Dynamic Offloading and Scheduling Strategy for Telematics Tasks Based on Latency Minimization

In current research on task offloading and resource scheduling in vehicular networks,vehicles are commonly assumed to maintain constant speed or relatively stationary states,and the impact of speed variations on task offloading is often overlooked.It is frequently assumed that vehicles can be accurately modeled during actual motion processes.However,in vehicular dynamic environments,both the tasks generated by the vehicles and the vehicles’surroundings are constantly changing,making it difficult to achieve real-time modeling for actual dynamic vehicular network scenarios.Taking into account the actual dynamic vehicular scenarios,this paper considers the real-time non-uniform movement of vehicles and proposes a vehicular task dynamic offloading and scheduling algorithm for single-task multi-vehicle vehicular network scenarios,attempting to solve the dynamic decision-making problem in task offloading process.The optimization objective is to minimize the average task completion time,which is formulated as a multi-constrained non-linear programming problem.Due to the mobility of vehicles,a constraint model is applied in the decision-making process to dynamically determine whether the communication range is sufficient for task offloading and transmission.Finally,the proposed vehicular task dynamic offloading and scheduling algorithm based on muti-agent deep deterministic policy gradient(MADDPG)is applied to solve the optimal solution of the optimization problem.Simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is able to achieve lower latency task computation offloading.Meanwhile,the average task completion time of the proposed algorithm in this paper can be improved by 7.6%compared to the performance of the MADDPG scheme and 51.1%compared to the performance of deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG).

Enhanced Hybrid Equilibrium Strategy in Fog-Cloud Computing Networks with Optimal Task Scheduling

More devices in the Intelligent Internet of Things(AIoT)result in an increased number of tasks that require low latency and real-time responsiveness,leading to an increased demand for computational resources.Cloud computing’s low-latency performance issues in AIoT scenarios have led researchers to explore fog computing as a complementary extension.However,the effective allocation of resources for task execution within fog environments,characterized by limitations and heterogeneity in computational resources,remains a formidable challenge.To tackle this challenge,in this study,we integrate fog computing and cloud computing.We begin by establishing a fog-cloud environment framework,followed by the formulation of a mathematical model for task scheduling.Lastly,we introduce an enhanced hybrid Equilibrium Optimizer(EHEO)tailored for AIoT task scheduling.The overarching objective is to decrease both the makespan and energy consumption of the fog-cloud system while accounting for task deadlines.The proposed EHEO method undergoes a thorough evaluation against multiple benchmark algorithms,encompassing metrics likemakespan,total energy consumption,success rate,and average waiting time.Comprehensive experimental results unequivocally demonstrate the superior performance of EHEO across all assessed metrics.Notably,in the most favorable conditions,EHEO significantly diminishes both the makespan and energy consumption by approximately 50%and 35.5%,respectively,compared to the secondbest performing approach,which affirms its efficacy in advancing the efficiency of AIoT task scheduling within fog-cloud networks.

Dynamic access task scheduling of LEO constellation based on space-based distributed computing

A dynamic multi-beam resource allocation algorithm for large low Earth orbit(LEO)constellation based on on-board distributed computing is proposed in this paper.The allocation is a combinatorial optimization process under a series of complex constraints,which is important for enhancing the matching between resources and requirements.A complex algorithm is not available because that the LEO on-board resources is limi-ted.The proposed genetic algorithm(GA)based on two-dimen-sional individual model and uncorrelated single paternal inheri-tance method is designed to support distributed computation to enhance the feasibility of on-board application.A distributed system composed of eight embedded devices is built to verify the algorithm.A typical scenario is built in the system to evalu-ate the resource allocation process,algorithm mathematical model,trigger strategy,and distributed computation architec-ture.According to the simulation and measurement results,the proposed algorithm can provide an allocation result for more than 1500 tasks in 14 s and the success rate is more than 91%in a typical scene.The response time is decreased by 40%com-pared with the conditional GA.

