Inequality of rural residents'income in China since the targeted poverty alleviation strategy:New trends,causes,and policy implications

Poverty and income inequality are problems faced by many countries including China.Since the implementation of Targeted Poverty Alleviation(TPA),absolute poverty has been eradicated,meanwhile,Chinese rural residents'income and inequality have experienced unprecedented new dynamics,but still,very few studies have focused on them.Hence,we attempt to examine the new trends in Chinese farmers'income inequality and to understand its causes during this period.We observe that China's urban-rural income ratio has been shrinking and the urban-rural inequality has been decreasing from 2014 to 2021.The reduction in the Theil index indicates a decrease in the regional inequality of farmers'income as well,and the decline in inter-regional inequality among eight economic zones contributes about 80%to increased equality.These new trends are caused by the fact that,with the TPA,the incomes of rural residents especially that in destitute areas,grew faster than that of urban residents and farmers in prosperous areas.The higher share of non-agricultural industry and agricultural mechanization level have significant positive impact on regional equality of farmers'income,while urban-rural dual structure has significant negative inhibitory effects.The lowest farmers'income and the highest inequality in the Northwest,and the slowest growth in the Northeast deserve more attention in rural Revitalization.From these findings,we propose four policy implications that would be applied to improve Chinese farmers'income equality,govern relative poverty,and achieve common prosperity in the post-poverty era.

Strategy Selection for Moving Target Defense in Incomplete Information Game

As a core component of the network,web applications have become one of the preferred targets for attackers because the static configuration of web applications simplifies the exploitation of vulnerabilities by attackers.Although the moving target defense(MTD)has been proposed to increase the attack difficulty for the attackers,there is no solo approach can cope with different attacks;in addition,it is impossible to implement all these approaches simultaneously due to the resource limitation.Thus,the selection of an optimal defense strategy based on MTD has become the focus of research.In general,the confrontation of two players in the security domain is viewed as a stochastic game,and the reward matrices are known to both players.However,in a real security confrontation,this scenario represents an incomplete information game.Each player can only observe the actions performed by the opponent,and the observed actions are not completely accurate.To accurately describe the attacker’s reward function to reach the Nash equilibrium,this work simulated and updated the strategy selection distribution of the attacker by observing and investigating the strategy selection history of the attacker.Next,the possible rewards of the attacker in each confrontation via the observation matrix were corrected.On this basis,the Nash-Q learning algorithm with reward quantification was proposed to select the optimal strategy.Moreover,the performances of the Minimax-Q learning algorithm and Naive-Q learning algorithm were compared and analyzed in the MTD environment.Finally,the experimental results showed that the strategy selection algorithm can enable defenders to select a more reasonable defensive strategy and achieve the maximum possible reward.

Proteolysis targeting chimera technology:a novel strategy for treating diseases of the central nervous system

Neurological diseases such as stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and Huntington’s disease are among the intractable diseases for which appropriate drugs and treatments are lacking.Proteolysis targeting chimera(PROTAC)technology is a novel strategy to solve this problem.PROTAC technology uses the ubiquitin-protease system to eliminate mutated,denatured,and harmful proteins in cells.It can be reused,and utilizes the protein destruction mechanism of the cells,thus making up for the deficiencies of traditional protein degradation methods.It can effectively target and degrade proteins,including proteins that are difficult to identify and bind.Therefore,it has extremely important implications for drug development and the treatment of neurological diseases.At present,the targeted degradation of mutant BTK,mHTT,Tau,EGFR,and other proteins using PROTAC technology is gaining attention.It is expected that corresponding treatment of nervous system diseases can be achieved.This review first focuses on the recent developments in PROTAC technology in terms of protein degradation,drug production,and treatment of central nervous system diseases,and then discusses its limitations.This review will provide a brief overview of the recent application of PROTAC technology in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

The dynamic metabolic profile of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction in rat urine using UPLC-QTOF-MS^(E) coupled with a post-targeted screening strategy

Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction(QYSLD)is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been clinically used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC)for more than 20 years.However,to date,metabolicrelated studies on QYSLD have not been performed.In this study,a post-targeted screening strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight full information tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF-MS^(E))was developed to identify QYSLD-related xenobiotics in rat urine.The chemical compound database of QYSLD constituents was established from previous research,and metabolites related to these compounds were predicted in combination with their possible metabolic pathways.The metabolites were identified by extracted ion chromatograms using predicted m/z values as well as retention time,excimer ions,and fragmentation behavior.Overall,85 QYSLD-related xenobiotics(20 prototype compounds and 65 metabolites)were characterized from rat urine.The main metabolic reactions and elimination features of QYSLD included oxidation,reduction,decarboxylation,hydrolysis,demethylation,glucuronidation,sulfation,methylation,deglycosylation,acetylation,and associated combination reactions.Of the identified molecules,14 prototype compounds and 58 metabolites were slowly eliminated,thus accumulating in vivo over an extended period,while five prototypes and two metabolites were present in vivo for a short duration.Furthermore,one prototype and five metabolites underwent the process of“appearing-disappearing-reappearing”in vivo.Overall,the metabolic profile and characteristics of QYSLD in rat urine were determined,which is useful in elucidating the active components of the decoction in vivo,thus providing the basis for studying its mechanism of action.

Is it time to rethink the Alzheimer's disease drug development strategy by targeting its silent phase?

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most frequent cause of dementia in the western world. In clinical terms, AD is characterized by progres- sive cognitive decline that usually begins with memory impairment. As the disease progresses, AD inevitably affects all intellectual functions including executive functions, leading to complete dependence for basic activities of daily life and premature death.

Sequential and Dual Inhibition of Pleiotropic Targets in Cancer—A Novel Strategy to Sensitize Tumor Cells to Targeted Therapies and Overcome Resistance

In this paper we discuss the rationale of applying a “sequential” targeted therapy with a specific application in clinical practice, given our understanding of cancer heterogenous and dynamic biology. We explore the advantages of “single inhibition” to combinational therapies and dual inhibition on key pathways, as well as a multi-step approach to use “oncological addiction” and “oncogenic shock” as a suicide plan for cancer. We specifically explain how the downstream targets can be used to “create” feedback loops in an advantage for creating actionable targets in upstream signaling molecules. We apply this hypothesis in the clinical setting, with superior outcomes shown in a series of case studies. We conclude that “sequential and dual inhibition” can be considered a meaningful approach to checkmate the tumor, with minimum chance of tumor resistance. We recommend further clinical studies to generate further hypotheses based on each actionable target.

Analysis on energy demand and CO2 emissions in China following the Energy Production and Consumption Revolution Strategy and China Dream target

A quantitative model was applied to analyze the energy demand and CO2 emissions in China following the Energy Production and Consumption Revolution Strategy(2016e2030)and long-term economic and social development target China Dream.Results showed that 1)toward the 2050 China Dream target,total final energy consumption is expected to peak at 3.9 Gtce in 2030 and remain stable until 2050,whereas total primary energy consumption is expected to reach an upper platform by 2040 and around 5.8 Gtce by 2050;2)the proportion of non-fossil fuels is expected to reach approximately 50%and that of natural gas to reach more than 16%by 2050;3)CO2 emissions from energy use are expected to peak at 9.6 Gt by no later than 2030 and then gradually decline to 6.7 Gt by 2050.

Preliminary Findings on the Use of Targeted Therapy in Combination with Sodium Phenylbutyrate in Colorectal Cancer after Failure of Second-Line Therapy—A Potential Strategy for Improved Survival

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death related mortality with 1.2 million new cases diagnosed annually worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in the treatment of resectable CRC, advanced disease that recurs following initial two lines of chemotherapy, remains incurable. Targeted therapies using a single agent or in combination with other drugs have been tested in a number of clinical trials, with only moderate improvement. Here we present preliminary findings of improved overall survival (OS) using a combination of sodium phenylbutyrate with various targeted and chemotherapeutic agents in stage IV CRC patients who had failed at least two lines of chemotherapy. Results suggest a strategy of simultaneous interruption of signal transduction involving EGFR (VEGF)?KRAS-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways and interference with cell cycle, cancer cell metabolism, maintenance of cancerous stem cells, and promotion of apoptosis. In a group of 15 patients, median OS was higher compared to other third-line therapies (14.7 months compared to between 4.8 and 9.5 months in other studies). Given the understanding that our findings are preliminary, we propose the validation of our initial results using a well-designed phase I/II trial in recurrent advanced colorectal cancer.

