Microplastic exposure disturbs sleep structure,reduces lifespan,and decreases ovary size in Drosophila melanogaster

The organ-specific toxicity resulting from microplastic(MP)exposure has been extensively explored,particularly concerning the gut,liver,testis,and lung.However,under natural conditions,these effects are not restricted to specific organs or tissues.Investigating whether MP exposure presents a systemic threat to an entire organism,impacting factors such as lifespan,sleep,and fecundity,is essential.In this study,we investigated the effects of dietary exposure to two different doses of MPs(1–5μm)using the terrestrial model organism Drosophila melanogaster.Results indicated that the particles caused gut damage and remained within the digestive system.Continuous MP exposure significantly shortened the lifespan of adult flies.Even short-term exposure disrupted sleep patterns,increasing the length of daytime sleep episodes.Additionally,one week of MP exposure reduced ovary size,with a trend towards decreased egg-laying in mated females.Although MPs did not penetrate the brain or ovaries,transcriptome analysis revealed altered gene expression in these tissues.In the ovary,Gene Ontology(GO)analysis indicated genotoxic effects impacting inflammation,circadian regulation,and metabolic processes,with significant impacts on extracellular structure-related pathways.In the brain,GO analysis identified changes in pathways associated with proteolysis and carbohydrate metabolism.Overall,this study provides compelling evidence of the systemic negative effects of MP exposure,highlighting the urgent need to address and mitigate environmental MP pollution.

Naringin ameliorates H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage in cells and prolongs the lifespan of female Drosophila melanogaster via the insulin signaling pathway

Naringin exists in a wide range of Chinese herbal medicine and has proven to possess several pharmacological properties.In this study,PC12,HepG2 cells,and female Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the antioxidative and anti-aging effects of naringin and explore the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that naringin inhibited H_(2)O_(2)-induced decline in cell viability and decreased,the content of reactive oxygen species in cells.Meanwhile,naringin prolonged the lifespan of flies,enhanced the abilities of climbing and the resistance to stress,improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes,and decreased malondialdehyde content.Naringin also improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced abnormal proliferation of intestinal stem cells.Moreover,naringin down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inr,chico,pi 3k,and akt-1,and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of dilp2,dilp3,dilp5,and foxo,thereby activating autophagy-related genes and increasing the number of lysosomes.Furthermore,the mutant stocks assays and computer molecular simulation results further indicated that naringin delayed aging by inhibiting the insulin signaling(IIS)pathway and activating the autophagy pathway,which was consistent with the result of network pharmacological predictions.

Humanization for neurological disease modeling:A roadmap to increase the potential of Drosophila model systems

Neuroscience and neurology research is dominated by experimentation with rodents.Around 75%of neurology disease-associated genes have orthologs in Drosophila mel-anogaster,the fruit fly amenable to complex neurological and behavioral investiga-tions.However,non-vertebrate models including Drosophila have so far been unable to significantly replace mice and rats in this field of studies.One reason for this situ-ation is the predominance of gene overexpression(and gene loss-of-function)meth-odologies used when establishing a Drosophila model of a given neurological disease,a strategy that does not recapitulate accurately enough the genetic disease condi-tions.I argue here the need for a systematic humanization approach,whereby the Drosophila orthologs of human disease genes are replaced with the human sequences.This approach will identify the list of diseases and the underlying genes that can be adequately modeled in the fruit fly.I discuss the neurological disease genes to which this systematic humanization approach should be applied and provide an example of such an application,and consider its importance for subsequent disease modeling and drug discovery in Drosophila.I argue that this paradigm will not only advance our un-derstanding of the molecular etiology of a number of neurological disorders,but will also gradually enable researchers to reduce experimentation using rodent models of multiple neurological diseases and eventually replace these models.