A Survey on Task Scheduling of CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Cluster

This paper reviews task scheduling frameworks,methods,and evaluation metrics of central processing unit-graphics processing unit(CPU-GPU)heterogeneous clusters.Task scheduling of CPU-GPU heterogeneous clusters can be carried out on the system level,nodelevel,and device level.Most task-scheduling technologies are heuristic based on the experts’experience,while some technologies are based on statistic methods using machine learning,deep learning,or reinforcement learning.Many metrics have been adopted to evaluate and compare different task scheduling technologies that try to optimize different goals of task scheduling.Although statistic task scheduling has reached fewer research achievements than heuristic task scheduling,the statistic task scheduling still has significant research potential.

MCWOA Scheduler:Modified Chimp-Whale Optimization Algorithm for Task Scheduling in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing provides a diverse and adaptable resource pool over the internet,allowing users to tap into various resources as needed.It has been seen as a robust solution to relevant challenges.A significant delay can hamper the performance of IoT-enabled cloud platforms.However,efficient task scheduling can lower the cloud infrastructure’s energy consumption,thus maximizing the service provider’s revenue by decreasing user job processing times.The proposed Modified Chimp-Whale Optimization Algorithm called Modified Chimp-Whale Optimization Algorithm(MCWOA),combines elements of the Chimp Optimization Algorithm(COA)and the Whale Optimization Algorithm(WOA).To enhance MCWOA’s identification precision,the Sobol sequence is used in the population initialization phase,ensuring an even distribution of the population across the solution space.Moreover,the traditional MCWOA’s local search capabilities are augmented by incorporating the whale optimization algorithm’s bubble-net hunting and random search mechanisms into MCWOA’s position-updating process.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach using a two-story rigid frame and a simply supported beam model.Simulated outcomes reveal that the new method outperforms the original MCWOA,especially in multi-damage detection scenarios.MCWOA excels in avoiding false positives and enhancing computational speed,making it an optimal choice for structural damage detection.The efficiency of the proposed MCWOA is assessed against metrics such as energy usage,computational expense,task duration,and delay.The simulated data indicates that the new MCWOA outpaces other methods across all metrics.The study also references the Whale Optimization Algorithm(WOA),Chimp Algorithm(CA),Ant Lion Optimizer(ALO),Genetic Algorithm(GA)and Grey Wolf Optimizer(GWO).

A deep multimodal fusion and multitasking trajectory prediction model for typhoon trajectory prediction to reduce flight scheduling cancellation

Natural events have had a significant impact on overall flight activity,and the aviation industry plays a vital role in helping society cope with the impact of these events.As one of the most impactful weather typhoon seasons appears and continues,airlines operating in threatened areas and passengers having travel plans during this time period will pay close attention to the development of tropical storms.This paper proposes a deep multimodal fusion and multitasking trajectory prediction model that can improve the reliability of typhoon trajectory prediction and reduce the quantity of flight scheduling cancellation.The deep multimodal fusion module is formed by deep fusion of the feature output by multiple submodal fusion modules,and the multitask generation module uses longitude and latitude as two related tasks for simultaneous prediction.With more dependable data accuracy,problems can be analysed rapidly and more efficiently,enabling better decision-making with a proactive versus reactive posture.When multiple modalities coexist,features can be extracted from them simultaneously to supplement each other’s information.An actual case study,the typhoon Lichma that swept China in 2019,has demonstrated that the algorithm can effectively reduce the number of unnecessary flight cancellations compared to existing flight scheduling and assist the new generation of flight scheduling systems under extreme weather.

Improvised Seagull Optimization Algorithm for Scheduling Tasks in Heterogeneous Cloud Environment

