Propofol sedation in routine endoscopy:A case series comparing target controlled infusion vs manually controlled bolus concept

BACKGROUND Many studies have addressed safety and effectiveness of non-anaesthesiologist propofol sedation(NAPS)for gastrointestinal(GI)endoscopy Target controlled infusion(TCI)is claimed to provide an optimal sedation regimen by avoiding under-or oversedation.AIM To assess safety and performance of propofol TCI sedation in comparison with nurse-administered bolus-sedation.METHODS Fouty-five patients undergoing endoscopy under TCI propofol sedation were prospectively included from November 2016 to May 2017 and compared to 87 patients retrospectively included that underwent endoscopy with NAPS.Patients were matched for age and endoscopic procedure.We recorded time of sedation and endoscopy,dosage of medication and adverse events.RESULTS There was a significant reduction in dose per time of propofol administered in the TCI group,compared to the NAPS group(8.2±2.7 mg/min vs 9.3±3.4 mg/min;P=0.046).The time needed to provide adequate sedation levels was slightly but significantly lower in the control group(5.3±2.7 min vs 7.7±3.3 min;P<0.001),nonetheless the total endoscopy time was similar in both groups.No differences between TCI and bolus-sedation was observed for mean total-dosage of propofol rate as well as adverse events.CONCLUSION This study indicates that sedation using TCI for GI endoscopy reduces the dose of propofol necessary per minute of endoscopy.This may translate into less adverse events.However,further and randomized trials need to confirm this trend.

Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion Modeling in Rabbits:Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis

This study aimed to establish a new propofol target-controlled infusion（TCI） model in animals so as to study the general anesthetic mechanism at multi-levels in vivo. Twenty Japanese white rabbits were enrolled and propofol（10 mg/kg） was administrated intravenously. Artery blood samples were collected at various time points after injection, and plasma concentrations of propofol were measured. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using Win Nonlin software. Propofol TCI within the acquired parameters integrated was conducted to achieve different anesthetic depths in rabbits, monitored by narcotrend. The pharmacodynamics was analyzed using a sigmoidal inhibitory maximal effect model for narcotrend index（NI） versus effect-site concentration. The results showed the pharmacokinetics of propofol in Japanese white rabbits was best described by a two-compartment model. The target plasma concentrations of propofol required at light anesthetic depth was 9.77±0.23 μg/m L, while 12.52±0.69 μg/m L at deep anesthetic depth. NI was 76.17±4.25 at light anesthetic depth, while 27.41±5.77 at deep anesthetic depth. The effect-site elimination rate constant（ke0） was 0.263/min, and the propofol dose required to achieve a 50% decrease in the NI value from baseline was 11.19 μg/m L（95% CI, 10.25–13.67）. Our results established a new propofol TCI animal model and proved the model controlled the anesthetic depth accurately and stably in rabbits. The study provides a powerful method for exploring general anesthetic mechanisms at different anesthetic depths in vivo.