Mutation in Ontogene and Emergence of Secondary Chromosome Damages in Drosophila Germline Cells

The conditional mutations in drosophila were obtained by γ-irradiation and selected using the test for dominant lethality. The conditional mutations survive under permissive genetic conditions and, additionally, commence to display novel properties. One of such properties is a recessive lethality. Ten conditional mutations that displayed recessive lethality were mapped with the help of a standard set of deletions. Half mutations contained two and more lethal defects. The fact that a large number of the lethal defects are associated with one mutation suggests that γ-irradiation is the most unlikely cause of the defects. One of the conditional mutations carried four lethal regions and had a Small barrel (Smba) visual phenotype. The Smba phenotype in the Smba/ In(2LR) Cy strain is inherited according to a parental type and disappears in the Smba/In(2LR) Pm strain. Lethality in two of the four lethal regions also disappears in this strain. A separate experiment was conducted to clarify how these regions lost a lethal manifestation after the In(2LR) Cy chromosome in the Smba/In(2LR) Cy strain was replaced with the In(2LR) Pm chromosome. The process of disappearance of the Smba phenotype was also observed in three Smba/In(2LR) Cy substocks. These data suggest that the regions of multiple recessive lethality emerge in a secondary manner under the effect of the earlier formed radiation-induced mutation in ontogene. It is assumed that the recessive lethal regions are the ontogenes with an altered DNA conformation. The conformation in ontogenes is changed in the germline cells during a regular “editing” of the individual development program.

In vivo anti-aging properties on fat diet-induced high fat Drosophila melanogaster of n-butanol extract from Paecilomyces hepiali

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of the development and application of Paecilomyces hepiali,a fungus with edible and medicinal value,as a foodborne antioxidant and anti-aging agent.Its n-butanol extract(PHE)from rice cultures was selected for anti-aging experiment because of significant free radical scavenging activity in vitro.In vivo,PHE could significantly prolong the mean lifespan,50%survival days,and the maximum lifespan of Drosophila on a high-fat diet.It is amazing that the mean lifespan increased from 19.1 days to 32.9 days,50%survival days increased from 15.7 days to 34.3 days,and the maximum lifespan extended from 44.7 days to 52.7 days,when the high-fat female Drosophila model was fed with 10μg/mL PHE.Further research showed that PHE reduced the accumulation of peroxide products and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes.Then,through antioxidant activity tracking,dimerumic acid(compound 1,the IC_(50) value of 3.4μg/mL on DPPH free radicals scavenging activity),4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxypentanoic acid(compound 2,new compound),and thymidine(compound 3)were isolated from PHE.It is worth mentioning that dimerumic acid,the major antioxidant compound of PHE(content up to 3%),was discovered in P.hepiali for the first time.It was concluded that PHE showed excellent anti-aging activity at a very low concentration on fat diet-induced high fat Drosophila melanogaster,and dimerumic acid may be its main material basis.These results indicated that PHE had the potential to be developed as antioxidant and anti-aging agent in the healthcare industry.

不同日龄毛锤角细蜂寄生黑腹果蝇蛹的生物学特性研究

为了调查不同日龄毛锤角细蜂寄生黑腹果蝇的生物学特性,本研究对1~10日龄毛锤角细蜂成虫对黑腹果蝇蛹的寄生率及其后代的发育历期和雌性比进行统计,同时对寄生后黑腹果蝇蛹重的动态变化进行分析。结果表明,不同日龄毛锤角细蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹的寄生率有显著差异,7日龄寄生率最高,为(58.89±2.94)%,1日龄寄生率最低,仅为(30.00±1.94)%,但对毛锤角细蜂后代的发育历期和雌性比没有显著影响。黑腹果蝇蛹被毛锤角细蜂寄生后,重量显著降低。因此,1~10日龄毛锤角细蜂成虫均可大量寄生黑腹果蝇蛹,以7日龄为最佳寄生时期,这为毛锤角细蜂的大量扩繁和应用提供了理论依据。

一种适用于实验教学的果蝇DNA提取新方法

南开大学遗传学实验课程组将科研中常用的动物组织DNA提取方法改造后用于实验教学,获得了1种适用于实验教学的果蝇DNA提取新方法。该方法由碱裂解、酸中和、离心3个步骤组成,具有操作简单、时间短、成本低、效果稳定等特点,获得的DNA无论是浓度还是纯度均可满足后续PCR扩增的需要,符合实验教学的要求。该方法简化了果蝇DNA的提取流程,为与果蝇基因表达分析相关实验项目的改革奠定了基础,有助于提升实验教学效果,推动课程建设。

