ANALYSIS OF TARGET TRACKING BASED ON RANGE DIFFERENCE MEASUREMENT OF MULTISTATIC RADAR SYSTEM

An analysis is presented for target tracking with short range multistatic radar system in this paper. The velocity vector is introduced into the model to depict target motion more precisely. The system measurement equation is such constructed on the basis of range difference that make the tracking model independent of the transmitter position. Therefore the algorithm is very much suitable for the case that the transmitter is not fixed. Simulation results show that the algorithm has the advantages of fast tracking and small steady tracking errors, and can be used for tracking target in short range with multistatic radar system.

A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE LOCATION AND LENGTH OF A THIN CYLINDRICAL TARGET WITH RANGE DIFFERENCE OF A MULTISTATIC RADAR SYSTEM

This paper describes a short range target location system based on the range difference information of a T-R4 multistatic radar system with FMCW signal. A new method is proposed to determine the location and length of a thin cylindrical target making use of the high resolution of wide band FMCW signal and the spectrum characteristics of the target echo. Formulae are derived for target location and its length estimation being independent of the transmitter position. System performances are simulated with the proposed algorithm and the results are given for various situations.

Fast-moving target tracking based on mean shift and frame-difference methods

The mean shift tracker has difficulty in tracking fast moving targets and suffers from tracking error accumulation problem. To overcome the limitations of the mean shift method, a new approach is proposed by integrating the mean shift algorithm and frame-difference methods. The rough position of the moving tar- get is first located by the direct frame-difference algorithm and three-frame-difference algorithm for the immobile camera scenes and mobile camera scenes, respectively. Then, the mean shift algorithm is used to achieve precise tracking of the target. Several tracking experiments show that the proposed method can effectively track first moving targets and overcome the tracking error accumulation problem.

Target acquisition performance in the presence of JPEG image compression

This paper presents an investigation on the effect of JPEG compression on the similarity between the target image and the background,where the similarity is further used to determine the degree of clutter in the image.Four new clutter metrics based on image quality assessment are introduced,among which the Haar wavelet-based perceptual similarity index,known as HaarPSI,provides the best target acquisition prediction results.It is shown that the similarity between the target and the background at the boundary between visually lossless and visually lossy compression does not change significantly compared to the case when an uncompressed image is used.In future work,through subjective tests,it is necessary to check whether this presence of compression at the threshold of just noticeable differences will affect the human target acquisition performance.Similarity values are compared with the results of subjective tests of the well-known target Search_2 database,where the degree of agreement between objective and subjective scores,measured through linear correlation,reached a value of 90%.

A Method to Obtain the Moving Speed of Uncooperative Target Based on Only Two Measurements

The existing research results show that a fixed single station must conduct three consecutive frequency shift measurements and obtain the target’s moving speed by constructing two frequency difference equations. This article proposes a new method that requires only two consecutive measurements. While using the azimuth measurement to obtain the angular difference between two radial distances, it also conducts two consecutive Doppler frequency shift measurements at the same target azimuth. On the basis of this measurement, a frequency difference equation is first constructed and solved jointly with the Doppler frequency shift equation. By eliminating the velocity variable and using the measured angular difference to obtain the target’s lead angle, the target’s velocity can be solved by using the Doppler frequency shift equation again. The new method avoids the condition that the target must move equidistantly, which not only provides an achievable method for engineering applications but also lays a good foundation for further exploring the use of steady-state signals to achieve passive positioning.

Fusion Reaction Rate Coefficient for Different Beam and Target Scenarios

Fusion power output is proportional not only to the fuel particle number densities participating in reaction but also to the fusion reaction rate coefficient （or reactivity）, which is dependent on reactant velocity distribution functions. They are usuMly assumed to be dual Maxwellian distribution functions with the same temperature for thermal nuclear fusion circumstances. However, if high power neutral beam injection and minority ion species ICRF plasma heating, or multi-pinched plasma beam head-on collision, in a converging region are required and investigated in future large scale fusion reactors, then the fractions of the injected energetic fast ion tail resulting from ionization or charge exchange will be large enough and their contribution to the non-Maxwellian distribution functions is not negligible, hence to the fusion reaction rate coefficient or calculation of fusion power. In such cases, beam-target, and beam-beam reaction enhancement effect contributions should play very important roles. In this paper, several useful formulae to calculate the fusion reaction rate coefticient for different beam and target combination scenarios are derived in detail

Cultural differences between English and Chinese color words

color words may show different cultural connotation of each language in some degree.While translating,we should handle color words appropriately according to cultural differences in both the original and target language.This paper brings a discussion of cultural differences between English and Chinese color words.

