Thermal behaviors and heavy metal vaporization of phosphatized tannery sludge in incineration process

The high concentration of heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb) in tannery sludge causes severe heavy metal emissions in the process of incineration. In the present investigation, the tannery sludge was treated with 85% phosphoric acid before the incineration process in the tube furnace to control the heavy metal emissions. The thermal behavior and heavy metal vaporization of pre-treated tannery sludge were investigated, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were also implemente...

Immobilization of heavy metals in sludge using phosphoric acid and monobasic calcium phosphate

The purpose of this research is to investigate the potential of pre-treatment with phosphoric acid(PA) and monobasic calcium phosphate(MCP) for the stabilization of heavy metals in sludge and its bottom ash.The tannery sludge samples were collected in Wenzhou,China and heavily contaminated with heavy metals,such as Pb,Cr and so on.The samples were pre-treated with PA or MCP.Then XRD and TCLP tests were adopted as the evaluating methods to characterize the Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn and Cd immobilization in the pre-treated sludge and its bottom ash.The results showed that this treatment effectively immobilized Pb and Cd in the sludge,lightly stabilized the metal Cu,and adversely,enhanced the leachability of Zn.After incineration at 900℃,Pb and Cr in the bottom ash of pre-treated sludge were significantly stabilized due to the formation of their highly thermostable phosphates and pyromorphite-like minerals during the incineration process.However,an increase of Cu and Zn solubility was observed which might be attributable to the acidification of sludge due to the addition of PA or MCP.

Agronomic effectiveness of recovered phosphate fertilizer produced from incinerated sewage sludge ash

Phosphorus(P)recovery from incinerated sewage sludge ash(ISSA)has been extensively investigated,but insufficient research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of different kinds of recovered phosphate fertilizers(RPFs)on plant growth with respect to the P and heavy metal contents of RPFs.In this study,three kinds of RPFs,precipitated calcium phosphate fertilizer(CaP),struvite phosphate fertilizer(SP),and P-loaded biochar(BP),produced from ISSA were characterized,and their agronomic effectiveness was verified by hydroponic and soil cultivation.In addition to the three kinds of RPFs,a control group(mono-phosphate fertilizer in hydroponic group/compound fertilizer in soil cultivation group)and a blank control group(BC,with zero P)were tested on choy sum and ryegrass at the same time.SP has the highest P purity(76.0%of struvite)while the BP has the most complex P species(P was co-exist with Fe,Al,and Mg).Plant growth results showed that the RPFs greatly facilitated plant growth and demonstrated superior/comparable effects to those of control group.In hydroponics testing,SP showed the best effect(shoot length of 17.0 cm,chlorophyll content of 2.05 mg/g)due to the Mg involved and the high P purity of SP,while BP performed the best(shoot length of 13.7 cm,chlorophyll content of 2.42 mg/g)in the soil testing system among all of the groups because of the additional nutritional elements and the high P availability of BP.Additionally,the accumulation of heavy metals in the plants under all conditions did not exceed the limits stipulated in the regulations.These results indicate that recovering P from ISSA is an attractive technology to produce P fertilizers,which can alleviate both the scarcity of phosphate resources and the burden of ISSA management.

Engineering and microstructure properties of contaminated marine sediments solidified by high content of incinerated sewage sludge ash

Management of incinerated sewage sludge ash(ISSA)and dredged contaminated marine sediments(CMSs)is a great challenge for Hong Kong and other coastal cities due to limited landfilling capacity.The present study investigates the use of high content(20%of sediment by mass)of ISSA in combination with cement/lime for solidification/stabilization(S/S)treatment of CMSs to provide a way to reuse the wastes as construction materials.The results showed that ISSA being a porous material was able to absorb a large amount of water rendering a more efficient solidification process of the marine sediment which normally had a very high water content(w80%).The S/S treatment improved the engineering properties of the sediment,but reduced the workability,especially for the lime-treated samples.Lime can be used to replace ordinary Portland cement(OPC)for better heavy metal immobilization and carbon emission reduction.The hardened sediment samples prepared with 10%of lime and 20%of ISSA could attain a strength of 1.6 MPa after 28 d of curing.In addition,leaching tests confirmed that there was no environmental risk induced by these stabilized materials.The formation of hydrated cementitious compounds including calcium silicate hydrate(CeSeH)/calcium aluminate silicate hydrate(C-A-S-H)/hydrocalumite/calcite was mainly responsible for the strength development in the ISSA/lime-treated sediments.