Well organized datacentres with interconnected servers constitute the cloud computing infrastructure.User requests are submitted through an interface to these servers that provide service to them in an on-demand basis.The scientific applications that get executed at cloud by making use of the heterogeneous resources being allocated to them in a dynamic manner are grouped under NP hard problem category.Task scheduling in cloud poses numerous challenges impacting the cloud performance.If not handled properly,user satisfaction becomes questionable.More recently researchers had come up with meta-heuristic type of solutions for enriching the task scheduling activity in the cloud environment.The prime aim of task scheduling is to utilize the resources available in an optimal manner and reduce the time span of task execution.An improvised seagull optimization algorithm which combines the features of the Cuckoo search(CS)and seagull optimization algorithm(SOA)had been proposed in this work to enhance the performance of the scheduling activity inside the cloud computing environment.The proposed algorithm aims to minimize the cost and time parameters that are spent during task scheduling in the heterogeneous cloud environment.Performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm had been performed using the Cloudsim 3.0 toolkit by comparing it with Multi objective-Ant Colony Optimization(MO-ACO),ACO and Min-Min algorithms.The proposed SOA-CS technique had produced an improvement of 1.06%,4.2%,and 2.4%for makespan and had reduced the overall cost to the extent of 1.74%,3.93%and 2.77%when compared with PSO,ACO,IDEA algorithms respectively when 300 vms are considered.The comparative simulation results obtained had shown that the proposed improvised seagull optimization algorithm fares better than other contemporaries.

Combining neural network-based method with heuristic policy for optimal task scheduling in hierarchical edge cloud

Deploying service nodes hierarchically at the edge of the network can effectively improve the service quality of offloaded task requests and increase the utilization of resources.In this paper,we study the task scheduling problem in the hierarchically deployed edge cloud.We first formulate the minimization of the service time of scheduled tasks in edge cloud as a combinatorial optimization problem,blue and then prove the NP-hardness of the problem.Different from the existing work that mostly designs heuristic approximation-based algorithms or policies to make scheduling decision,we propose a newly designed scheduling policy,named Joint Neural Network and Heuristic Scheduling(JNNHSP),which combines a neural network-based method with a heuristic based solution.JNNHSP takes the Sequence-to-Sequence(Seq2Seq)model trained by Reinforcement Learning(RL)as the primary policy and adopts the heuristic algorithm as the auxiliary policy to obtain the scheduling solution,thereby achieving a good balance between the quality and the efficiency of the scheduling solution.In-depth experiments show that compared with a variety of related policies and optimization solvers,JNNHSP can achieve better performance in terms of scheduling error ratio,the degree to which the policy is affected by re-sources limitations,average service latency,and execution efficiency in a typical hierarchical edge cloud.

Optimization Task Scheduling Using Cooperation Search Algorithm for Heterogeneous Cloud Computing Systems

Cloud computing has taken over the high-performance distributed computing area,and it currently provides on-demand services and resource polling over the web.As a result of constantly changing user service demand,the task scheduling problem has emerged as a critical analytical topic in cloud computing.The primary goal of scheduling tasks is to distribute tasks to available processors to construct the shortest possible schedule without breaching precedence restrictions.Assignments and schedules of tasks substantially influence system operation in a heterogeneous multiprocessor system.The diverse processes inside the heuristic-based task scheduling method will result in varying makespan in the heterogeneous computing system.As a result,an intelligent scheduling algorithm should efficiently determine the priority of every subtask based on the resources necessary to lower the makespan.This research introduced a novel efficient scheduling task method in cloud computing systems based on the cooperation search algorithm to tackle an essential task and schedule a heterogeneous cloud computing problem.The basic idea of thismethod is to use the advantages of meta-heuristic algorithms to get the optimal solution.We assess our algorithm’s performance by running it through three scenarios with varying numbers of tasks.The findings demonstrate that the suggested technique beats existingmethods NewGenetic Algorithm(NGA),Genetic Algorithm(GA),Whale Optimization Algorithm(WOA),Gravitational Search Algorithm(GSA),and Hybrid Heuristic and Genetic(HHG)by 7.9%,2.1%,8.8%,7.7%,3.4%respectively according to makespan.