CAFUNeT:A small infrared target detection method in complex backgrounds

Small infrared target detection has widespread applications in various fields including military,aviation,and medicine.However,detecting small infrared targets in complex backgrounds remains challenging.To detect small infrared targets,we propose a variable-structure U-shaped network referred as CAFUNet.A central differential convolution-based encoder,ASPP,an Attention Fusion module,and a decoder module are the critical components of the CAFUNet.The encoder module based on central difference convolution effectively extracts shallow detail information from infrared images,complemented by rich contextual information obtained from the deep features in the decoder module.However,the direct fusion of the shallow detail features with semantic features may lead to feature mismatch.To address this,we incorporate an Attention Fusion(AF)module to enhance the network performance further.We performed ablation studies on each module to evaluate its effectiveness.The results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on publicly available datasets.

基于非靶向代谢组学分析不同包装方式预制烤鱼代谢物的差异

为探究不同包装预制烤鱼的代谢物差异,采用液相色谱-串联质谱技术,基于非靶向代谢组学方法分析比较托盒包装、真空包装和气调包装预制烤鱼的代谢物组成。结果表明,在二级质谱信息下,3种包装的预制烤鱼共鉴定出318种代谢物。依据正交偏最小二乘法判别分析模型的变量重要性投影值(variable importance projection value,VIP,VIP>1)和P<0.05,共筛选出47种差异代谢物,包括脂肪酸类10种,核苷酸类10种,氨基酸类9种,有机酸及衍生物类7种,苯及衍生物类3种,醇胺类2种,其他类6种。通过对47种差异代谢物相对含量的聚类热图分析,发现3种不同包装方式预制烤鱼的代谢物相对含量存在差异。其中,气调包装烤鱼的多种呈味氨基酸和单磷酸腺苷相对含量明显高于常规的真空和托盒包装。研究结果初步表明,气调包装对保持烤鱼鲜味有积极作用,将为烤鱼包装多样化发展提供方向。

一种四轴飞行器单目视觉测距算法

为解决四轴飞行器在执行目标检测与跟踪任务时无法判断机身与障碍物或跟踪目标之间安全距离问题,提出一种四轴飞行器单目视觉测距算法,算法融合基于帧间差分技术的水平测距模型与基于小孔成像的垂直测距模型.首先,算法可利用基于YOLOV4-Tiny的目标检测算法识别视频帧中的物体类别,并可在视频帧中框选出被测物体,依据现场环境选择最佳的测距方法进行测距;其次,系统终端执行测距方法,基于被测物体的视频帧成像位置与设定参数之间的差值控制四轴飞行器飞行,并记录飞行数据;最后,通过测距模型对飞行数据进行处理,计算出四轴飞行器在初始位置和最终位置与被测物体之间的距离.通过在特洛(Tello)飞行器平台上的实际飞行验证,实验结果表明所提出的四轴飞行器单目视觉测距算法可以有效分析出视频帧中各物体的景深,测距误差百分比均值为4.07%.在四轴飞行器与障碍物或跟踪目标之间距离较近,却无法评估此距离是否处于安全距离时,所提出的算法可为搭载单目摄像头的四轴飞行器提供可靠的测距技术支持.

基于MR混合现实的足球机器人目标跟踪仿真

机器人跟踪足球时,由于目标具有较强的运动随机性,且较小的目标尺度增大了跟踪框的自适应跟踪难度,目标跟踪时会将很多背景信息包含在内,导致目标模型的更新错误。为此,提出基于MR混合现实的足球机器人目标跟踪方法。构建MR混合现实平台,令足球机器人在虚拟现实场景下完成人机交互,在保证目标跟踪安全性的同时提升目标跟踪性能;采用帧差法获取目标模型,利用投影法对二值图像投影,并对差分图像滤波,以此获取足球机器人在目标模板区域及候选目标区域中的直方图。基于此,更新足球机器人目标模型,实现基于MR混合现实的足球机器人目标跟踪。实验结果表明,当跟踪误差阈值为0.8mm时,研究方法的目标跟踪准确率和成功率均可达95%以上,平均耗时为55.17ms。当足球目标出现遮挡问题时,该方法仍能完成高精度跟踪。

