Reservoir geochemistry of the Tazhong oilfield in the Tarim Basin, China, Part I. Geochemical characteristics and genetic classification of crude oils

According to the assemblage characteristics of saturated hydrocarbon biomarkers in crude oils and their geochemical implications, this study has proposed, for the first time, the criteria for the genetic classification of crude oils in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, China. Crude oils from the area studied are classified as three genetic types: type-I is characterized by the low contents of C29 norhopane, extremely abundant contents of gammacerane, low contents of rearranged sterane and relatively high contents of regular C28 sterane; the geochemical properties of type-II crude oils are opposite to those of type-I crude oils; the parameters for type-III crude oils are intermediate between type-I and type-II. Results of oil correlation indicated that type-I crude oils were derived from Cambrian-Lower Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks, type-II curde oils originated from Middle-Upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks and type-III crude oils are of mixed origin.

Reservoir geochemistry of the Tazhong Oilfield in the Tarim Basin, China, Part II. Migration, accumulation and mixing of crude oils

Measurements of the absolute and relative concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils from different reservoir strata (Ordovician, Silurian and Carboniferous) in the Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, showed that even though there are quite a number of factors affecting the distributional and compositional characteristics of neutral nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils, the distributional and compositional characteristics of crude oils whose source conditions are approximate to one another are influenced mainly by the migration and fractionation effects in the process of formation of oil reservoirs. In addition, crude oils in the Tazhong region show obvious migration-fractionation effects in the vertical direction. Carboniferous crude oils are characterized by high migration parameters and low compound concentrations, just in contrast to Ordovician crude oils. This indicates that crude oils from shallow-level oil reservoirs were derived from those of deep-level oil reservoirs via faults, unconformable contact or carrier beds. Crude oils from the Tazhong region show some migration-fractionation effects in the lateral direction, but mixing of crude oils derived from different hydrocarbon source rocks in the process of formation of oil reservoirs made it more complicated the migration and accumulation of crude oils, as well as the formation of oil reservoirs.

Origin of the unusually high dibenzothiophene concentrations in Lower Ordovician oils from the Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin,China

The origin of the unusually high dibenzothiophene （DBT） concentrations in Lower Ordovician oils from the Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin was studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry （FT-ICR MS）.The most abundant sulfur compounds in the oils are S 1 species with doublebond equivalent （DBE） values of 1-19 and 11-48 carbon atoms.The range of the number of carbon atoms in the sulfur compounds detected by the FT-ICR MS （S 1 species with DBE=9） is about ten times larger than that for sulfur compounds detected by GC/MS （DBTs）.This suggests that FT-ICR MS is a much better approach than GC/MS for characterization of DBTs in crude oils.The abundance of S 1 species with DBE=1-8 decreased with increasing thermal maturity,while the abundance of S 1 species with DBE=9 （primarily DBTs） increased.Therefore,thermal maturity is an important factor in the formation of oils with high DBT concentrations.Unusually high abundances of S 1 species with low DBE values （1-8）,which include sulfide,thiophene and benzothiophene,were observed in several oils,especially the TZ83 （O 1） oil with high or very high thermal maturity.Thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） was thought to be the reason for the high abundance of these low DBE compounds in deep reservoirs,and thermochemical sulfate reduction could affect the distribution and composition of DBTs in the oils.According to the results of FT-ICR MS analysis,there are no signs that TSR is occurring or has occurred recently for most of the Lower Ordovician oils.

塔里木盆地台盆区原油甾、萜烷浓度与热稳定性

对塔里木盆地台盆区未遭受生物降解的138个原油样品进行甾、萜烷定量分析,展示原油甾、萜烷浓度随成熟度变化特征。C_(23)三环萜烷/(C_(23)三环萜烷+C_(30)藿烷)值与甾、萜烷浓度图版显示各类甾、萜烷具有不同的热稳定性。依据热稳定性的差异将甾、萜烷分为3类:第1类包括Tm、C_(29)藿烷和C_(30)藿烷等五环三萜烷,随成熟度增高,这类化合物浓度降低较快,具有相对较低的热稳定性;第2类既包括Ts、C_(29)Ts和C_(30)重排藿烷等五环三萜烷,也包括C_(27)和C_(29)规则甾烷各异构体,随成熟度增高,这类化合物浓度降低较慢,具有中等热稳定性;第3类包括C27重排甾烷、C_(21)甾烷和C_(23)三环萜烷,随成熟度增高,这类化合物浓度先增高、后降低,降低速率低于前2类化合物,表明其热稳定性相对较高。在常用的甾、萜烷成熟度指标中,Ts/(Ts+Tm)、C_(29)Ts/(C_(29)Ts+C_(29)藿烷)和C_(30)重排藿烷/(C_(30)重排藿烷+C_(30)藿烷)是基于第1类和第2类化合物之间的热稳定性差异;C_(27)重排甾烷/(C_(27)重排甾烷+C_(27)规则甾烷)和C_(21)/(C_(21)+∑C_(29))甾烷是基于第2类与第3类化合物之间的热稳定性差异;C_(23)三环萜烷/(C_(23)三环萜烷+C_(30)藿烷)则是基于第1类与第3类化合物之间的热稳定性差异,具有更好的应用效果。