老年髋关节置换术中实施丙泊酚闭环靶控输注麻醉的效果及对患者术后谵妄风险的影响

目的研究老年髋关节置换术中实施丙泊酚闭环靶控输注麻醉的效果及对术后谵妄风险的影响。方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2023年1月入安庆市第一人民医院接受治疗的90例髋关节骨折老年患者,择期行髋关节置换术。参考麻醉方式不同分为A组、B组和C组,每组各30例。A组给予丙泊酚闭环靶控持续输注麻醉,B组给予丙泊酚开环靶控持续输注麻醉,C组给予丙泊酚人工持续输注麻醉。比较3组患者的术中相关指标(麻醉时间、手术时间以及拔管时间)、麻醉相关指标(术中丙泊酚总计用量、术中维持泵调节次数)、血流动力学变化[麻醉诱导开始(T_(0))、插管(T_(1))、手术开始(T_(2))、手术结束(T_(3))、拔管(T_(4))的平均动脉压、心率以及脑电双频指数(BIS)值]情况、术后恢复情况及术后谵妄发生情况。结果(1)术中指标:3组患者麻醉时间、手术时间以及拔管时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)麻醉相关指标:A组患者术中丙泊酚总计用量、术中维持泵调节次数均明显低于B、C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组患者单位麻醉时间内丙泊酚用量、单位手术时间内丙泊酚用量均明显高于A、C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)血流动力学:A组T_(2)、T_(3)时平均动脉压均高于B组、C组,A组T_(4)时的平均动脉压更加接近于T_(0);3组患者不同时刻心率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组T_(2)、T_(3)时BIS值均低于B组、C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)术后恢复情况:A组患者PACU停滞时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、指令反应恢复时间均明显低于B、C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(5)术后谵妄:A组患者术后谵妄发生率为16.67%,显著低于B、C组(40.00%、46.67%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论老年髋关节置换术中采用丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉可减少丙泊酚用量,术中生命体征更加平稳,可降低人工操作次数,术后麻醉苏醒更快,且术后谵妄发生率也更低,是老年患者首选的麻醉方案。

艾司氯胺酮和丙泊酚在宫腔镜手术中的药效学相互作用

目的采用响应曲面法分析艾司氯胺酮和丙泊酚在宫腔镜手术中的药效学相互作用。方法选择择期行宫腔镜手术患者45例,年龄18~64岁,BMI 18.5~28.0 kg/m^(2),ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。选择不同血浆药物浓度的艾司氯胺酮(0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8μg/ml)复合丙泊酚靶控输注,术中维持艾司氯胺酮的血浆药物浓度不变,阶梯式增加丙泊酚的血浆药物浓度。评估扩张宫颈引起的体动反应。采用响应曲面模型分析艾司氯胺酮与丙泊酚的药效学相互作用。结果艾司氯胺酮(0~0.8μg/ml)与丙泊酚(1.0~7.0μg/ml)相互作用的三维响应曲面显示,两者抑制扩张宫颈引起的体动反应方面具有相加作用。抑制扩张宫颈引起的体动反应的艾司氯胺酮半数有效浓度(EC_(50))为0.61μg/ml(95%CI 0.41~0.81μg/ml),丙泊酚EC_(50)为4.69μg/ml(95%CI 3.17~6.21μg/ml)。结论响应曲面法可以定性和定量地分析艾司氯胺酮和丙泊酚的药效学相互作用规律,在抑制扩张宫颈引起的体动反应上,艾司氯胺酮和丙泊酚具有相加作用。

右美托咪定与利多卡因靶控输注在无痛胃肠镜麻醉中的相互作用和配伍方案优化

目的:探究右美托咪定与利多卡因靶控输注在无痛胃肠镜麻醉中的相互作用和配伍方案优化。方法:选择进行无痛胃肠镜检查的患者92例为研究对象,随机分为A、B、C、D四组,每组23例。比较四组麻醉时(T_(1))、无痛胃肠镜置入时(T_(2))、无痛胃肠镜检查第5 min时(T_(3))疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、拉姆赛(Ramsay)镇静评分、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_(2))、麻醉满意度以及不良反应方式情况。采用等辐射法分析右美托咪定与利多卡因在脑电双频谱指数(BIS)为50时的相互作用。结果:A组患者T_(2)和T_(3)时Ramsay镇静评分高于其他三组(均P<0.05);T_(3)时HR、MAP低于其他三组,SpO_(2)高于其他三组(均P<0.05)。A组麻醉诱导时间长于其他三组,麻醉满意度低于其他三组(均P<0.05)。D组苏醒时间和离院时间长于其他三组,恶心呕吐和嗜睡发生率高于其他三组(均P<0.05)。等辐射法分析结果显示,右美托咪定和利多卡因在无痛胃肠镜麻醉中有协同作用。结论:右美托咪定和利多卡因在麻醉作用上有协同作用。0.50μg/kg右美托咪定+0.80 mg/kg利多卡因与0.60μg/kg右美托咪定+0.60 mg/kg利多卡因靶控输注在无痛胃肠镜麻醉中麻醉效果和血流动力学指标稳定性更好,不良反应发生率更低,麻醉满意度更高。