果蝇心脏发育研究三十年进展

果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)作为最早用于研究心脏发育基因调控的模式生物,已经走过三十年的历程。果蝇心脏发育过程经历了胚胎期、幼虫期和成虫期三大阶段。在胚胎早期,Tinman、Dorsocross和Pannier等基因是关键的调控因子。Tinman参与最早的心脏前体细胞分化和心脏细胞形成,而Dorsocross和Pannier则影响心脏前体细胞的定向分化和心脏管腔的形成。进入胚胎晚期和幼虫期,果蝇的心管经历进一步的发展和重塑,该过程主要受到转录因子Hand、Mef2以及Hox基因家族的调控。在成虫期,Hox基因家族和Tinman依旧发挥重要作用。虽然果蝇心脏与脊椎动物成熟心脏存在形态上的差异,但两者心脏的早期发育过程以及调控基因和信号通路都有保守性。本文综述了果蝇心脏发育基因调控研究的三十年进展以及利用果蝇模型研究人类心脏相关疾病的潜在希望。

薏米对果蝇生长发育的影响

以黑腹果蝇为试验材料,设置不同浓度的薏米培养基(0%、10%、15%、20%),探究薏米培养基对果蝇繁殖力、雌雄比例、体重、寿命及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,以期为薏米的合理使用提供理论依据.结果显示:随着薏米浓度的逐渐提高,果蝇的成蛹数、羽化数、寿命和体重均呈现先升高后降低的趋势.当薏米浓度在0%~15%区间时,果蝇的成蛹数、羽化数、寿命和体重均呈现为逐渐提高,15%时各项所测指标最高:成蛹数、羽化数分别为64.33只和60.00只,雌、雄果蝇的寿命分别为65 d和62 d,雌、雄果蝇的体重分别达1.382 g和1.180 g.果蝇的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也随薏米浓度的增加而增加,当浓度为20%时,过氧化氢酶活性最高,雌、雄果蝇分别达15.77 U/mg和14.96 U/mg.可见,15%的薏米培养基最适宜果蝇的生长发育,20%的薏米培养基对果蝇CAT活性的提高最显著,但薏米浓度对果蝇的雌雄比例影响不明显.

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)研究现状

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)传播速度快,危害多种水果,已经引起广泛重视。其形态鉴别特征是雄虫翅翼边缘末端以第1翅脉为中心有一块清晰的黑斑,雌虫产卵器为坚硬的锯齿状,可将卵直接产于成熟或即将成熟的果实内。斑翅果蝇繁殖速度快,1 a可繁殖3~10代,雌蝇终生产卵200~600粒。糖醋液诱捕监测以及果园清洁处理是害虫防治的必要措施。有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、多杀霉素等农药都有很好的局部触杀和残留杀虫活性。

元宝枫油对衰老果蝇生理指标及肠道菌群的影响

探究元宝枫油对衰老果蝇生理指标及肠道菌群的影响。在基础培养基中分别添加10、20 g/kg和40 g/kg的元宝枫油对野生黑腹果蝇进行干预,观察果蝇寿命、爬行能力、嗅觉记忆能力和热耐受能力等行为学变化情况;检测超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力;收集果蝇中肠,进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序,检测肠道微生物组的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,不同含量的元宝枫油干预均能显著延长果蝇的寿命(P<0.000 1),其中,20 g/kg元宝枫籽油抗衰老效果最佳,平均延长寿命31%。另外,20 g/kg元宝枫油干预可明显改善衰老果蝇的爬行能力、嗅觉记忆能力和热耐受能力,提高SOD和GSH-Px活力。衰老改变了果蝇肠道微生物的组成和结构,线性判别分析结果显示衰老果蝇中Enterobacteriaceae、Gluconobacter和Morganella morganii 3类细菌相对丰度增加,而元宝枫油抑制了衰老过程中以上3类细菌相对丰度的增加。综上,元宝枫油具有抗衰老作用,可改善果蝇的生理功能衰退,延长寿命,其机制可能与改变衰老果蝇肠道微生物的丰富度、均匀度和菌群结构,从而调节肠道菌群和提高抗氧化能力有关。

