Risk of Target Organ Damage in Patients with Masked Hypertension versus Sustained Hypertension:A Meta-analysis

Objective:To compare the risk of target organ damage in masked hypertension(MH)and sustained hypertension(SH).Methods:A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed.A search of PubMed,Embase,and the Cochrane Library of relevant case-control studies was performed from inception to December 2019,and articles on MH and SH selected according to the inclusion criteria were analyzed.The primary end point was target organ damage in the heart.The secondary end points were target organ damage in the kidneys and blood vessels.Results:Seventeen studies that met the screening criteria were included in the meta-analysis.Compared with the SH group,in the MH group carotid intima-media thickness(IMT)and E/A ratio were signifi cantly greater and the prevalence of left ventricular remodeling and the pulse wave velocity were signifi cantly lower.Other indicators in the heart,kidneys,and blood vessels were not statistically different between the two groups.IMT:P=0.01,E/A ratio:P=0.01,prevalence of left ventricular remodeling:P=0.02,pulse wave velocity:P=0.01.Conclusion:Our study has shown that MH may have almost the same degree of target organ damage as SH,so clinicians may need to consider target organ damage.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2019

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine(TM)and active natural products during the past 12 months.This annual toxicology review summarized target organs of TM like liver,kidney and heart.Safety medication of TM has been concerned to different kinds of people,including infants,children,pregnancy and the postnatal period.Besides rodents,zebrafish embryoes have been regarded as common models to evaluate the safety of TM.New technologies in toxicology focus on rapidly screening and identification of toxins in TM.Multispectral optoacoustic tomography imaging the precise location of TM-induced liver injury with 3D information and integrating serum exosomal microRNA and liver microRNA profiles are used to explain the mechanism of TM-induced hepatotoxicity.Taken together,study on the toxicity mechanism of other target organs,drug safety in elders,new models and methods should be paid attention to in the prevention of TM toxicology in the future.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2020

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine and active natural products during the past 12 months.This annual toxicology review summarized different toxic analysis methods of traditional medicine,evaluated models,toxic target organs,toxic mechanisms,popular research issues and herbs in 2020.Caenorhabditis elegans came to use for the assessment of toxicity.Omics technology such as genomics,transcriptome,metabolomics and proteomics were applied extensively.2020 toxicology research demonstrated that liver,kidney and heart were the mainly toxic target organs of traditional medicine.Their toxic mechanisms included cell apoptosis,metabolic disorder,oxidative stress,inflammatory damage,liver and renal fibrosis and even inducing carcinogenesis.In addition,the safety assessment of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.,Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.as well as their detoxification methods were still hot issue.Therefore,study on the toxicity mechanism of target organs,processing and extract methods,quality control and dose control,new models and methods should be used in the prevention of traditional medicine toxicology in the future.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2021

In 2021,there have been many studies on the toxicological evaluation of traditional medicine,as well as natural active ingredients.Among them,the toxicity evaluation of evodiamine,Gardenia Jasminoides J.Ellis,and anthraquinone in the liver,kidneys,heart,and other organs has become a popular topic.Their toxic mechanisms include oxidative stress,inflammatory response,apoptosis,mitochondrial damage,and disorders of lipid and amino acid metabolism.In response to the drawbacks of time-consuming,expensive,and ethical restrictions of animal models,a variety of techniques,such as 3D organoid models,metabolomics,toxicokinetics,bioprinting methods,and network toxicology methods,have been gradually employed in the toxicity evaluation of traditional medicine.This review summarizes the drug toxicity and safety assessment of traditional medicine in 2021.In the future,attention should be paid to preventing traditional medicine toxicity.