Clinical evaluation of target controlled infusion system for sufentanil administration

Background Sufentanil target controlled infusion （TCI） provides stable analgesia, better hemodynamic control than a bolus injection of intravenous anesthetics, anticipated recovery and improved quality of anesthesia during perioperative period. This study evaluated the accuracy and feasibility of TCI system for sufentanil at high concentrations in Chinese surgical patients. Methods Twelve low risk adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were included in this study. Sufentanil was administered with a specific TCI system incorporating the population pharmacokinetic data of sufentanil previously reported, using a target effect-site concentration of sufentanil 4 or 6 ng/ml. Sufentanil TCI duration was 30 minutes. Frequent arterial blood samples were taken during and up to 24 hours after sufentanil TCI for determination of plasma sufentanil concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. The changes of circulatory system function during the procedure, recovery profile and adverse effects were recorded. Measured plasma sufentanil concentrations were compared with the values predicted by the TCI system. The bias （median performance error, MDPE）, precision （median absolute performance error, MDAPE） and wobble （variability of performance error） of the sufentanil TCI system were determined. Results All patients had stable cardiovascular variables during induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Time to eye opening and extubation were （5.6±1.7） minutes when TCI set to 4 ng/ml and （7.2±2.3） minutes when set to 6 ng/ml. There was no episode of agitation, muscle rigidity or intraoperative awareness. The bias （MDPE）, precision （MDAPE） and wobble of the sufentanil TCI system were -3.7%, 18.9% and 19.6% respectively during TCI, and the MDPE, MDAPE and wobble were -29.1%, 31.7% and 15.0% respectively after TCI （up to 8 hours）. Conclusions The TCI system programmed for sufentanil at 4 or 6 ng/ml was considered acceptable for clinical use in low risk Chinese surgical patients. But the relatively larger MDPE and MDAPE after TCI suggest improvements of the Dharmacokinetic model are needed.

Two-stage analysis of pharmacokinetics of sufentanil administered by target-controlled infusion in Chinese patients

Background Sufentanil is a suitable choice for target-controlled infusion （TCI） because of its shorter context-sensitive half-time. The current study was to estimate the pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI in Chinese patients using the two-stage analysis. Methods Twelve adult patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status I or II undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were included. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, rocuronium and sufentanil administered by TCI lasting for 30 minutes, with target effect-site concentration of sufentanil 4 or 6 ng/ml. Frequent arterial blood samples （1.5 ml） were taken during and up to 24 hours after sufentanil TCI. Before the end of surgery, another arterial blood sample （1.0 ml） was drawn for the blood-gas analysis. Plasma sufentanil concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （limit of quantitation was 5 pg/ml）. The data were analyzed with the two-stage approach, linear regression and correlation analysis. Results The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI were adequately described by a three-compartment model. The variables were derived as follows： the volume of central compartment （V1） was 5.4 L, volume of distribution at steady-state （Vdss） was 222.6 L, metabolic clearance （CI1） was 0.84 L/min and elimination half-life （t~/2y） was 389 minutes. Patients＇ age, gender and PaCO2 correlated significantly with the pharmacokinetic parameters. The Vdss, volume of slowly equilibrating compartment （V3） and t1/2 y increased, and rapid distribution clearance （012） decreased with increasing patient age. Male patients had larger values of Vdss, volume of rapidly equilibrating compartment （V2） and V3 than female patients. The Vdss and V3 increased with higher PaCO2 values. There were no significant correlations between the pharmacokinetic variables and body weight, height, lean body mass, plasma albumin, sufentanil dose, duration of surgery, pH or base excess of blood （BE-B）. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI in Chinese patients can be optimally described by a three-compartment model. The pharmacokinetic analysis technique may affect the pharmacokinetic parameters and correlations.

Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil administered by target-controlled infusion in Chinese surgical patients

Background Target-controlled infusion （TCI） has been recently developed and successfully implemented in clinical practice. This study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of TCI administered sufentanil in Chinese surgical patients. Methods The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil was investigated in 12 adult patients, aged 23-76 years, scheduled for prolonged surgery under general anesthesia. Anesthetic induction was carried out with propofol, rocuronium and TCI administered sufentanil aiming for target effect-site concentration of sufentanil 4 or 6 ng/ml. Sufentanil TCI lasted for 30 minutes. Frequent arterial blood samples （1.5 ml） were drawn during and up to 24 hours after sufentanil TCI. Plasma sufentanil concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; limit of sensitivity of mass spectrometry was 5 pg/ml. The data were analyzed with the nonlinear mixed-effect model program. Results The pharmacokinetics of TCI administered sufentanil were optimally described by a three-compartment model with the following parameters： the central volume of distribution （V1） = 5.4 L, the volume of distribution at steady-state （Vdss） = 195.4 L, systemic clearance （CI1） = 1.10 L/min, and elimination half-life （t1/2 Y） = 271.8 minutes. Both age and gender affected the pharmacokinetic parameters. The rapid distribution clearance （012） was negatively correlated with patient age, and the volume of slowly equilibrating compartment （V3） was positively correlated with age. The Cl2 and the volume of rapidly equilibrating compartment （V2） were influenced by gender with male patients showing higher values of Cl2 and V2 than female patients. There was no relationship of body weight, lean body mass, plasma albumin, or target effect-site concentration of sufentanil with any of the pharmacokinetic parameters studied. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of TCI administered sufentanil in Chinese patients can be adequately described by a three-compartment model. Pharmacokinetics adjusted to the individual patient should improve the accuracy of TCI systems.

Relationship between depth of anesthesia and effect-site concentration of propofol during induction with the target-controlled infusion technique in elderly patients

Background There are few studies to assess whether the effect-site concentration of propofol can predict anesthetic depth during the target-controlled infusion （TCI） induction in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between effect-site concentration of propofol and depth of anesthesia during the TCI induction in elderly patients. Methods Ninety patients （60-80 years） with an American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status of 1-3, undergoing scheduled abdominal and thoracic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into one of three groups, Group S1, S2 and S3 （30 patients in each group）. The patients in Group S1 received propofol with a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml; patients in Group S2 received propofol with an initial target plasma concentrations of 2.0 IJg/ml that was raised to 4.0 pg/ml 3 minutes later; patients in Group S3 received an infused scheme of 3 steps; starting from a target plasma concentration of 2.0 pg/ml that was increased stepwised by 1 pg/ml until a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml was achieved, the interval between the two steps was 3 minutes. When an Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation （OANS） score of 1 was achieved, remifentanil （effect-site concentration （Ce） of 4.0 ng/ml） and rocuronium 0.9 mg/kg were administered. Tracheal intubation was started 2 minutes after rocuronium injection. Changes of propofol Ce, blood pressure （BP）, heart rate （HR）, and bispectral index （BIS） were recorded. Results When an OAA/S score of 1 was achieved, Ce of propofol were （1.7±0.4） pg/ml, （1.9±0.3） pg/ml, （1.9±0.4） pg/ml and the BIS values were 64±5, 65±8, and 62±8 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. Before intubation, Ce of propofol was （2.8±0.2） pg/ml, （2.8±0.3） pg/ml, （2.7±0.3） pg/ml, and the BIS values were 48±7, 51±7, and 47±5 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. By linear regression analysis, a significant correlation between Ce of propofol and BIS values was found （r=-0.580, P 〈0.01）. Systolic blood pressure （SBP） before intubation was significantly lower in Group S1 than in Groups S2 and S3. SBP and HR after intubation in the three groups were significantly increased when compared with pre-intubation values, but they did not exceed baseline values Conclusions During the TCI induction, Ce of propofol with （1.9±0.3） pg/ml may make the elderly patients unconscious. When remifentanil with a Ce of 4.0 ng/ml is added a Ce of propofol with （2.8±0.3） pg/ml is suitable for intubation. The Ce of propofol has a close correlation with the BIS values. Also, a two-step TCI technique seems to be a more suitable method of anesthesia induction in elderly patients compared with the no-stepwise TCI technique and three-step TCI technique.

