The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Air Pollution in the Economic Community of West African States region: What Influence Does Tax Expenditure Have?

Air pollution is one of the crucial environmental challenges facing the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of an attractive tax policy on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and air pollution in ECOWAS region over the period 2000 to 2019. By using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and panel data analyses (fixed effects and random effects), the results show that, in general, FDI does not have a significant effect on air pollution in the region. However, closer analysis reveals that an interaction between FDI and an attractive tax policy has a negative effect on air quality, leading to an increase in air pollution. Thus, companies attracted by tax incentives may not meet rigorous environmental standards. These results highlight the importance for policymakers to balance economic incentives with environmental protection in ECOWAS. Attractive tax policies can stimulate investment, but they must be designed in a way that encourages environmentally friendly practices, thereby helping to improve air quality in the region.

Pollutant emission reduction effect through effluent tax,concentration-based effluent standard,or both

There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.

Effects of China's BT-to-VAT Reform on Listed Companies' Turnover Tax Burden

Using the data of China's listed companies during 2010-2014 as samples, this paper employs the PSM and DID methods to respectively investigate the effects of BTto-VAT reform on the turnover tax burden for companies in pilot regions(Shanghai and eight other provinces and municipalities) and the rest of China. Our study arrived at the following findings: Compared with pilot sectors in non-pilot regions, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effect on the turnover tax burden of pilot companies in pilot regions; compared with non-pilot companies, BT-to-VAT reform slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden for pilot companies in the long run. Further differentiation of ownership nature led to the discovery that BT-toVAT reform somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden of SOEs and central SOEs, slightly increased the turnover tax burden for non-SOEs and local SOEs in pilot regions, slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden in the long run after nationwide pilot programs were introduced; BT-to-VAT reform has more significant effects on non-SOEs and local SOEs. In general, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effects on the turnover tax burden of companies and after differentiating pilot regions, pilot sectors and ownership nature, we did not discover any significant effect, which is generally consistent with policy expectations.

Proposal for a Tax Rate Swap to Shield Against the Gap Between Statutory and Effective Tax Rates-A Boost for Entrepreneurship and a Motive for New Investments

This paper focuses on a common problem for entrepreneurs and investors:the uncertainty around the actual tax rate,which is the percent of net income that a corporation pays in taxes.This uncertainty results from a difference(i.e.,a gap)between the statutory and the effective tax rate,which is the actual tax rate.This gap results from the legal framework which provides that certain types of incomes and expenses are not considered income.This gap causes significant uncertainty and may hinder entrepreneurship.This paper studies this gap in seven OECD countries(Austria,Canada,France,Germany,Italy,UK,and USA)and Brazil.We selected the 10 top-listed companies of each country and calculated the gaps for the period 2016-2019.Our findings proved that these gaps are unstable and may differ between companies of the same country and between countries.In addition,gaps of specific companies may change over time.The key outcome of this paper is the proposal of a new derivative tax rate swap.Using this derivative,governments will be able to eliminate the gap of specific companies,attract new investment,and increase entrepreneurship.

Impact of taxes on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:Evidence from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)countries

Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.

中国企业所得税的有效税率差异研究——基于财务报表附注数据的分解

本文基于上市公司财务报表附注数据,对企业所得税有效税率差异的形成因素进行了分解。研究发现如下:第一,近年来企业所得税优惠政策不断推出,其中税基式优惠的增长尤为明显;第二,随着优惠规模的扩大,企业的有效税率普遍下降,但企业间的税负差异也随之扩大;第三,税收法定的制度因素对有效税率差异的影响至关重要,其中,适用税率的大小是决定企业有效税率高低的关键因素,而税基调整项中的暂时性差异是有效税率差异的最主要来源。本研究强调,未来的税收政策应更注重效率与公平的权衡,同时考虑企业认知能力的差异,税制设计应避免过于复杂和碎片化。