Edge Computing Task Scheduling with Joint Blockchain and Task Caching in Industrial Internet

Deploying task caching at edge servers has become an effectiveway to handle compute-intensive and latency-sensitive tasks on the industrialinternet. However, how to select the task scheduling location to reduce taskdelay and cost while ensuring the data security and reliable communicationof edge computing remains a challenge. To solve this problem, this paperestablishes a task scheduling model with joint blockchain and task cachingin the industrial internet and designs a novel blockchain-assisted cachingmechanism to enhance system security. In this paper, the task schedulingproblem, which couples the task scheduling decision, task caching decision,and blockchain reward, is formulated as the minimum weighted cost problemunder delay constraints. This is a mixed integer nonlinear problem, which isproved to be nonconvex and NP-hard. To solve the optimal solution, thispaper proposes a task scheduling strategy algorithm based on an improvedgenetic algorithm (IGA-TSPA) by improving the genetic algorithm initializationand mutation operations to reduce the size of the initial solutionspace and enhance the optimal solution convergence speed. In addition,an Improved Least Frequently Used algorithm is proposed to improve thecontent hit rate. Simulation results show that IGA-TSPA has a faster optimalsolution-solving ability and shorter running time compared with the existingedge computing scheduling algorithms. The established task scheduling modelnot only saves 62.19% of system overhead consumption in comparison withlocal computing but also has great significance in protecting data security,reducing task processing delay, and reducing system cost.

Survey on Task Scheduling Optimization Strategy under Multi-Cloud Environment

Cloud computing technology is favored by users because of its strong computing power and convenient services.At the same time,scheduling performance has an extremely efficient impact on promoting carbon neutrality.Currently,scheduling research in the multi-cloud environment aims to address the challenges brought by business demands to cloud data centers during peak hours.Therefore,the scheduling problem has promising application prospects under themulti-cloud environment.This paper points out that the currently studied scheduling problems in the multi-cloud environment mainly include independent task scheduling and workflow task scheduling based on the dependencies between tasks.This paper reviews the concepts,types,objectives,advantages,challenges,and research status of task scheduling in the multi-cloud environment.Task scheduling strategies proposed in the existing related references are analyzed,discussed,and summarized,including research motivation,optimization algorithm,and related objectives.Finally,the research status of the two kinds of task scheduling is compared,and several future important research directions of multi-cloud task scheduling are proposed.

A PSO Improved with Imbalanced Mutation and Task Rescheduling for Task Offloading in End-Edge-Cloud Computing

To serve various tasks requested by various end devices with different requirements,end-edge-cloud(E2C)has attracted more and more attention from specialists in both academia and industry,by combining both benefits of edge and cloud computing.But nowadays,E2C still suffers from low service quality and resource efficiency,due to the geographical distribution of edge resources and the high dynamic of network topology and user mobility.To address these issues,this paper focuses on task offloading,which makes decisions that which resources are allocated to tasks for their processing.This paper first formulates the problem into binary non-linear programming and then proposes a particle swarm optimization(PSO)-based algorithm to solve the problem.The proposed algorithm exploits an imbalance mutation operator and a task rescheduling approach to improve the performance of PSO.The proposed algorithm concerns the resource heterogeneity by correlating the probability that a computing node is decided to process a task with its capacity,by the imbalance mutation.The task rescheduling approach improves the acceptance ratio for a task offloading solution,by reassigning rejected tasks to computing nodes with available resources.Extensive simulated experiments are conducted.And the results show that the proposed offloading algorithm has an 8.93%–37.0%higher acceptance ratio than ten of the classical and up-to-date algorithms,and verify the effectiveness of the imbalanced mutation and the task rescheduling.

Tasks Scheduling in Cloud Environment Using PSO-BATS with MLRHE

Cloud computing plays a significant role in Information Technology(IT)industry to deliver scalable resources as a service.One of the most important factor to increase the performance of the cloud server is maximizing the resource utilization in task scheduling.The main advantage of this scheduling is to max-imize the performance and minimize the time loss.Various researchers examined numerous scheduling methods to achieve Quality of Service(QoS)and to reduce execution time.However,it had disadvantages in terms of low throughput and high response time.Hence,this study aimed to schedule the task efficiently and to eliminate the faults in scheduling the tasks to the Virtual Machines(VMs).For this purpose,the research proposed novel Particle Swarm Optimization-Bandwidth Aware divisible Task(PSO-BATS)scheduling with Multi-Layered Regression Host Employment(MLRHE)to sort out the issues of task scheduling and ease the scheduling operation by load balancing.The proposed efficient sche-duling provides benefits to both cloud users and servers.The performance evalua-tion is undertaken with respect to cost,Performance Improvement Rate(PIR)and makespan which revealed the efficiency of the proposed method.Additionally,comparative analysis is undertaken which confirmed the performance of the intro-duced system than conventional system for scheduling tasks with highflexibility.