金色果蝇复合种(Drosophila auraria species complex)的分子系统学研究

测定了金色果蝇复合种 (Drosophilaaurariaspeciescomplex)的 5个姊妹种 (D .auraria、D .biauraria、D .triaurar ia、D .quadraria和D .subauraria)及其近缘种D .rufa的ITS1片段和COⅡ基因的全序 ,以及Adh基因的部分序列。以D .rufa、D .melanogaster和D .yakuba为外群 ,分别用最大简约 (MP)法和邻接 (NJ)法根据每个分子标记的序列构建金色果蝇复合种系统发生树。在得到的 6棵系统树中 ,D .subauraria总位于系统树的基部。该复合种的ITS1、Adh和COⅡ的综合序列长度为 2 32 7bp(排除插入和缺失位点 ) ,能提供 2 5 5个简约信息位点。根据综合序列构建的系统树较好地揭示了 5个姊妹种间的系统发生关系 :D .subauraria在金色果蝇复合种内最早分支出来 ,随后发生了D .biauraria的分化 ,D .auraria、D .triauraria和D .quadraria之间的亲缘关系较近 ,形成的时间相对较晚。推测金色果蝇复合种的祖先种约在 2 33百万年前与D .rufa发生分歧 ,随后由暖温带侵入寒温带。在寒温带 ,D .subau raria约在 0 88百万年前与其他 4个姊妹种的祖先种发生了分歧 ,D .biauraria约在 0 31百万年前分化出来 ;而分布在较低纬度的D .auraria、D .triauraria和D .

Drosophila auraria复合种的进化遗传学研究──支序分析与数值分析（下）

Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｕｒａｒｉａ复合种的进化遗传学研究──支序分析与数值分析（下）戴灼华，刘凤丽（北京大学生命科学学院北京１００８７１）本研究旨在探讨Ｄ．ａｕｒａｒｉａ复合种内各成员在种系发生中的地位，重建系统发生树，论文的上篇［遗传学报，１９９...

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂对斑翅果蝇的寄生效能

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂Leptopilina japonica是斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii的优势寄生性天敌之一,对斑翅果蝇具有良好的生防潜力。为更好地利用日本细毛环腹瘿蜂防控斑翅果蝇,本研究在室内观察了日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的行为活动和生长发育特征。采用室内接虫法研究了该蜂对斑翅果蝇2龄幼虫的寄生能力。分别运用HollingⅡ型圆盘方程、搜寻效应方程和Hassell-Varley模型拟合分析了日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的寄生功能反应、搜寻效应和自身密度干扰效应。结果表明:日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的寄生功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,其拟合方程为:N_(a)=0.70 N/(1+0.03 N);寄生效能(a/T h)为15.78;在一定空间内,寄生蜂的寄生量随寄主密度增加而增大,至寄主密度达25头/罐后寄生量趋于平稳;寄生蜂的搜寻效应随着寄主密度的增加而减弱;当斑翅果蝇的密度分别为10、20、30头/罐时寄生蜂自身密度干扰模型分别为E_(10)=0.4878 P^(-0.8713),E_(20)=0.4420 P^(-0.6768)和E_(30)=0.3462 P^(-0.4337);在同一寄主密度下,日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的寻找效应均随自身密度的增加而减弱。日本细毛环腹瘿蜂对斑翅果蝇2龄幼虫具有较好的寄生效能,但寄主密度较大会导致日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的寄生效能减弱,随着寄生蜂自身密度的增加,其种内个体间会出现干扰作用。

中国大陆部分地区Drosophila immigrans果蝇种群中mtDNA的遗传多态性研究

选用14种限制性内切酶对分布在中国大陆部分地区的Drosophilaimmigrans果蝇种群的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）进行了分析。在6个地理种群的46个单雌系中仅检测到11种限制性类型。表征种群内均一程度的I值平均为0．833。衡量种群间等同程度的J值平均为0．797。在整个种群中只有16．8％（Gst）的变异是由种群间变异所引起的。说明分布在中国大陆部分地区的D．immigrans果蝇的遗传组成均一程度高，遗传多态程度低，遗传变异贫乏。由UPG法分析6个种群的净遗传距离，显示了分布在秦岭华阳种群（HY）的特殊性。推测D．immigrans果蝇扩散到云南的高海拔地区可能是较晚发生的事件。并推测中国大陆的D．immigrans种群比分布在中国台湾，日本的种群原始。