Comparison of C50 for Propofol-remifentanil Target-controlled Infusion and Bispectral Index at Loss of Consciousness and Response to Painful Stimulus in Elderly and Young Patients

Background：In this prospective randomized study,we compared the predicted blood and effect-site C50 for propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion （TCI） and the bispectral index （BIS） values at loss of consciousness （LOC） and response to a standard noxious painful stimulus （LOS） in elderly and young patients,respectively.We hypothesized that the elderly patients will require lower target concentration of both propofol and remifentanil at above two clinical end-points.Methods：There were 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status Ⅰ Ⅱ unpremedicated patients enrolled in this study,they were divided into elderly group （age ≥65 years,n =40） and young group （aged 18-54 years,n =40）.Propofol was initially given to a predicted blood concentration of 1.2 μg/ml and thereafter increased by 0.3 μg/ml every 30 s until Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score was 1.The propofol level was kept constant,and remifentanil was given to provide a predict blood concentration of 2.0 ng/ml,and then increased by 0.3 ng/ml every 30 s until loss of response to a tetanic stimulus.BIS （version 3.22,BIS Quattro sensor） was also recorded.Results：In elderly group,the propofol effect-site C50 at LOC of was 1.5 （1.4-1.6） μg/ml,was significantly lower than that of young group,which was 2.2 （2.1-2.3） μg/ml,the remifentanil effect-site C50 at LOS was 3.5 （3.3-3.7） ng/ml in elderly patients,was similar with 3.7 （3.6-3.8） ng/ml in young patients.Fifty percent of patients lost consciousness at a BIS value of 57.3 （56.4-58.1）,was similar with that of young group,which was 55.2 （54.0-56.3）.Conclusion：In elderly patients,the predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of propofol at LOC were lower than that of young patients.At same sedation status,predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of remifentanil required at LOS were similar in elderly and young patients.BIS were not affected by age.Low-propofol/high-opioid may be optional TCI strategy for elderly patients.

Concentrations of propofol in cerebral spinal fluid: target-controlled infusion

Background Although the performance of target-controlled infusion (TCI) have been studied extensively, the accuracy and safety of a TCI system that targets the effect site remains to be demonstrated. This study was to investigate the relations of TCI of propofol to its concentrations in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), the effect-site concentrations and bispectral index (BIS).Methods Twelve mongrel dogs were used for investigations. The target effect-site concentration was set at 3μg/ml and the infusion was lasted for 15 minutes. CSF and blood samples were then collected and propofol concentrations were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. BIS and hemodynamic data were monitored continuously.Results The predicted plasma concentrations were generally overestimated. Median performance error (MDPE) and absolute median performance error (MDAPE) were -10.0% and 29.9% respectively. Propofol CSF concentrations were much lower than its effect-site concentrations. Changes in BIS were consistent with propofol concentrations in CSF, both of which changed direction at 5 minutes while the effect-site concentrations relatively lagged behind. Better correlation ( r2 = 0. 9195) was found between BIS and CSF concentrations, when compared with that between BIS and effect-site concentrations (r2=0. 554).Conclusion With 1% enflurane inhaled, the inconsistency of drug effect to the effect-site concentrations may result from inaccuracy of pharmacokinetic parameters. CSF may show effect-site concentrations more accurately than plasma when using target effect-site concentration infusion.