A Broker-Based Task-Scheduling Mechanism Using Replication Approach for Cloud Systems

The reliability and availability of cloud systems have become major concerns of service providers,brokers,and end-users.Therefore,studying fault-tolerance mechanisms in cloud computing attracts intense attention in industry and academia.The task-scheduling mechanisms can improve the fault-tolerance level of cloud systems.A task-scheduling mechanism distributes tasks to a group of instances to be executed.Much work has been undertaken in this direction to improve the overall outcome of cloud computing,such as improving service qual-ity and reducing power consumption.However,little work on task scheduling has studied the problem of lost tasks from the broker’s perspective.Task loss can hap-pen due to virtual machine failures,server crashes,connection interruption,etc.The broker-based concept means that the backup task can be allocated by the bro-ker on the same cloud service provider(CSP)or a different CSP to reduce costs,for example.This paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant mechanism that employs the primary backup(PB)model of task scheduling to address this issue.The pro-posed mechanism minimizes the impact of failure events by reducing the number of lost tasks.The mechanism is further improved to shorten the makespan time of submitted tasks in cloud systems.The experiments demonstrated that the pro-posed mechanism decreased the number of lost tasks by about 13%–15%com-pared with other mechanisms in the literature.

Many-Objective Optimization-Based Task Scheduling in Hybrid Cloud Environments

Due to the security and scalability features of hybrid cloud architecture,it can bettermeet the diverse requirements of users for cloud services.And a reasonable resource allocation solution is the key to adequately utilize the hybrid cloud.However,most previous studies have not comprehensively optimized the performance of hybrid cloud task scheduling,even ignoring the conflicts between its security privacy features and other requirements.Based on the above problems,a many-objective hybrid cloud task scheduling optimization model(HCTSO)is constructed combining risk rate,resource utilization,total cost,and task completion time.Meanwhile,an opposition-based learning knee point-driven many-objective evolutionary algorithm(OBL-KnEA)is proposed to improve the performance of model solving.The algorithm uses opposition-based learning to generate initial populations for faster convergence.Furthermore,a perturbation-based multipoint crossover operator and a dynamic range mutation operator are designed to extend the search range.By comparing the experiments with other excellent algorithms on HCTSO,OBL-KnEA achieves excellent results in terms of evaluation metrics,initial populations,and model optimization effects.

Hyper-Heuristic Task Scheduling Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Learning in Cloud Computing

The solution strategy of the heuristic algorithm is pre-set and has good performance in the conventional cloud resource scheduling process.However,for complex and dynamic cloud service scheduling tasks,due to the difference in service attributes,the solution efficiency of a single strategy is low for such problems.In this paper,we presents a hyper-heuristic algorithm based on reinforcement learning(HHRL)to optimize the completion time of the task sequence.Firstly,In the reward table setting stage of HHRL,we introduce population diversity and integrate maximum time to comprehensively deter-mine the task scheduling and the selection of low-level heuristic strategies.Secondly,a task computational complexity estimation method integrated with linear regression is proposed to influence task scheduling priorities.Besides,we propose a high-quality candidate solution migration method to ensure the continuity and diversity of the solving process.Compared with HHSA,ACO,GA,F-PSO,etc,HHRL can quickly obtain task complexity,select appropriate heuristic strategies for task scheduling,search for the the best makspan and have stronger disturbance detection ability for population diversity.