Potential therapy strategy: targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis

Recently, the definition of sepsis was concluded to be a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Severe patients always present with uncorrectable hypotension or hyperlactacidemia, which is defined as septic shock. The new definition emphasizes dysregulation of the host response and multiple organ dysfunction, which is partially attributed to metabolic disorders induced by energy crisis and oxidative stress. Mitochondria are a cellular organelle that are well known as the center of energy production, and mitochondrial damage or dysfunction is commonly induced in septic settings and is a predominant factor leading to a worse prognosis. In the present review, we determine the major mitochondrial disorders from morphology to functions in sepsis. In the following, several clinical or pre-clinical assays for monitoring mitochondrial function are demonstrated according to accumulated evidence, which is the first step of specific therapy targeting to modulate mitochondrial function. Accordingly, various reagents used for regulating mitochondrial enzyme activities and promoting biogenesis have been documented, among which mitochondriatargeted cation, TPP-conjugated antioxidants are the most valuable for future trials and clinical treatment to improve mitochondrial function as they may take advantage of the prognosis associated with septic complications.

A Target Grabbing Strategy for Telerobot Based on Improved Stiffness Display Device

Most target grabbing problems have been dealt with by computer vision system, however, computer vision method is not always enough when it comes to the precision contact grabbing problems during the teleoperation process, and need to be combined with the stiffness display to provide more effective information to the operator on the remote side. Therefore, in this paper a more portable stiffness display device with a small volume and extended function is developed based on our previous work. A new static load calibration of the improved stiffness display device is performed to detect its accuracy, and the relationship between the stiffness and the position is given. An effective target grabbing strategy is presented to help operator on the remote side to judge and control and the target is classified by multi-class SVM(supporter vector machine). The teleoperation system is established to test and verify the feasibility. A special experiment is designed and the results demonstrate that the improved stiffness display device could greatly help operator on the remote side control the telerobot to grab target and the target grabbing strategy is effective.

Blending Sensor Scheduling Strategy with Particle Filter to Track a Smart Target

We discuss blending sensor scheduling strategies with particle filtering (PF) methods to deal with the prob-lem of tracking a ‘smart’ target, that is, a target being able to be aware it is being tracked and act in a manner that makes the future track more difficult. We concern here how to accurately track the target with a care on concealing the observer to a possible extent. We propose a PF method, which is tailored to mix a sensor scheduling technique, called covariance control, within its framework. A Rao-blackwellised unscented Kal-man filter (UKF) is used to produce proposal distributions for the PF method, making it more robust and computationally efficient. We show that the proposed method can balance the tracking filter performance with the observer’s concealment.

Preliminary Findings on the Use of Targeted Therapy in Combination with Sodium Phenylbutyrate in Recurrent Advanced Pancreatic Cancer—A Potential Strategy for Improved Survival

Metastatic pancreatic cancer carries an estimated five-year survival rate of only 2%. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy remains a first-line standard-of-care treatment for elderly patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Combination chemotherapy FOLFIRINOX offers better results, but it is not recommended for the older patient population due to substantial toxicity. Standard-of-care second-line treatment is not yet established and is used in approximately 30% of patients since performance status is too low to consider further therapy. Targeted therapies with a single agent and in combinations have been tested in numerous clinical trials, but except for the combination of gemcitabine and erlotinib, have not yet proven efficacy. Here, we present preliminary findings of improved overall survival (OS) using a combination of sodium phenylbutyrate with various chemotherapeutic and targeted agents in stage IV A and B pancreatic cancer patients who failed at least one line of chemotherapy. The results suggest a strategy of simultaneous interruption of signal transmission involving multiple pathways in the second-line treatment that are believed to interfere with cell cycle, cancer cell metabolism, autophagy and maintenance of cancer stem cells and promote apoptosis. In this group of patients, median OS was higher compared to other second-line therapies (10.5 months compared to between 2.9 and 6.5 months in other studies, and in the best supportive care group, 2.3 months). Given the understanding that our findings are preliminary, we propose the validation of our initial results using a well-designed Phase I/II trial in recurrent advanced pancreatic cancer.