BIS指导下丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注对老年髋关节置换患者术中丙泊酚用量和术后谵妄发生率的影响

目的:探讨脑电双频指数(BIS)指导下丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)对老年髋关节置换患者术中丙泊酚用量和术后谵妄发生率的影响。方法:回顾性分析老年髋部骨折患者的病例资料,依据患者接受的麻醉方式不同分为两组,即接受BIS指导下丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼TCI麻醉的髋关节置换患者纳入观察组,接受BIS指导下丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼持续静脉泵入的同类患者纳入对照组,建立二元Logistics回归分析,构建倾向性评分匹配模型分析得出观察组获取56例病例资料,对照组获取49例病例资料,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察两组不同时间点[入室后(T_(0))、麻醉后(T_(1))、骨水泥后(T_(2))、术毕(T_(3))、出室后(T_(4))、术后3h(T_(5))及术后5h(T_(6))时刻]的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、手术一般情况、丙泊酚用量、BIS值维持情况,对比两组不同时间点(术前及术后1h、6h、1d、3d、7d时刻)谵妄评分[谵妄量表分析系统(CAM-CR)],记录两组术后谵妄发生率,比较两组不同时间点(术前及术后1d)的血糖(Glu)及血浆肾上腺素(E)、皮质醇(Cor)水平变化。结果:观察组在T_(1)时刻MAP值相比T_(0)时刻有显著性降低(P<0.05),两组均在T_(2)时刻MAP值相比T_(0)时刻有显著性降低(P<0.05),其中对照组在T_(5)、T_(6)及T_(7)时刻HR值相比T_(4)时刻出现显著性降低(P<0.05);两组手术时间、麻醉时间及术中出血量对比均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组丙泊酚用量显著少于对照组(P<0.05),观察组BIS值目标范围维持时间比显著高于对照组(P<0.05),观察组苏醒时间、气管拔管时间及定向力恢复时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05);术后1h、6h、1d、3d、7d,两组CAM-CR评分可见先升高后降低,均显著高于术前(P<0.05),观察组术后1h、6h、1d、3d的CAM-CR评分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),两组术后7d的上述评分较术前和组间同时间点对比均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组的术后谵妄发生率为5.36%,显著低于对照组的18.37%(P<0.05);术后1d,两组Glu及血浆E、Cor水平相比术前出现显著性升高(P<0.05),但观察组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:BIS指导下丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼TCI应用于老年髋关节置换患者术中能稳定血流动力学,改善围手术期指标,并减少丙泊酚用量,改善BIS值维持情况,并促进患者麻醉恢复,减少术后谵妄发生风险,同时能减轻机体应激反应。

急性高容量血液稀释(AHHD)对靶控输注(TCI)不同溶剂丙泊酚血药浓度的影响

目的 观察急性高容量血液稀释（acute hypervolemic hemodilution,AHHD）对靶控输注（target controlled infusion,TCI）不同溶剂丙泊酚血药浓度及脑电双频指数（bispectral index,BIS）的影响,以指导血液稀释期间麻醉药丙泊酚的使用。方法 40例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期手术患者随机分为4组：长链丙泊酚稀释组（LH组）与未稀释组（L组）,中长链丙泊酚稀释组（MH组）与未稀释组（M组）,每组10例。全程使用丙泊酚TCI静脉麻醉,以血浆靶浓度4 μg/mL进行诱导气管插管,插管后即刻降至3 μg/mL持续输注。在3 μg/mL丙泊酚TCI 10 min时,LH和MH组以15 mL/kg输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化纳注射液实施血液稀释,L和M组输注乳酸林格氏液。于术前（T0）、3 μg/mL丙泊酚输注10 min （T1）、70 min （T2）、90 min （T3）时,采集动脉血,测定血球压积（hematocrit,Hct）,用HPLC法测定丙泊酚浓度,同时观察BIS的变化。结果 T2、T3与T0相比较,LH组Hct值分别降低25.6%、28.2%,MH组Hct值分别降低28.9%、28.2%。T2、T3时LH、MH组丙泊酚血药浓度分别为1.80、1.78 μg/mL和1.84、1.76 μg/mL,均明显低于靶控浓度3 μg/mL （P〈0.05）。稀释组丙泊酚血药浓度明显低于未稀释组（P〈0.05）。LH、MH组在T2、T3时的BIS值分别为49.89、49.55和49.66、49.33,较L、M组的41.89、41.22和40.55、40.67明显升高（P〈0.01）。不同溶剂丙泊酚间的血药浓度无明显差异。结论 AHHD后丙泊酚的血药浓度较TCI设定值明显下降,且BIS值有所上升,因此为了维持麻醉深度可能需要增加丙泊酚剂量,且两种不同溶剂丙泊酚间没有差异。