A Load-Fairness Prioritization-Based Matching Technique for Cloud Task Scheduling and Resource Allocation

In a cloud environment,consumers search for the best service provider that accomplishes the required tasks based on a set of criteria such as completion time and cost.On the other hand,Cloud Service Providers(CSPs)seek to maximize their profits by attracting and serving more consumers based on their resource capabilities.The literature has discussed the problem by considering either consumers’needs or CSPs’capabilities.A problem resides in the lack of explicit models that combine preferences of consumers with the capabilities of CSPs to provide a unified process for resource allocation and task scheduling in a more efficient way.The paper proposes a model that adopts a Multi-Criteria Decision Making(MCDM)method,called Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),to acquire the information of consumers’preferences and service providers’capabilities to prioritize both tasks and resources.The model also provides a matching technique to assign each task to the best resource of a CSP while preserves the fairness of scheduling more tasks for resources with higher capabilities.Our experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed model for prioritizing hundreds of tasks/services and CSPs based on a defined set of criteria,and matching each set of tasks/services to the best CSPS.

Oppositional Red Fox Optimization Based Task Scheduling Scheme for Cloud Environment

Owing to massive technological developments in Internet of Things(IoT)and cloud environment,cloud computing(CC)offers a highly flexible heterogeneous resource pool over the network,and clients could exploit various resources on demand.Since IoT-enabled models are restricted to resources and require crisp response,minimum latency,and maximum bandwidth,which are outside the capabilities.CC was handled as a resource-rich solution to aforementioned challenge.As high delay reduces the performance of the IoT enabled cloud platform,efficient utilization of task scheduling(TS)reduces the energy usage of the cloud infrastructure and increases the income of service provider via minimizing processing time of user job.Therefore,this article concentration on the design of an oppositional red fox optimization based task scheduling scheme(ORFOTSS)for IoT enabled cloud environment.The presented ORFO-TSS model resolves the problem of allocating resources from the IoT based cloud platform.It achieves the makespan by performing optimum TS procedures with various aspects of incoming task.The designing of ORFO-TSS method includes the idea of oppositional based learning(OBL)as to traditional RFO approach in enhancing their efficiency.A wide-ranging experimental analysis was applied on the CloudSim platform.The experimental outcome highlighted the efficacy of the ORFO-TSS technique over existing approaches.

Overbooking-Enabled Task Scheduling and Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing Environments

Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)is proposed to solve the needs of Inter-net of Things(IoT)users for high resource utilization,high reliability and low latency of service requests.However,the backup virtual machine is idle when its primary virtual machine is running normally,which will waste resources.Overbooking the backup virtual machine under the above circumstances can effectively improve resource utilization.First,these virtual machines are deployed into slots randomly,and then some tasks with cooperative relationship are off-loaded to virtual machines for processing.Different deployment locations have different resource utilization and average service response time.We want tofind a balanced solution that minimizes the average service response time of the IoT application while maximizing resource utilization.In this paper,we propose a task scheduler and exploit a Task Deployment Algorithm(TDA)to obtain an optimal virtual machine deployment scheme.Finally,the simulation results show that the TDA can significantly increase the resource utilization of the system,while redu-cing the average service response time of the application by comparing TDA with the other two classical methods.The experimental results confirm that the perfor-mance of TDA is better than that of other two methods.

An OP-TEE Energy-Efficient Task Scheduling Approach Based on Mobile Application Characteristics

Trusted Execution Environment(TEE)is an important part of the security architecture of modern mobile devices,but its secure interaction process brings extra computing burden to mobile devices.This paper takes open portable trusted execution environment(OP-TEE)as the research object and deploys it to Raspberry Pi 3B,designs and implements a benchmark for OP-TEE,and analyzes its program characteristics.Furthermore,the application execution time,energy consumption and energy-delay product(EDP)are taken as the optimization objectives,and the central processing unit(CPU)frequency scheduling strategy of mobile devices is dynamically adjusted according to the characteristics of different applications through the combined model.The experimental result shows that compared with the default strategy,the scheduling method proposed in this paper saves 21.18%on average with the Line Regression-Decision Tree scheduling model with the shortest delay as the optimization objective.The Decision Tree-Support Vector Regression(SVR)scheduling model,which takes the lowest energy consumption as the optimization goal,saves 22%energy on average.The Decision Tree-K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)scheduling model with the lowest EDP as the optimization objective optimizes about 33.9%on average.