介质粗糙面与组合目标宽带电磁散射特性研究

文中对介质粗糙面和组合目标的宽带复合电磁散射特性进行研究,通过数值计算得到了复合散射系数频率响应曲线。分析结果显示,后向复合散射系数在宽频带范围内随着频率的变化而产生振荡,粗糙面的高度均方根、介电常数、组合目标尺度、目标介电常数等因素对复合散射系数有显著的影响,且影响规律较为复杂。相比之下,粗糙面的相关长度对复合散射系数的影响较为微弱。当目标是理想导体时,频率响应曲线近似呈现出准周期性的振荡形态。

基于UPLC-MS非靶向代谢组学分析不同年龄双峰驼肉代谢物差异

基于超高效液相色谱-质谱联用的非靶向代谢组学方法探究不同年龄组驼肉代谢物的差异及变化规律。结果表明,在3个年龄组(3~4、6~7岁和9~10岁,分别以I、II和III组表示)骆驼背最长肌中共鉴定出显著差异代谢物710种;在I vs II组显著差异代谢物有78个,其中I组上调47个,II组上调31个;在II vs III组显著差异代谢物有49个,其中II组上调18个,III组上调31个;在I vs III组显著差异代谢物有65个,其中I组上调29个,III组上调36个。京都基因与基因组百科全书通路分析结果表明,差异代谢物主要富集到蛋白质和氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质代谢等相关通路,说明不同生长阶段骆驼中各营养素的消化代谢均有差异。I组中的多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)(尤其n-6 PUFA、n-3 PUFA)含量和PUFA/不饱和脂肪酸值均显著高于III组,这主要与相关代谢通路上的花生四烯酸、亚油酸和13-L-过氧化氢油酸浓度的显著上调有关;同时L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺等差异代谢物可以作为不同年龄驼肉品质差异的潜在标记物。

基于广泛靶向代谢组学揭示鹅肥肝形成过程中代谢物动态变化规律

为探究鹅肥肝形成过程中代谢物组成及动态变化规律,利用广泛靶向代谢组学技术分析3个填饲阶段的鹅肝脏代谢谱。选取同批次体况相近的70日龄朗德鹅,分别在填饲前期(7 d)、填饲中期(16 d)、填饲后期(25d)随机选取3只鹅屠宰,采集肝大叶肝尖组织样,用于广泛靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明:1)3个填饲阶段的鹅肝脏共检出氨基酸类、有机酸类、核苷酸类、脂类等19类,共1153个代谢物。2)通过主成分分析发现,3个填饲阶段鹅肝脏代谢谱存在明显差异,填饲前期与中期、中期与后期分别鉴定出142、92个差异代谢物,这些代谢物以氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸及其衍生物为主。3)通过代谢通路分析发现,鹅肥肝形成过程中发生显著变化的通路主要涉及脂肪酸生物合成、VB6代谢、亚油酸代谢、赖氨酸降解、精氨酸生物合成、花生四烯酸代谢、氨基酸的生物合成等。4)本研究发现,在鹅肥肝形成过程中差异代谢物大多涉及脂肪酸合成,转运相关的代谢物含量表现出持续增加的趋势。本研究揭示了填饲不同阶段鹅肝脏代谢图谱的变化规律,不仅丰富了家禽肝脏代谢的理论知识,还将为优质鹅肥肝的精准营养调控和高效生产提供理论依据。

高速运动等离子体包覆目标的电磁散射特性研究

高超声速飞行器在临近空间执行高空任务时会与大气剧烈摩擦促使周围空气发生电离,从而在飞行器表面激发等离子体流场,其会严重干扰飞行器与雷达之间的无线通信,同时还会给运动雷达目标的电磁散射特性造成强烈影响。本文采用Lorentz-FDTD方法研究了等离子体鞘套包覆下的高速运动目标与电磁波之间的相互作用。根据相对论原理对运动等离子体的电磁特征参数进行数值建模,基于运动等离子体的物理模型,利用Lorentz-FDTD数值方法研究运动等离子体的电磁特征参数变化对雷达目标远场散射特性的影响,计算等离子体目标在不同物体速度下对电磁波的反射系数。研究结果显示:物体的运动速度会改变等离子体的介电常数,进而影响等离子体对电磁波的吸收和散射机制;在相对论效应和等离子体色散的共同影响下,高速运动等离子鞘套包覆目标物的电磁散射特性在不同的电磁波工作频段将呈现出复杂的变化规律。