靶控输注不同浓度舒芬太尼对丙泊酚TCI镇静催眠的影响

目的在麻醉诱导期观察靶控输注(TCI)不同浓度舒芬太尼对丙泊酚镇静催眠效应的影响。方法 60例择期手术全麻患者,年龄25～60岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。随机分为4组,每组15例。A组为单纯丙泊酚组;B、C、D组为丙泊酚+舒芬太尼组,舒芬太尼的靶效应浓度分别为0.1、0.2、0.3ng/ml。B、C、D组在TCI舒芬太尼达平衡后,TCI丙泊酚。记录舒芬太尼达平衡后1min和丙泊酚效应浓度达1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0μg/ml时的脑电双频谱指数(BIS)和OAA/S评分。结果在单纯输注舒芬太尼期间,BIS和OAA/S评分无明显变化;随丙泊酚浓度升高,患者BIS和OAA/S评分逐渐下降;相同丙泊酚浓度时,各组间的BIS值无明显差别;丙泊酚浓度为1.0、1.5、2.0μg/ml时,D组的OAA/S评分(4.1±0.3、4.3±0.7、3.1±1.1)明显低于A组(4.1±0.7、3.1±1.3、2.1±1.0,P<0.05)。结论麻醉诱导期间输注0.1ng/ml和0.2ng/ml浓度的舒芬太尼不增强丙泊酚的镇静催眠效应,0.3ng/ml的舒芬太尼可以增加丙泊酚的镇静催眠效应。

丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)用于无痛拔牙的临床研究

目的 :观察丙泊酚靶控输注 (TCI)在门诊拔牙手术中的临床应用。方法 :6 0例门诊拔牙患者 ,随机分为靶控输注 (TCI)组、人工输注 (MCI)组和对照组 ,记录两组丙泊酚的平均用量 ,意识消失的时间及恢复时间及术后恶心、呕吐发生率 ,同时记录血压、心率、镇静深度。结果 :患者意识消失所需要的时间TCI组显著低于MCI组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,意识消失时所需的丙泊酚剂量TCI组大于MCI组。整个手术过程丙泊酚的平均用量TCI组略低于MCI组 ,意识恢复时间TCI组也比MCI组缩短 (P <0 .0 5 )。TCI组与MCI组在MAP、HR、SpO2 比较无显著性差异 ,血流动力学维持平稳 ;但对照组MAP、HR在手术过程中波动明显 ,有显著性的统计学差异。结论 :伍用丙泊酚麻醉明显优于常规局麻下拔牙 ;丙泊酚靶控输注 (TCI)与人工丙泊酚输注 (MCI)相比 ,诱导迅速 ,苏醒快 ,麻醉维持更加平稳。

TCI异丙酚镇静在牙科畏惧症小儿拔牙术的应用

目的:观察56例牙科畏惧症小儿行拔牙手术时采用靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)异丙酚镇静的效果,探讨靶控输注镇静剂方式在牙科畏惧症小儿拔牙时的安全性及适用性。方法:56例牙科畏惧症拔牙小儿静脉TCI异丙酚,血浆靶控浓度设定为1.5μg/ml,测定镇静后拔牙时小儿心率(HR)及脉搏氧(SpO2),并测量镇静值,与拔牙前测量值进行比较。结果:小儿在拔牙时的HR轻度下降,SpO2在实施TCI镇静剂前后无显著变化,小儿均处于中度镇静状态,Ramsay镇静评分5.2±0.8,镇静评分前后比较有显著意义。结论:TCI镇静技术用于小儿牙科畏惧症拔牙术具有良好的镇静效果,对呼吸及循环系统无明显影响,适用于小儿拔牙术中畏惧症的控制和治疗。