外贸内卷化、出口退税与企业出口国内附加值率

长期以来,我国出口企业面临来自国内外同类企业的双重竞争,容易出现为抢夺代工订单和抢占市场份额而竞相压价、生产低端同质产品的“外贸内卷化”现象,这是推动我国经贸高质量发展亟需探讨的问题。以微观企业为研究对象,研究外贸内卷化对企业出口国内附加值率的影响,进而分析出口退税政策在这一过程中是否能够起到调节作用。结果表明:外贸内卷化对企业出口国内附加值率有负面影响,而出口退税政策有助于缓解这种负面影响。机制分析发现,出口退税通过企业利润提升效应和一般贸易占比提升效应帮助企业缓解外贸内卷化的负面影响。因此,应进一步完善出口退税政策,实行不完全且有差别的增值税退税政策,以更好地发挥其引导企业出口行为选择的作用,走出外贸内卷化困境。

涉税问询函对企业避税的影响及溢出效应研究

本文研究了涉税年报问询函对企业避税行为的影响及其溢出效应。研究结果发现,收到涉税问询函的企业下一年避税程度显著降低。进一步通过文本分析研究发现,涉税问询函的涉税篇幅越大、词频越高、问题越多,对企业避税的抑制作用越强;涉及不同税种和不同性质税收问题的问询函均有治理效果。机制检验结果发现,小规模事务所审计、分析师跟踪人数少、内部控制有缺陷的企业中涉税问询函对企业避税的影响更加显著,表明问询函监管与其他内外部监督存在替代效应。本文进一步对涉税问询函的溢出效应进行了研究,发现涉税问询函在同行业和同事务所两个层面存在溢出效应。本文还发现涉税问询函相比其他问询函对减少企业避税行为具有额外价值。本文的研究结论为交易所非处罚性税收监管提供了实证证据与理论参考。

数字经济影响个人所得税调节居民收入差距效应研究--基于我国各省市2010—2022年面板数据的分析

随着互联网的深入普及,数字经济蓬勃发展,传统的个人所得税征管机制逐渐与当前经济发展模式不匹配。通过计算2010—2022年征收个人所得税前后的MT指数,测算个人所得税对调节居民收入差距的效应,并通过双向固定效应模型,运用我国各省级行政区2010—2022年面板数据验证数字经济的发展与当前传统个人所得税的再分配效应呈现有限负相关的关系,反映了现代信息技术应用于个人所得税征管改革的必要性。基于研究结果,进一步提出了完善我国个人所得税征管的政策建议,运用数字经济技术提高税收征管水平,完善我国税收征管体系,推动政府现代化数字治理。

我国减税降费政策研究:综述与展望

自2008年12月中央经济工作会议提出“结构性减税”以来,我国多次调整减税措施和策略,以推动实现不同时期的经济社会发展目标。相应地,理论界也对减税降费的效应进行了多维度的考察。本文从财政收支、居民收入分配、受益归宿、企业经营、就业以及经济增长等多个方面对减税降费的相关研究进行了梳理,全面分析减税降费的效应,旨在更好地发挥税收在国家治理中的基础性、支柱性、保障性作用。

现行消费税、绿色投资对碳排放的影响研究

为实现“双碳”目标,基于2008—2021年中国省级面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型、调节效应模型和门槛效应模型,实证探究碳排放受现行消费税和绿色投资的影响。研究结果表明,目前中国消费税未能抑制碳排放增长;绿色投资对现行消费税和碳排放间关系具有负向调节作用,特别是在华北、华东等强绿色投资区域,绿色投资调节效应较强;绿色投资存在门槛效应,当投资额超过门槛值,绿色投资的抑制作用逐渐减弱。

税收竞争力影响中国对RCEP其他成员国直接投资的实证研究

RCEP其他成员国逐渐成为中国对外直接投资的热点国家,而东道国的税收竞争力水平在一定程度上代表着当地的投资环境,对吸引中国OFDI具有重要影响。研究发现,RCEP国家税收竞争力的提升显著促进了中国对外直接投资。从中介效应来看,东道国税收竞争力的提升进一步加快当地产业结构的优化升级、促进当地经济的发展,同时促进了中国对外投资增加。从调节效应来看,税收协定的更新对东道国的税收竞争力有正向调节作用,有助于吸引外资流入。中国要做好RCEP成员国纳税环境的调查研究,加强政府间的税收合作,着眼于税收竞争力的提升,推进税制改革,不断优化税收团队。中国企业要充分调研国内外市场,提高对东道国的税收环境变化的敏感度,降低对外投资涉税风险,重视国际化专业化人才培养。

