintillation of infrared radiation in the atmosphere due to the PeTa effect;PeTa radiation as a source of comfort for the igloo;the influence of PeTa radiation on living organisms;PeTa radiation due to characteristics of tropical storms;PeTa radiation as a possible precursor to earthquakes. The problem of global warming, which worries everyone, as it turns out, is also associated with the PeTa effect.

Identification and Interpretation of Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamics’ and Thermodynamics’ Similarities between Rogue Waves and Oceans’ Surface Geostrophic Wind

In their daily practices, meteorologists make extensive use of the geostrophic wind properties to explain many weather phenomena such as the meaning and direction of the horizontal winds that take place around the low atmospheric pressures. The biggest challenge that faces the public who is interested in information disseminated by meteorologists is to know exactly what means the geostrophic wind. Besides the literal definitions scattered in very little scientific work, there is unfortunately no book which gives importance to the algebraic definition of the geostrophic wind. Our work shows that to better understand the behavior of natural phenomena, it is essential to combine the theories with based observations. Obviously, observations cannot be relevant without a theory that guides the observers. Conversely, no theory can be validated without experimental verification. Synoptic observations show that in the “free atmosphere!” the wind vectors are very nearly parallel to isobars, and the flow is perpendicular to the horizontal pressure gradient force, at least at any given instant. This kind of information recommends great caution when making geostrophic approximations. Our work also shows that for tornadoes, there is no need to move away from the surface of the oceans to observe the geostrophic balance. Undoubtedly, identification and interpretation of earth’s atmosphere dynamics’ and thermodynamics’ similarities between rogue waves and oceans’ surface geostrophic wind will be an easy exercise to researchers who will give importance to result provided by this paper.

DM500s之内置中文字库的Atmosphere系统版本(1)

DM500S卫星接收机以其强大的网络多媒体功能,深受卫视发烧友的喜爱。不过令国内烧友遗憾的是,之前使用的系统版本(IMG)都是国外Dreambox团队开发的,其版本未内置中文字库,不支持中文节目名称和中文EPG的下载和浏览。遇到携有中文信息的节目,显示的只是一堆乱码,令用户无法识别,成为一直以来的一大诟病。另外,今年4月中旬的Gemini_4.31版本的Time Bomb(定时炸弹)事件,加深了国内卫视发烧友的忧虑,也促使了国内卫视发烧友下决心要开发符合国内用户的、内置中文字库的系统版本。由于涉及Dreambox系统核心编码问题,底层中文支持IMG的开发对技术要求的门槛很高,要知道国内的现状是,会C语言的人不一定会玩Dreambox机器,会玩Dreambox机器的人不一定会C语言。IMG底层的中文支持和操作界面语言简单的汉化不能同日而语,毕竟重新编译核心不是一件简单的工作。但由satfan卫视烧友牵头,有幸联系上了linking_dai老师,并经一个多月不懈地努力,终于于5月25日,在祥龙烧星乐园论坛首推了国人第一个DM500S的IMG――Atmosphere1.00版本。下面就以系列连载的形式来详细地介绍Atmosphere版本的各种功能以及配合各种软件、插件的使用方法。文章中的一些观点、认识来自于Atmosphere团队成员间的技术探讨。对于文章内容在使用中有问题的烧友,可加入我们的卫视山水QQ群(58324181)进行交流探讨。

DM500S之内置中文字库的Atmosphere系统版本(3)

Atmosphere版本之GPRS网络连接1.GPRS无线网络登陆插件的使用我们采用的Atmosphere1.1测试版,已内置了GPRS无线网络登陆插件,该插件是针对西门子C60等支持串口拨号的GPRS的手机推出的。使用时。

DM500S之内置中文字库的Atmosphere系统版本(5)

Atmosphere版本之网络更新Key对于已破解的加密系统,DM500S只要输入Key值就能够获得收视。不过一些加密系统的Key值会频繁更新,针对这种情况,有烧友编写了网络更新Key的插件,通过编辑一个自定义脚本连接网络上固定的Key的下载地址。

DM500S之内置中文字库的Atmosphere系统版本(4)

在上一节中,我们谈到了DM500S接收机上节目播放的快捷键,其实在文件模式的播放状态下,DM500S也有一系列快捷键,具体含义如表5所示。

DM500S之内置中文字库的Atmosphere系统版本(2)

Atmosphere版本之扩展EPG通过安装Dream box的Multiview(简称MV)插件,不但可以读取DM 500S内部的来自卫星EPG缓存信息,还可以读取来自网络的EPG信息,这样就扩展了卫视节目EPG的功能,因此MV插件又称为"

Neoarchean atmospheric chemistry and the preservation of S-MIF in sediments from the São Francisco Craton

Sulfur mass-independent fractionation(S-MIF)preserved in Archean sedimentary pyrite is interpreted to reflect atmospheric chemistry.Small ranges in Δ^(33)S that expanded into larger fractionations leading up to the Great Oxygenation Event(GOE;2.45–2.2 Ga)are disproportionately represented by sequences from the Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons.These patterns of S-MIF attenuation and enhancement may differ from the timing and magnitude of minor sulfur isotope fractionations reported from other cratons,thus obscuring local for global sulfur cycling dynamics.By expanding the Δ^(33)S record to include the relatively underrepresented São Francisco Craton in Brazil,we suggest that marine biogeochemistry affected S-MIF preservation prior to the GOE.In an early Neoarchean sequence(2763–2730 Ma)from the Rio das Velhas Greenstone Belt,we propose that low δ^(13)Corg(<-30‰)and dampened Δ^(33)S(-0.4‰to-0.7‰)in banded iron formation reflect the marine diagenetic process of anaerobic methane oxidation.The overlying black shale(TOC up to 7.8%)with higher δ^(13)Corg(-33.4‰to-19.2‰)and expanded Δ^(33)S(2.3‰±0.8‰),recorded oxidative sulfur cycling that resulted in enhance preservation of S-MIF input from atmospheric sources of elemental sulfur.The sequence culminates in a metasandstone,where concomitant changes to more uniform δCorg(-30‰to--25‰),potentially associated with the RuBisCO I enzyme,and near-zero Δ^(33)S(-0.04‰to 0.38‰)is mainly interpreted as evidence for local oxygen production.When placed in the context of other sequences worldwide,the Rio das Velhas helps differentiate the influences of global atmospheric chemistry and local marine diagenesis in Archean biogeochemical processes.Our data suggest that prokaryotic sulfur,iron,and methane cycles might have an underestimated role in pre-GOE sulfur minor isotope records.

Multichannel singular spectrum analysis of the axial atmospheric angular momentum

Earth＇s variable rotation is mainly produced by the variability of the AAM（atmospheric angular momentum）. In particular, the axial AAM component X_3, which undergoes especially strong variations,induces changes in the Earth＇s rotation rate. In this study we analysed maps of regional input into the effective axial AAM from 1948 through 2011 from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Global zonal circulation patterns related to the LOD（length of day） were described. We applied MSSA（Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis） jointly to the mass and motion components of AAM, which allowed us to extract annual, semiannual, 4-mo nth, quasi-biennial, 5-year, and low-frequency oscillations. PCs（Principal components） strongly related to ENSO（El Nino southern oscillation） were released. They can be used to study ENSO-induced changes in pressure and wind fields and their coupling to LOD. The PCs describing the trends have captured slow atmospheric circulation changes possibly related to climate variability.