罗库溴铵TCI与间断单次静注肌松效应比较

目的比较采用Szenohradszkay模型罗库溴铵药代学参数进行TCI与间断单次静注法的肌松效应。方法择期全麻腹部手术病人 30例 ,分为靶控组和对照组各 15例。靶控组 :TCI泵采用Szenohradszkay模型罗库溴铵药代学参数 ,设定罗库溴铵靶浓度为 3μg/mL ,术中保持T1<10 % ;对照组 :静脉快速 (5s内 )注入 0 .6mg/kg罗库溴铵为插管剂量 ,术中当T1恢复至 2 5 %时间断追加罗库溴铵 0 .15mg/kg。结果起效时间和期间用药量两组均有显著差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,而总用药量、T175 %、恢复指数、TOF70 %均无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组取得的插管条件和T1最大抑制程度相似。结论在中小手术中罗库溴铵TCI法取得了与单次静注法相似的肌松效应 。

老年患者异丙酚分步TCI时预测效应室浓度及麻醉深度指数的变化

目的探讨老年患者异丙酚分步靶控输注(TCI)时预测效应室浓度(CE)的变化及其相应镇静程度和麻醉深度指数(CSI)变化的关系。方法 20例老年患者,进行异丙酚分步TCI,靶浓度从0.5μg/mL开始递增,递增梯度为0.5μg/mL,每1靶浓度输注5min,直至清醒镇静评分(OAA/S)为0后继续输注5min停止,试验中每间隔20s行OAA/S评分,监测并记录患者平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2),预测效应室浓度和CSI值。计算在丧失语言反应及意识消失时的预测效应室浓度的CE05、CE50和CE95以及CSI05、CSI50与CSI95。结果随着异丙酚效应室浓度增加,CSI逐渐降低,CSI与OAA/S评分均有较好的相关性。出现语言反应消失时的CE50与CSI50分别为1.3μg/mL和69.7μg/mL;出现意识消失时的CE50与CSI50分别为1.5μg/mL和64.3μg/mL。结论 CSI与预测效应室浓度、OAA/S呈高度相关性,可以较好地监测老年人异丙酚麻醉的深度。

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚TCI用于腹腔镜结肠癌根治术效果

目的比较瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注（TCI）和芬太尼持续泵注复合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉对腹腔镜结肠癌根治术患者的麻醉效果。方法行腹腔镜结肠癌根治术患者80例，ASAI一Ⅱ级。麻醉方法随机分为A组（40例）：靶控输注瑞芬太尼（血浆靶浓度3ng／ml）复合丙泊酚（血浆靶浓度3μg/m1）；B组（40例）：持续泵入芬太尼[3μg／（kg·h）]，靶控输注丙泊酚（血浆靶浓度3μg/ml）；比较两组患者麻醉前（T0）、诱导成功后（T1）、插管后（T2）、切皮时（T1）、停药时（T4）、睁眼时（T5）的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、动脉血氧饱和度（SpO2）、脑电双频指数（BIS）、手术时间、恢复自主呼吸时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间及术后患者出现恶心、呕吐、躁动等不良反应情况。结果A组患者麻醉诱导成功后（T3）至停药时（T4）HR与麻醉前（To）相比明显减慢（P〈0．01），睁眼时（T5）HR较麻醉前明显增快（P〈0．01）；B组HR在麻醉过程中与麻醉前比较未见明显差异（P〉0．05），两组患者HR在T0～T4期间未见明显差异，T5时A组高于B组（P〈0．05）。所有患者T1～T4期间MAP、BIS比T0均明显下降（P〈0．01），SpO2未见明显改变（P〉0．05）。丽组患者在MAP、SpO2、BIS方面的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。A组患者呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间均早于B组，VAS评分A组高于B组（P〈0．01），而在手术时间及术后并发症方面未见明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注在腹腔镜结肠癌根治术中能够维持稳定的血流动力，术后苏醒快，是腹腔镜结肠癌根治术安全可靠的麻醉方式。