污水污泥堆肥重金属总量及形态变化

采用高温好氧静态强制通风堆肥工艺,研究了污水污泥与锯末、粉煤灰或磷矿粉按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As)总量的变化,以及重金属在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态3种不稳定态和包括有机结合态、残渣态的稳定态含量的变化,同时探讨了粉煤灰和磷矿粉在堆肥过程中所起的钝化效果.结果表明:该试验可以显著降低污泥中交换态Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的含量,提高其他形态的含量,但不能降低重金属总量;对重金属的作物可利用态含量的降低以及其他形态含量升高的效果来看,试验A最好,试验B和D次之,试验C最差.粉煤灰和磷矿粉都是良好的钝化剂,在起钝化效果时,其用量并不是越多越好;在与污泥、锯末混合堆肥中,应控制粉煤灰和磷矿粉用量在15%左右,但是粉煤灰的钝化效果优于磷矿粉.

制革污泥固化稳定化处理

为有效控制制革污泥中的重金属铬污染并安全填埋,采用石灰、粉煤灰和煤渣作为固化剂对制革污泥进行固化/稳定化处理,考察固化剂对制革污泥中重金属毒性的影响,并探讨了固化/稳定化的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,当石灰、粉煤灰和煤渣的掺量分别为0.12 kg.kg-1、0.02 kg.kg-1和0.08 kg.kg-1,养护天数为6 d时,制革污泥固化块抗压强度达到884 kPa,含水率由固化前的79.60%降低至30.20%,满足《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》(GB 18598—2001)的要求.固化块浸出液中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni浓度同固化前相比,分别降低了92.1%、96.7%、92.8%、88.9%,Cr、Cd、Mn均未检出.固化块浸出液的铬浓度随着石灰添加量的增加而降低,随粉煤灰添加量的增加则为先降低、然后再升高,当石灰与粉煤灰添加量比为6∶1时,协同固化效果显著.

粉煤灰钝化污泥对土壤理化性质及玉米重金属累积的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究施用不同量及不同比例粉煤灰钝化污泥对土壤理化性质、玉米生长和重金属累积的影响。试验结果表明：施用粉煤灰钝化污泥能显著提高酸性土壤的ｐＨ值和Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｂ的含量，降低土壤的电导率和重金属的有效性。施用合适比例和合适量的粉煤灰钝化污泥能明显改善土壤的物理性质，增加土壤的Ｎ、Ｐ养分，并能显著提高玉米地上部干物重。１０％和５％是高施用量和低施用量时合适的粉煤灰加入比例，施用此比例粉煤灰钝化污泥时，玉米的地上部干物重显著高于施用化肥的对照土壤或于之相当，且没有硼和重金属的毒害。

水热条件下磷酸盐稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰的研究

研究了200℃水热条件下磷酸盐对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定效果,并与常温下的稳定效果进行了对比.结果表明:水热条件有助于减少磷酸盐用量,降低稳定剂成本;在水热条件下提高稳定处理过程中的液固比,有助于垃圾焚烧飞灰中可溶性盐类的减少;水热条件下经磷酸盐稳定处理的垃圾焚烧飞灰的晶体衍射强度较常温下高.垃圾焚烧飞灰在水热条件下经磷酸盐稳定处理后可作为建材原料回收利用.

粉煤灰对钝化污泥重金属有效性影响

通过添加不同比例的粉煤灰对城市生活污泥进行钝化,系统的研究了粉煤灰对钝化污泥中金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Mn、Fe含量及其有效化的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对污泥中有效态Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr、Mn、Fe具有钝化作用,其中对Cd和Fe的钝化效果最明显;但对Cu却有促进其向有效态转化的作用;总体上看钝化污泥人工土壤中重金属含量符合国家农用标准,而其中有效态Cd、Pb、Ni、C r的含量均远远低于对植物体造成毒害的临界水平。

钝化污泥人工土壤熟化过程中重金属的潜在环境效应研究

将粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤用做矿山修复的基质不仅可以解决无土排岩场长期困扰的土源问题,同时也避免了这些城市固体废弃物在堆放和处置过程中带来的一系列环境问题.通过室内模拟熟化实验(将各处理放置于25℃室温下,保持17%的含水量培养35d,并分别于1、5、7、15、22、30和35d时取样)研究不同比例粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤溶液中重金属浓度的动态变化.结果表明,在熟化培养试验过程中,钝化污泥人工土壤溶液中溶解态Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、N i、Cr含量均呈降低趋势,并最终达到平衡状态;粉煤灰对钝化污泥溶液中Cd、Pb、Cu的钝化效果最显著;人工土壤溶液中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、N i、Cr的平衡浓度分别为0.037—0.335、2.12—7.34、1.86—13.58、29—509、9.33—46.67和0.01—2.06μg/L,均显著低于水质中重金属含量的毒害临界水平.