Effects of Mangiferin on the Expression of TNF-α,iNos,ICAM-1 and Its mRNA in the Heart,Brain and Kidneys of SHR

[Objectives] To study the effects of Mangiferin( MGF) on TNF-α,iNOS,ICAM-1 and its mRNA expression in the heart,brain and kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats( SHR),and reveal the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory injury in hypertension target organs.[Methods]SHRs were randomly divided into 5 groups: the model group,the high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose MGF groups and the Benazepril group,with 8 rats in each group,WKY rats were used for the normal control group. Besides,on-invasive blood pressure( BP) instruments were used to measure systolic blood pressure in the rats' tail artery,western blot was used to analyze the expression of TNF-α,iNOS,ICAM-1 and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction( RT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression of TNF-α,iNOS,ICAM-1 mRNA.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the model group's BP level was significantly increased( P <0. 01)),but the MGF had no significant lowering BP effect( P > 0. 05); compared with the normal control group,the expression of TNF-α,iNOS,ICAM-1 and its' mRNA in the model group was significantly increased( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),and MGF could reduce the level of expression of these inflammatory cytokines( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01); between the Benazepril group and high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose MGF groups,most of the indicators had no significant difference( P > 0. 05). [Conclusions]MGF had no significant lowering BP effect,SHR showed inflammatory injury in the heart,brain and kidneys,MGF showed improvement on the inflammatory injury,and the anti-inflammation mechanism may be associated with lowering TNF-α,i NOS and ICAM-1 and its mRNA expression.

Toxic Effect of Different Neem Formulations against Pests and Mammals

Neem(Azadirachta indica A.Juss),prominently known as conventional medication is a local plant in India.Neem is regarded as a promising tree species which can be utilized in variety ways to benefit agricultural communities throughout the world.Neem based insect sprays were productive for the control of different insect species,yet their low lingering impact and absence of normalized definitions are issues for field application.Additionally,neem is fairly have harmful impact in nature.The use of nanotechnology as a mean for nanopesticides is in the beginning time of improvement.All things considered,the nanosphere definition demonstrated upgraded systemicity of the dynamic fixings and made its infiltration better in the plant,because of their little size.Nanoencapsulated pesticides can give controlled discharge energy,while proficiently upgrading piousness,dependability,and solvency.Nanoencapsulation can improve the vermin control proficiency over expanded spans by forestalling debasement of dynamic fixings under ecological conditions.This survey is hence composed to fundamentally evaluate the toxicological impacts i.e to examine the manifestations,systems and identifications of poisoning vertebrates particularly people.The prepared neem nano-plants contrasted with the bulk one have will be assessed on albino mice through two main approaches,i.e.determination of acute oral LD50 and study the toxic effect of sublethal dose(LD10)on some biochemical parameters.The effect of the prepared nano-formulations compared to the bulk one on various biomarkers,i.e.hematological,hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in albino mice after an oral administration of sub-lethal dose during sub-acute treatment were taken in consideration.Hence,this review should thus offer an important guide for building up potential advantages are underlined,while little is known on security or the antagonistic impacts of nanoadvances in the agro-foodsystem.

Association of blood pressure variability with target organ damage in older patients with essential hypertension

Background:Although multiple measures of blood pressure variability(BPV)have been proposed,whether they are better than mean blood pressure in predicting target organs is unclear.We aimed to determine the relationship between short term BPV and target organ injury.Methods:This study was a retrospective study,and 635 inpatients in the Department of Cardiology from 2015 to 2020 were selected.We divided participants into four groups on the basis of the quartiles of BPV.One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the differences between the groups,and linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between BPV and target organ damage.Results:The average age of 635 patients was 74.36±6.50 years old.Among them,354 of 627 patients had diminished renal function(56.5%),221of 604 patients had associated left ventricular hypertrophy(36.6%),and 227 of 231 patients had carotid plaque formation(98.3%).The baseline data indicated significant differences in fasting glucose,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein,creatinine,glomerular filtration rate,sex,calcium channel blocker use,and the rate of diminished renal function.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BPV was negatively correlated with renal injury(creatinine:r=0.306,p<0.01;estimated glomerular filtration rate:r=0.058,p<0.01),and BPV is positively correlated with cardiac injury(r=0.083,p<0.01).Elevated BPV was not found to be associated with vascularinjury.Conclusion:Renal function decreases with increasing BPV and left ventricular mass increases with increasing BPV.