Study on the Retention Rate of Green Tea Catechins Components and Tea Polyphenol by Different Processing Technology

The aim of this research was to explore the effect of fixation,rolling,and drying processing technology on the retention rate of green tea catechins components and tea polyphenol.Different fixation processes(rotary drumfiring,microwave,steam-blasting),rolling process(weight of rolling,gently press rolling and traditional rolling),drying process(stove drying,roasting dehydration,baked fried drying) were adopted.The effect of different tea processing technology on the retention rate of catechins component and tea polyphenol was analyzed.It showed that the microwave fixation process,gently press rolling process,baked fried dry process were beneficial to keep high levels of EGCG,C,EGC,EC,ECG.

Stability of Tea Catechins and Antioxidant Properties of Green Tea Extracts as Affected by Boiling-treatment

Stability of tea catechins and the antioxidant properties of green tea extracts as affected by boiling-treatment from 1 to 5h were studied.Green tea catechins were partially epimerized from epi-form to nonepi-form under boiling-treatment.Total phenolic compounds of the samples under the boiling-treatment for 1 to 4h showed the same statistically significant(P > 0.05) comparing with the untreated samples and there was no significant reduction(P > 0.05) of total catechins when the green tea extracts were boiling-treated for 1h.There were no significant(P > 0.05) reduction of the antioxidant capacity when the samples were boiling-treated for 1h,no significant(P> 0.05) reduction of the scavenging ability against DPPH and O-·2when treated for 2h,and no difference on scavenging ability against OH when treated even for 5h.The results indicated that boiling-treatment for 1h had limited effect on total catehins and phenols content in green tea extracts.Green tea extracts still remained excellent in antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging activity after boiling-treated for 1 h.

Green tea catechins inhibit microglial activation which prevents the development of neurological disorders

The over-activated microglial cells induce neuroinflammation which has the main role in neurological disorders.The over-activated microglia can disturb neuronal function by releasing inflammatory mediators leading to neuronal dysfunctions and death.Thus,inhibition of over-activated microglia may be an effective therapeutic approach for modulating neuroinflammation.Experimental studies have indicated anti-neuroinflammatory effects of flavonoids such as green tea catechins.The current research was aimed to review the effect of green tea catechins in inhibiting microglial cells,inflammatory cascades,and subsequent neurological diseases.

Influence of Tea Leaf Particle Size on Catechin Extraction and Green Tea Sensory Acceptance

The intensity of the bitterness of catechins increases with increased concentration, but the taste palatability decreased in green tea extract. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a blend of tea leaf particles of various sizes would result in a good balance between catechin content and appreciable taste. The control is common tea (CT) with 6 - 10 mm long leaves. Blend tea (BT) was prepared by mixing 5 mm and 120 - 130 mm long tea leaves in a ratio of 3:2. The catechin content of hot water extracts was analyzed by HPLC, and the sensory test was conducted with 99 volunteers. In BT, the total catechin content was significantly higher than that in CT. The sensory test results revealed that BT was less bitter and had more preferable color than CT. More catechins were extracted from BT, but it tasted less bitter. Thus, the recalibration of the tea leaf particle size can result in good balance between catechin content and palatability.

Green tea catechins prevent obesity through modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors

Epidemiological evidence and experimental studies suggest that drinking green tea is associated with a lower risk of obesity and related diseases. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not clear. In the present study, we investigated the anti-obesity mechanisms of green tea catechins (GTCs) through modulation of peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor (PPAR) pathways in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. GTC supplementation significantly attenuated the increased body and liver weights and the elevated serum and liver triglyceride levels. Meanwhile, GTCs increased the PPARγ levels in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT) and decreased the PPAR levels in visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT). In addition, GTC treatment up-regulated the levels of PPARδ in SWAT, VWAT, and brown adipose tissue and increased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue. Our results suggest that GTCs exert their anti-obesity mechanism in part by modulating PPAR signaling pathways.

Identification of miRNAs and target genes regulating catechin biosynthesis in tea (Camellia sinensis)

Micro RNAs（miRNAs） are endogenous non-protein-coding small RNAs that play crucial and versatile regulatory roles in plants. Using a computational identification method, we identified 55 conserved miRNAs in tea（Camellia sinensis） by aligning miRNA sequences of different plant species with the transcriptome library of tea strain 1005. We then used quantitative real-time PCR（qRT-PCR） to analyze the expression of 31 identified miRNAs in tea leaves of different ages, thereby verifying the existence of these miRNAs and confirming the reliability of the computational identification method. We predicted which miRNAs were involved in catechin synthesis using ps RNAtarget Software based on conserved miRNAs and catechin synthesis pathway-related genes. Then, we used RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of c DNA ends（RLM-RACE） to obtain seven miRNAs cleaving eight catechin synthesis pathway-related genes including chalcone synthase（CHS）, chalcone isomerase（CHI）, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase（DFR）, anthocyanidin reductase（ANR）, leucoanthocyanidin reductase（LAR）, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase（F3H）. An expression analysis of miRNAs and target genes revealed that miR529d and miR156 g-3 p were negatively correlated with their targets CHI and F3H, respectively. The expression of other miRNAs was not significantly related to their target genes in the catechin synthesis pathway. The RLM-RACE results suggest that catechin synthesis is regulated by miRNAs that can cleave genes involved in catechin synthesis.