CO_2对飞灰稳定化效果的影响

用CO2 作为化学稳定剂或辅助稳定剂处理三种不同的来自实际垃圾焚烧厂的飞灰 ,并对处理后的飞样进行浸滤实验来衡量稳定效果。结果表明二氧化碳对飞灰中所含的重金属Pb和Cd具有稳定效果 ,对飞灰中的Cr有促进溶出的效果。当以磷酸盐和绿矾为稳定剂稳定飞灰中的重金属时 ,先采用CO2 进行预处理基本不影响对Pb和Cd的稳定效果 。

水洗磷酸盐预处理后飞灰中重金属的热稳定性

探讨了磷酸盐对城市生活垃圾焚烧(MSMI)飞灰中重金属在常温下的稳定作用以及高温挥发抑制作用.结果表明,经水洗磷酸盐预处理后,常温下,飞灰中重金属Pb,Cd,Zn,Cr在毒性浸出程序(TCLP)中的浸出浓度低于美国EPA标准限值;高温下,飞灰中重金属Cd,Pb,Zn的挥发率分别由未处理参比样的97.2%,94.3%和79.3%降低至10.2%,23.5%,13.5%,均小于25%.

Material conversion from paper sludge ash in NaOH solution to synthesize adsorbent for removal of Pb^(2+),NH_4^+and PO_4^(3-) from aqueous solution

Material conversion from paper sludge ash （PSA） in NaOH solution was attempted to synthesize the adsorbent for removal of inorganic pollutants, such as Pb^2＋, NH^4＋ and PO4^3- from aqueous solution. PSA of 0.5 g was added into 10 mL of 3 mol/L NaOH solution, and then heated at 80, 120, and 160℃ for 6-48 hr to obtain the product. PSA mainly composed of two crystalline phases, gehlenite （Ca2Al2SiO7） and anorthite （CaAl2Si2O8）, and amorphous phase. Hydroxysodalite （Na6Al6Si6O24-8H2O） was formed at 80℃, and anorthite dissolved, whereas gehlenite remained unaffected. Katoite （Ca3Al2SiO4（OH）8） was formed over 120℃, and hydroxycancrinite （Nas（OH）2Al6Si6O24·2H2O） was formed at 160℃, due to the dissolution of both gehlenite and anorthite. Specific surface areas of the products were almost same and were higher than that of raw ash. Cation exchange capacities （CECs） of the products were also higher than that of raw ash, and CEC obtained at lower temperature was higher. Removal abilities of products for Pb^2＋, NH4＋, and PO4^3- were higher than that of raw ash. With increasing reaction temperature, the removal efficiencies of Pb^2＋ and NH4＋ decreased due to the decrease of CEC of the product, while removal efficiency for PO4^3- was almost same. The concentrations of Si and AI in the solution and the crystalline phases in the solid during the reaction explain the formation of the product phases at each temperature.

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰稳定固化含重金属工业污泥的试验研究

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰作为固化剂有效稳定固化含重金属的工业污泥为目的,研究结果显示重金属污泥和城市垃圾焚烧飞灰所构建的固化体系具有很强的重金属束缚能力,增加飞灰的质量分数或者加入一定质量分数的水泥可以增加固化体的抗压强度以满足填埋需求。同时考虑抗压强度、浸出浓度和增容比等各方面的要求,当飞灰的质量分数45%,水泥的质量分数为5%,工业污泥的质量分数为50%是有效稳定固化重金属的最佳配比。对固化体微观结构分析显示:主要的水化产物硫铝酸钙(Aft)、Friedel相、水化硅酸钙(CSH)对稳定固化重金属起到了重要的作用。

有机螯合剂与磷酸盐联合稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的作用机理

为探讨二硫代氨基甲酸型有机螯合剂(FACAR)和重过磷酸钙(TSP)对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属Pb、Cd、Ni的稳定作用机制,对稳定前后的飞灰采用BCR连续提取法、 X射线衍射(XRD)分析以及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)联用等分析方法进行了表征。结果表明:投加质量分数5%的FACAR能有效稳定飞灰中Pb、Cd和Ni,其浸出浓度低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889-2008)规定的浸出浓度限值;采用3%FACAR和3%TSP复配药剂处理,可使飞灰达到GB 16889-2008进场要求;经复合药剂稳定处理后的飞灰颗粒表面孔隙度明显降低,飞灰中Pb、Cd和Ni的形态均由不稳定态向稳定态转化。该复合稳定剂的稳定机制主要为螯合、共沉淀和吸附联合作用机制,其中,有机螯合剂中含硫官能团是影响重金属稳定的主要因素,且重金属具有优先与含硫官能团结合的特性。