企业避税的同群效应研究——基于新制度主义组织趋同理论

基于新制度主义组织趋同理论,企业避税不仅是存在于企业内部的问题,其组织间相互影响的模仿行为更值得探讨。本文以2008—2020年上市公司的数据为研究样本,采用双向固定效应模型实证检验后,发现企业避税存在同群效应,且会选择模仿同行业领导企业和同地区企业。环境不确定性的提高增强了企业避税的同群效应强度。通过进一步研究发现,企业内部数字化水平和地区社会信任水平对环境不确定性下的避税同群效应具有促进作用,而审计师外部监督强度对其有抑制作用。文章为政府引导企业减少避税行为、提高税收遵从度,增强社会责任的履践提供了理论基础和实践路径。

财税激励政策对企业数字化转型的影响

基于2012—2020年中国A股上市公司面板数据,分析财税政策对企业数字化转型的影响。研究表明,财政补贴和税收优惠均能够激励企业数字化转型,相比于财政补贴,税收优惠对数字化转型的激励作用更强。并且这种激励作用存在明显的异质性,即对东部地区、成熟期企业的激励效果最为显著。进一步分析表明,财税政策对企业数字化转型的激励作用存在门槛效应,当其力度超过某一门槛值后,财税政策对企业数字化转型的正向作用开始减弱。另外,相比于“事前激励”的财政补贴,“事后激励”的税收优惠政策对于外部环境要求更低,具有更强的普适性。

金融发展、税收中性与企业税负

“十四五”规划指出要健全符合高质量发展要求的财税金融制度。本文关注税收中性和税收稳定器在微观企业的实践和表现,以阐述和论证金融发展对企业实际税收负担的影响机制。基于内生经济增长模型,引入金融发展和企业投资成本的概念,进行理论分析发现,在中国经济的实际特征下,随着金融发展程度的提高,地方政府通过降低企业的实际税率来扩大企业产出,从而推动社会福利最优化。经验证据表明,较高金融发展水平使企业融资成本降低,鼓励企业选择债务融资机制,有利于降低企业投资成本,提高企业经济效益和利润。这也有利于地方政府增加税收收入,缓解财政压力,并进一步降低企业税负,从而再次推动企业产出的扩大。研究结果表明,当金融发展水平提高10%,该地区企业所得税、增值税和总体税负的实际税率将分别减少1.59%、0.76%、1.02%。本文的结论可为壮大市场主体、提升政府宏观治理能力以及深化财税金融体制改革提供参考和建议。

行为助推、税收凸显与纳税遵从——来自随机实地实验的证据

优化税制结构,健全地方税、直接税体系是构建现代税收制度的要求,通过科学的征管政策设计提高居民的税收遵从,有助于自然人税收体系建设,对税收治理能力现代化有重要意义。本文运用随机实地实验的方法,研究不同强度的催缴干预对纳税人缴纳房产税欠税行为的影响,并结合税收凸显性理论,研究税收信息凸显对税收遵从行为的影响。本文研究发现:行为助推会显著提升纳税人的税收遵从度;提醒强度对税收遵从决策具有不同影响;提高提醒强度能提高行为助推的干预效果,但一定程度后作用效果会衰减;对于高度不遵从的纳税人,高强度的电话催缴干预能够进一步提升申报概率;电话回访发现,干预主要是通过提高税收信息凸显性产生作用。本文通过随机实地实验方法研究促进我国纳税遵从的征管机制设计,对我国现代化税收征管体制建设具有重要意义。