基于果蝇模型建立的菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积作用研究

目的:建立尿酸盐沉积果蝇模型并确定其造模条件,并初步观察菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。方法:以5%酵母提取物饲喂诱导果蝇尿酸盐沉积,通过果蝇马氏小管及后肠偏振光成像、六胺银染色及其匀浆液尿酸水平评价果蝇尿酸盐沉积状态,考察雌雄性别、不同造模时间对果蝇尿酸盐沉积的影响,并应用该模型研究菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。结果:5%酵母提取物饲喂可成功诱导果蝇尿酸盐沉积;雄性果蝇在造模3 d后开始出现尿酸盐沉积,在造模7 d后大部分出现尿酸盐沉积,各造模时间点果蝇马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,各造模时间点之间差异不明显;雌性果蝇在造模10 d后开始出现尿酸盐沉积,在造模14 d后大部分出现尿酸盐沉积,各造模时间点果蝇马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,各造模时间点之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);菊苣提取物可减少果蝇马氏小管及后肠偏振光信号,并明显降低其匀浆液的尿酸水平(P<0.001)。结论:以5%酵母提取物饲喂雌性果蝇14 d可较稳定诱导尿酸盐沉积,菊苣提取物可在果蝇模式动物上发挥抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。

樱桃果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)对新疆的风险分析

樱桃果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)是果蝇属中为数不多的为害成熟果实的重要害虫,近年来在世界范围内造成了严重的经济损失。作为中国最主要的向西开放和开拓中西亚以及欧洲市场的重要口岸,新疆尚未有发现该虫的报道。本研究对樱桃果蝇在新疆地区的适生区进行了预测。CLIMEX软件预测其潜在适生区为伊犁地区以及温宿县、拜城县、和静县以及温泉县部分地区;GARP软件预测其潜在适生区为新疆北部部分地区及南部大部分地区;两者结合认为,伊犁地区察布查尔自治县为樱桃果蝇的高度适生区域。参照国际上有害生物危险性定量分析方法,综合评估了樱桃果蝇对新疆各地州市的潜在危险性,认为樱桃果蝇对新疆为高度危险性害虫,建议将樱桃果蝇列入新疆补充林业检疫性有害生物名单。

黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)视觉系统显微结构的研究

采用CP(Colophony-Paraffin,CP,专利号:ZL98125709.7)切片和定向包埋技术,首次对黑腹果蝇(Drosophilamelanogaster)的头部进行了3μm的连续切片及制片,经常规染色后,在光学显微镜下对其视觉系统的显微结构进行了详细的观察研究.结果表明,黑腹果蝇的视觉系统主要由复眼、视叶和一些纤维通路组成.复眼由许多形态相同的小眼构成,每个小眼由外向内分别由半球形的角膜、倒锥形的晶体和柱形的视觉柱组成,视觉柱中有7个感光细胞,其轴突穿过复眼底部的视神经孔与视叶相连;视叶由外向内又依次分为神经节层、外髓、内髓板和内髓4个髓质区以及视网膜底部与神经节层之间的网膜后交叉、神经节层与外髓之间的外交叉和外髓与内髓之间的内交叉.黑腹果蝇视觉系统中主要包括角膜细胞、晶锥细胞、网膜细胞(光感细胞)、色素细胞、柱状神经元、无长突细胞和切向神经元7种类型的神经细胞,其胞体直径均小于3μm.

果蝇Drosophila nasuta亚群系统发育问题的探讨

果蝇Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａｎａｓｕｔａ亚群由１４个处于不同物种分化阶段的种、亚种和分类元组成。这个亚群的物种有许多进化上的独特之处，使得它在物种分化研究方面倍受关注。然而，在形态学、生殖隔离、染色体和同工酶多态、线粒体ＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ、求偶歌特征以及线粒体和核基因序列分析等方面的研究都未能清楚地阐明这一亚群的系统进化关系。本文综合分析了关于这一亚群的进化遗传学的研究结果，并提出了有待进一步研究的一些问题。

毛锤角细蜂寄生对黑腹果蝇转录组的影响

黑腹果蝇是水果近成熟期的主要害虫,直接影响葡萄、蓝莓等浆果的品质和商品价值。本研究选用黑腹果蝇蛹期优势寄生蜂——毛锤角细蜂为试材,利用Illumina测序平台的RNA-Seq技术对被毛锤角细蜂寄生6 h和未寄生的黑腹果蝇蛹进行转录组测序分析。结果显示,寄生前后两组样本间共得到294个差异表达基因,其中上调基因98个,下调基因196个;对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG功能富集分析,并探究寄生对寄主免疫相关基因表达的影响,发现毛锤角细蜂可能属于免疫逃避型寄生蜂。研究结果可为黑腹果蝇的生物防治提供参考。