不同产地蒙古黄芪的非靶向代谢组学分析

黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)是一种传统的道地药材,药用历史悠久,分布范围广,不同产地黄芪的药材品质和疗效相差甚远,次生代谢物的类型和含量是决定药材品质的物质基础。为了研究不同产地黄芪次级代谢物的差异,为解析黄芪品质形成提供重要依据,同时为优质黄芪的选育奠定基础,试验对来自山西浑源(S2-7)、山西五台(S2-9)、甘肃和政药园(S2-10)的3种蒙古黄芪根进行基于LC-MS/MS的非靶向代谢组学测定,利用主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)方法进行差异代谢物筛选,并通过KEGG数据库进行通路富集分析。结果显示,共鉴定出674种代谢产物,分为29类,主要包括萜类物质、黄酮类物质、苯丙素类物质和生物碱类物质。依据P<0.05、变量投影重要度(VIP)>1筛选差异代谢物,甘肃黄芪(S2-10)与山西黄芪组(S2-7、S2-9)间筛选出81种差异代谢物;山西五台(S2-9)和浑源(S2-7)2个产地黄芪间筛选出67种差异代谢物;这些代谢物在含量上存在显著差异。对通路进行富集分析可知,甘肃黄芪与山西黄芪组富集到3条差异显著的代谢通路:异喹啉生物碱生物合成、吲哚生物碱生物合成以及烟酸盐和烟酰胺代谢通路。综上可见,不同产地黄芪次级代谢物的类型和含量存在一定差异。

一种改进组合加权的TDOA室内二维定位算法

针对现有组合加权算法对定位区域边缘的目标定位时精度较低的问题,在现有组合加权算法的基础上提出了一种改进算法。首先,将基站分组,以到达时差算法得到目标位置的多个估计结果;其次,计算各估计结果之间距离值并排序,以滑动窗口法判断是否存在基站组出现异常定位估计;最后,当任意基站组的定位结果发生异常时,使用目标位置估计结果及其估计克拉美罗下界值设计两个加权步骤的权值,通过二步组合加权算法得到最终定位结果。仿真结果表明,所提算法有效减少了原组合加权算法对定位区域边缘的目标定位时的误差,当测量噪声标准差为0.8 m时,所提算法相较于原算法在正方形边缘区域定位均方根误差减小了0.35 m;在定位狭窄矩形区域时,所提算法平均定位均方根误差减小了0.11 m。

基于FPGA的运动目标检测与跟踪系统

针对传统运动目标检测与跟踪算法计算量大、检测速度慢、鲁棒性差的问题,提出了一种通过动态调整检测区域以实现高效运动目标检测与跟踪的方法。利用改进的帧间差分算法提取运动目标,将目标大小和位置信息分别传给区域裁剪算法和卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法,实现检测范围的缩小和目标跟踪。采用改进后的方法对分辨率为640×480的图像进行实验,检测到目标的大小为66×84,调整后的检测区域大小为132×168,帧间差分检测部分计算量减小了约92.78%,并且根据目标位置进行跟踪的效果较好,在FPGA中验证了此方法的正确性。

基于双层局部能量因子的红外小目标检测方法

红外小目标的检测一直是红外追踪系统的关键技术,针对现有红外小目标检测方法在复杂背景下易造成虚警、检测速度慢的不足,从人类视觉系统的角度出发,参考了多尺度局部能量因子检测方法(multiscale local contrast measure using a local energy factor,MLCM-LEF),提出了一种基于双层局部能量因子的红外小目标检测方法.从局部能量差异与局部亮度差异两个角度进行目标检测,使用双层局部能量因子从能量角度描述小目标与背景的相异程度,同时采取加权亮度差因子从亮度角度对图像进行目标检测,通过二维高斯融合上述二者的处理结果,最终利用图像均值和标准差进行自适应阈值分割,提取红外小目标.经过公开数据集实验测试,该方法在抑制背景噪声、减低虚警概率的表现上比主流的检测方法有所提升,与MLCM-LEF算法相比,基于双层局部能量因子的方法将单帧检测时间降低至三分之一.

基于FPGA的“低慢小”目标检测系统实现

为解决“低慢小”目标检测困难的问题,实现了一种基于FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array,现场可编程逻辑门阵列)的“低慢小”目标检测系统。该系统采取COMS相机获取图像,DDR3 SDRAM缓存视频帧,使用FPGA处理帧间差分法和光流法结合的算法,目标检测结果使用VGA标准显示。测试结果表明,该系统能够检测出在悬停和低速飞行姿态下的低慢小无人机目标并实时显示。