绿色信贷政策与重污染企业税负粘性——基于税盾效应的解释

对于重污染企业而言,绿色信贷政策加剧了其融资约束及投资挤出,导致其经营状况恶化风险加大,税前可列支金额减少,税盾的节税效应削弱,税负粘性和税负痛感增强,进而产生更大的绿色化转型压力。以2012年《绿色信贷指引》出台为准自然实验,采用沪深A股上市公司2003—2022年的数据,分析表明:企业的税负粘性显著存在,绿色信贷政策进一步加剧了重污染企业的税负粘性,该结论在经过安慰剂检验、PSM-DID检验、排除相关政策干扰、样本优化等一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;绿色信贷政策主要通过削弱债务税盾效应的路径来加剧重污染企业税负粘性,而非债务税盾未能发挥显著的中介作用;相对来讲,绿色信贷政策对非国有重污染企业、成长期重污染企业、税收征管强度较大地区重污染企业税负粘性的加剧作用更为显著。因此,应加大减税降费力度,切实减轻企业的税负痛感;利用好绿色信贷政策的积极效应,促使重污染企业将转型压力转化为转型行动;加大对民营企业和成长期企业的信贷支持力度,并避免因过度税收竞争导致企业税负过重。

空间效应下税收竞争对长三角区域一体化的影响及异质性研究

为了更好地平衡税收竞争、推动区域一体化发展,该文理论探讨了税收竞争对长三角区域一体化的影响机理,基于长三角地区26个城市2011—2022年的数据,在空间效应视角下,利用引力模型、空间效应模型等方法实证分析了税收竞争对区域一体化的影响及存在的异质性。研究发现:长三角区域一体化呈现“东高西低”的扇形格局,而税收竞争呈现交错和集中并存的空间格局,二者存在显著的空间正相关;税收竞争对长三角区域一体化及子系统一体化的影响均呈现U型,当前处于阻碍状态,且对各子系统的影响存在差异;中心城市的税收竞争对区域一体化表现为促进作用,而其他城市表现为阻碍作用;城市经济密度越高,阻碍作用越明显。依据结论,该文提出了完善区域间税收合作机制、建立区域间税收协调制度等建议。

中国地方非税收入规模与结构演变(1999-2019)--基于人大预算监督法制化的视角

非税收入作为税费改革的重点,是深化供给侧结构性改革中降成本的核心与关键。纵观世界各国税收收入和非税收入的演变,尽管比例不同,但都有一个共同特点,就是经济增长与税收呈现同向关系,与非税收入呈现反向关系。2018年以来我国经济下行压力加大,税收收入增长缓慢,地方政府倾向于寻求新的财源,使得非税收入规模呈现异常增长态势。笔者利用省级预算审查监督条例立法的准自然实验,借助1999—2019年省级面板数据研究人大预算监督对地方政府非税收入的影响。研究发现:(1)在已实施省级预算审查监督条例的地区,非税收入预决算规模均有所下降;(2)异质性分析表明,在新《预算法》实施后和财政分权度更高的地区该效应更强;(3)机制分析表明,地方人大主要是通过加强对行政事业性收费的监督,进而压缩非税收入规模。本文结论进一步丰富了税费政策相关的研究,而且对更好权衡减税降费政策与地方财政可持续之间的关系,完善非税收入和人大预算监督体系构建提供了实证证据和经验借鉴。

投资型税收激励与企业污染减排——基于经济绩效与环境绩效的双维机制检验

本文基于2002~2013年中国“工企-污染”微观数据,以增值税转型政策作为一项准自然实验,采用双重差分模型实证研究了投资型税收激励对企业污染减排的影响及其机制。研究发现:增值税转型有效促进受政策影响企业的污染减排,且这种政策效果在重资产型企业、低碳试点城市以及非国有企业中更为显著。此外,地方政府环境规制与公众环境诉求对增值税转型的减排效应存在良好的协同效应。增值税转型通过增加企业研发投入与提高企业全要素生产率,鼓励企业增加环保投资及增强绿色创新能力来实现污染减排。这些研究结论为进一步完善增值税制度设计以推动企业绿色转型提供了经验证据与政策参考。