塔里木盆地塔中奥陶系天然气的非烃成因及其成藏意义

塔里木盆地塔中北部斜坡带奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探取得了重大突破,发现了台缘坡折带礁滩复合体大型凝析气藏和台内岩溶风化壳大型油气藏。利用有机地化指标与构造沉积演化紧密结合对有效烃源岩及成藏过程的研究取得了较好成果,但随着勘探的纵深发展,流体分布复杂的问题日趋突出,通过天然气组分以及相关同位素等分析化验数据,进行塔中北部斜坡带奥陶系油气成藏研究,建立了"三期成藏、两期调整,早期成油、晚期注气,复式聚集、普遍含油"成藏模式,明确了塔中天然气以原油裂解气为主,强调晚期气侵是形成塔中大型天然气田的关键。

塔中82井区原油的特征及成因

通过对塔中I号坡折带塔中82井区原油进行地球化学分析(包括分子筛合除去正构烷烃分析)来探讨其特征和成因,结果表明:原油族组成中饱和烃占绝对优势,而饱和烃中以低碳数正构烷烃为主,C21-/C22+值达1.4～5.4,生物标志物的含量极低;甾烷C27—C28—C29呈"V"字型分布,重排甾烷的含量较高;萜烷中三环萜的含量较高而五环萜含量极低,且三环萜以C20或C23为主峰;芳烃中三芳甾烷的含量很低,三芴系列化合物中硫芴含量较高;原油碳同位素较轻,其饱和烃的碳同位素值δ13C<-32.8‰(这些特征有别于塔东2井的寒武系原油);原油的成熟度RO值为0.8%左右。推断塔中82井区的原油可能并非是有机质在高成熟阶段生成的凝析油,而是中等成熟的中—上奥陶统源岩生成的正常原油在成藏后由于寒武系天然气的注入,发生了蒸发分馏作用并运移至目前的储层中再次成藏。

塔中地区不同Mango轻烃参数原油的地球化学特征

塔中地区存在两种K1值原油 ,塔中北斜坡正常K1值原油和中央断垒带异常高K1值原油。研究表明不同K1值原油中饱和烃生物标志化合物组合特征相似 ,但芳烃尤其是二苯并噻吩系列化合物绝对含量和内组成则差异迥然。异常高K1值原油中二苯并噻吩系列化合物占总芳烃含量的 4 5%以上 ,其中甲基二苯并噻吩与三甲基二苯并噻吩比值大于 1 ;相反 ,正常K1值原油中二苯并噻吩系列化合物占总芳烃的含量低于 2 5% ,而甲基二苯并噻吩与三甲基二苯并噻吩比值小于 1。

原油生成温度计算的理论与实践

定量求取原油的成熟度是目前尚未有效解决的问题。Mango发现4个C7的异构化合物相对组成有显著的不变性,提出了稳态催化轻烃成因模式。据该模式的2,4-/2,3-二甲基戊烷比值是一项纯温度参数,Bement和Mango等建立了该轻烃温度参数与埋深温度的函数关系式用于原油生成温度计算,为定量研究原油成熟度提供了新思路。本文以塔中地区为例,计算了原油的Mango参数,得到原油K1平均为1.06,在Mango给出的相对稳定范围。应用原油生成温度公式计算的原油生成温度为120-129℃,折算镜质组反射率R。=0.88%-0.90%,与新藿烷成熟度参数反映的成熟度特征相一致,说明该方法是可靠的。

塔里木盆地塔中礁滩体大油气田成藏条件与成藏机制研究

中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探近年来进展很快,发现了一批大型油气田。塔中地区是塔里木盆地的重点勘探区和富油气区,奥陶系蕴藏了丰富的油气资源。奥陶系良里塔格组受塔中I号坡折带的控制发育陆棚边缘礁滩体,储层性质为低孔-特低孔、低渗灰岩储层,埋深在4500～6500m。储层的形成和分布受早期高能沉积相带、溶蚀作用和断裂作用等因素的控制,有效储层的空间展布控制了油气的分布与大面积成藏。油源对比认为,塔中良里塔格组礁滩体油气藏的原油主要来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩,并混有寒武系烃源岩成因的原油;天然气主要来自于寒武系油裂解气,沿塔中I号坡折带断裂向内充注。成藏过程分析表明,塔中地区曾存在三期主要成藏期,第一期为加里东晚期成藏,油气来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,但早海西期的构造运动,对该期油气破坏严重,造成大范围油藏破坏。第二期成藏期是晚海西期,也是塔中地区最重要的油气充成藏期,油气来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩。第三期成藏期是晚喜山期,受库车前陆冲断影响,台盆区快速沉降,埋深急速增大,寒武系原油裂解气形成,沿深部断裂向浅部奥陶系充注,对油藏进行气洗改造,从而形成大面积分布的凝析气藏。

塔里木盆地塔中地区石炭系油气运移和聚集特征——以对塔中4号构造原油非烃地球化学研究说明

塔中地区是塔里木盆地的油气主要富集带。通过原油的中性含氮化合物的绝对浓度和相对比值,探讨了塔中4号构造C 油组和C 油组原油在垂向上和横向上的运移聚集特征。在垂向剖面上,从下亚油组到中亚油组和上亚油组,C 油组原油二甲基咔唑异构体之间的相对比值均由小变大,呈现出明显的运移分馏效应;但是同一口井的C 油组原油的运移参数却低于C 油组,表明C 油组原油不是C 油组原油直接垂向运移所致。在横向上,根据原油中性含氮化合物不同异构体之间的运移分馏效应,发现自塔中411井向塔中421井和402井方向存在着油气注入和分配现象,这就是说,在塔中4号构造C 油藏中存在着一个自东南向西北的油气注入方向;此外,在塔中4井可能还存在着另一个次要的运移方向。