Targeting lentiviral vectors to primordial germ cells(PGCs):An efficient strategy for generating transgenic chickens

Recent advances in avian transgenic studies highlight the possibility of utilizing lentiviral vectors as tools to generate transgenic chickens. However, low rates of gonadal chimerism and germ line transmission efficiency still limit the broad usage of this method in creating transgenic chickens. In this study, we implemented a simple strategy using modified lentiviral vectors targeted to chicken primordial germ cells(PGCs) to generate transgenic chickens. The lentiviral vectors were pseudotyped with a modified Sindbis virus envelope protein(termed M168) and conjugated with an antibody specific to PGC membrane proteins. We demonstrated that these optimized M168-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors conjugated with SSEA4 antibodies successfully targeted transduction of PGCs in vitro and in vivo. Compared with the control, 50.0%–66.7% of chicken embryos expressed green fluorescent protein(GFP) in gonads transduced by the M168-pseudotyped lentivirus. This improved the targeted transduction efficiency by 30.0%–46.7%. Efficient chimerism of exogenous genes was also observed. This targeting technology could improve the efficiency of germ line transmission and provide greater opportunities for transgenic poultry studies.

An Optimal Control Strategy for Multi-UAVs Target Tracking and Cooperative Competition

An optimal control strategy of winner-take-all(WTA)model is proposed for target tracking and cooperative competition of multi-UAVs(unmanned aerial vehicles).In this model,firstly,based on the artificial potential field method,the artificial potential field function is improved and the fuzzy control decision is designed to realize the trajectory tracking of dynamic targets.Secondly,according to the finite-time convergence high-order differentiator,a double closed-loop UAV speed tracking the controller is designed to realize the speed control and tracking of the target tracking trajectory.Numerical simulation results show that the designed speed tracking controller has the advantages of fast tracking,high precision,strong stability and avoiding chattering.Finally,a cooperative competition scheme of multiple UAVs based on WTA is designed to find the minimum control energy from multiple UAVs and realize the optimal control strategy.Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that the model has the fast convergence,high control accuracy,strong stability and good robustness.

Natural Products and Derivatives Targeting at Cancer Energy Metabolism:A Potential Treatment Strategy

In the 1920s,Dr Otto Warburg first suggested the significant difference in energy metabolism between malignant cancer cells and adjacent normal cells.Tumor cells mainly adopt the glycolysis as energy source to maintain tumor cell growth and biosynthesis under aerobic conditions.Investigation on energy metabolism pathway in cancer cells has aroused the interest of cancer researchers all around the world.In recent years,plentiful studics suggest that targeting the peculiar cancer energy metabolic pathways,including glycolysis,mitochondrial respiration,amino acid metabolism,and fatty acid oxidation may be an effective strategy to starve cancer cells by blocking essential nutrients.Natural products (NPs)are considered as the “treasure trove of small molecules drugs” and have played an extremely remarkable role in the discovery and development of anticancer drugs.And numerous NPs have been reported to act on cancer energy metabolism targets.Herein,a comprehensive overview about cancer energy metabolism targets and their natural-occurring inhibitors is prepared.

Maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on CDKF in observation bootstrapping strategy

The selection and optimization of model filters affect the precision of motion pattern identification and state estimation in maneuvering target tracking directly.Aiming at improving performance of model filters,a novel maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on central difference Kalman filter in observation bootstrapping strategy is proposed.The framework of interactive multiple model(IMM) is used to realize identification of motion pattern,and a central difference Kalman filter(CDKF) is selected as the model filter of IMM.Considering the advantage of multi-sensor fusion method in improving the stability and reliability of observation information,the hardware cost of the observation system for multiple sensors is adopted,meanwhile,according to the data assimilation technique in Ensemble Kalman filter(En KF),a bootstrapping observation set is constructed by integrating the latest observation and the prior information of observation noise.On that basis,these bootstrapping observations are reasonably used to optimize the filtering performance of CDKF by means of weight fusion way.The object of new algorithm is to improve the tracking precision of observed target by the multi-sensor fusion method without increasing the number of physical sensors.The theoretical analysis and experimental results show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

On the Farmers' Role Differentiation and the Effective Implementation of Rural Vitalization Strategy——A Perspective from the Targets,Process and Evaluation of Policy Implementation

During the historical period of securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and striving for the great success of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, the 19 th National Congress of the CPC put forward the signi cant deployment of rural vitalization strategy, drawing a great blueprint for the prospect of China's "three issues" of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers and acting as an important focus of these "three issues" in the future. This paper discussed the relationships between farmers' role di erentiation and ve objectives of the rural vitalization strategy on the basis of farmers' role di erentiation and conversion in the process of agriculture and countryside modernization and the interpretation of farmers' role di erentiation and the rural vitalization strategy. Based on the logical relationships between farmers' role di erentiation and the rural vitalization strategy, we discuss the e ective implementation of the rural vitalization strategy in terms of its targets, processes and e ectiveness evaluations. We also propose that the implementation of the rural vitalization strategy can only be implemented when farmers are given the rst priority as strategy subjects, farmers' wills are respected in the implementation process, and farmers' satisfaction is highlighted in the strategy implementation e ectiveness evaluations.

Reflections on China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategy from the Perspective of Drawing on Advantages and Avoiding Disadvantages in the New Era

The new era has put forward new requirements for targeted poverty alleviation.Coordinating disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and ecological civilization construction to assist targeted poverty alleviation has become an important direction for alleviating poverty from the perspective of drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages.The Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China has planned and deployed to fully implement the task of poverty alleviation.The current poverty alleviation is extending from fixed-point poverty alleviation to collaborative poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation.Combining the needs of disaster response,climate adaptation,resource utilization,ecological construction,and information utilization in poverty-stricken areas,the role of disaster risk monitoring,forecasting and early warning services is displayed.The disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and poverty alleviation in the new era should be integrated into the national poverty alleviation pattern,actively serve poverty alleviation projects of industry development,relocation and ecological protection,deeply explore the value of disaster risk information and improve the effective supply of disaster prevention,mitigation and relief services,letting disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and ecological civilization construction help the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation.

Preliminary Findings on the Use of Targeted Therapy in Combination with Sodium Phenylbutyrate in Advanced Malignant Mesothelioma: A Strategy for Improved Survival

Advanced malignant mesothelioma (MM) is among the most aggressive and difficult-to-treat diseases. Industrialization and exposure to asbestos is the main causative factor for the dramatic increase in the incidence of MM, which carries a poor prognosis and a median survival of less than 12 months. Combination chemotherapy offers only palliative results;however, targeted therapy carries more promise for future successful treatment. This paper presents preliminary findings of improved overall survival (OS) using a combination of sodium phenylbutyrate (PB) with various chemotherapeutic and targeted agents in advanced MM. The data suggest using a strategy of simultaneous interruption of signal transduction involving RAS-MEK-ERK, PI3K-AKT, mTOR, Merlin, and angiogenesis pathways and interference in cell cycle and epigenetic processes. Complete response was determined in 15.4% and stable disease in 46.2% in the group of 13 evaluable patients. Median OS for MM was higher compared to other treatments (17 months compared to between 6 and 12.1 months). The longest surviving patient continues to be in complete response and in excellent condition for over 12.5 years from the treatment start. These findings are only preliminary and validation of the results using a well-designed phase I/II trial in advanced MM is proposed.

Oil and Gas Industry Development Strategy under the Dual Carbon Target

With the global climate response being implemented at the national level,more than 120 countries and regions have proposed“carbon neutrality”targets,the global energy transition process has been accelerated as traditional oil and gas business-based global oil companies face multiple environmental regulations and increasing carbon emission reduction pressure from governments.