Qualitative analysis of catechins from green tea GMB-4 clone using HPLC and LC-MS/MS

Objective:To identify the bioactive compounds in catechins isolation and its components from green tea GMB-4 clone.Methods:Green tea GMB-4 clones were extracted with distilled water at 90C.Samples were eluted into the column with 10%ethanol.Subsequently,the column was eluted with95%ethanol and evaporated separately.Green tea extract was identified by thin layer chromatography.Catechins were separated by the stationary phase in column chromatography using polyamide with 10%ethanol eluent and 95%ethanol.The results of isolations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC)and LCMS/MS.Analysis of catechins by HPLC was done by external standard.Results:Fraction from 10%ethanol showed that four major peaks at retention time of1.663,2.367,2.950 and 4.890,indicated the presence of four catechins components including catechin,epicatechins,gallocatechin and epigallocatechin.Whereas,fraction from 95%ethanol showed two main peaks at retention time of 5.167 and 9.82,which indicated the presence of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)and epicatechin gallate(ECG).EGCG(m/z 459),epigallocatechin(m/z 307),ECG(m/z 443),and epicatechin(m/z 291)were isolated and separated successfully using HPLC and LC-MS/MS.Conclusions:The HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods were successfully tuned for the qualitative analysis of green tea extract with EGCG and ECG.Four major catechins were separated and identified by LC-MS/MS,such as EGCG,epigallocatechin,ECG and epicatechin.The result of HPLC analysis showed that EGCG and ECG were main components from catechins isolation of green tea GMB-4 clone.

Tyrosinase Biosensor Used for the Determination of Catechin Derivatives in Tea: Correlation with HPLC/DAD Method

Tea, one of the most popular consumed worldwide beverages, is known to be rich in polyphenols, more particularly in catechins. An amperometric biosensor based on tyrosinase was developed in order to monitor the phenolic content in black and green teas. The enzyme was immobilised by coreticulation with glutaraldehyde on carbon screen-printed electrodes (CSPE). Initially, the performances of the biosensor were evaluated referring to catechol as a model substrate. This analytical tool exhibits a high sensitivity (217 nA/μM), low limit of detection (LOD) = 0.03 μM, good intra-electrode and inter-electrode reproducibilities with RSD lower than 3% (n = 5 injections) and RSD = 8.14% (n = 12 sensors) respectively. The storage stability was also studied;the biosensor retained successively 85% and 70% of its initial response after 34 and 53 days. Subsequently, several catechin derivatives frequently found in teas were tested and classified relatively to their sensitivities. For tea samples, the results obtained with the biosensors were compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. A good correlation between the two methods was obtained. The calculated recovery was between 90% and 96%, proving that the proposed tyrosinase biosensor can be an alternative analytical tool for global determination of catechin derivatives in tea.

Variation in Catechin Composition of Popularly Cultivated Tea Clones in East Africa (Kenya)

Tea polyphenols and catechins have gained prominence in determination of tea quality. Tea leaves contain large amounts of catechins and their derivatives and these have shown positive effects on human health. An experiment was carried out to determine the level of catechins and polyphenols in 20 new clones found in two distinct tea growing areas. The trial comprising twenty clones was established in two distinct sites in Kenya using randomized complete block design with three replicates and consisted of 10 popular cultivars widely cultivated in the Lake Victoria Basin and additional 10 newly improved clones. Tea leaf samples were collected across two seasons;dry and wet seasons. Tea quality parameters entailing catechins, caffeine and total polyphenols was generated for the 20 clones across the two seasons and sites. The ISO 14502-1 and ISO 14502-1:2005 procedures were used for polyphenol and catechin analyses, respectively. The ANOVA results generated indicated that the level of catechins and polyphenols in tea were significantly different (p 0.05) and varietal dependent. Generally, the assam varieties had higher levels of catechins and polyphenols than the chinary and cambod varieties, indicating why they are popularly cultivated in the East African region and whose tea quality is highly regarded. Furthermore, the results from principle component analysis (PCA) grouped the clones into three major clusters with one comprising of high quality assam varieties, a mixture of moderate quality assam, cambod and chinary varieties and low catechin content assam anthocyanin-rich variety. It is concluded that the level of catechins in tea plants are varietal dependent, although environmental stress has effects on the synthesis of flavanoids. The results demonstrated that the differences in the accumulation of catechins among the tea clones could be important for the discrimination of clonal diversity.

绿茶及其副产物在蛋鸡生产中的应用研究进展

在饲料禁抗和畜禽绿色健康养殖的趋势下,研究和开发新型植物源饲料原料和饲料添加剂备受关注。绿茶及其副产物含有茶多酚、茶多糖、茶氨酸和咖啡碱等多种生物活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗菌、降血脂和改善肉蛋品质等生理功能以及作为一种植物源饲料或添加剂在畜禽生产中应用的潜在价值。文章综述了绿茶及其副产物的营养成分、生物活性物质与生理功能及其在蛋鸡生产中的应用研究进展,旨在为其在蛋鸡生产中的应用提供参考。

茶儿茶素稳定血糖作用及机理研究进展

随着现代社会饮食结构的变化,糖尿病及其并发症已成为全球关注的公共卫生问题,中国患病总人数已位居世界第一。现代科学证明茶叶是降血糖天然多酚的重要来源,作为健康饮品在糖尿病膳食治疗中发挥重要作用。儿茶素是茶叶中关键功能物质,能够通过抑制外源碳水化合物水解、调控葡萄糖转移、促进葡萄糖氧化分解、抑制糖异生过程、调控糖原合成及分解过程、促进胰岛素分泌、改善胰岛素抵抗、改善氧化应激状态等不同途径有效调节血糖水平。本文在总结国内外有关儿茶素对肥胖、糖尿病及代谢综合症作用研究的基础上,梳理了儿茶素稳定血糖生理机制的研究进展,旨在为儿茶素的精准化开发提供理论依据及应用参考。

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)约占儿茶素的50%~60%,是茶多酚中含量最多的活性成分。EGCG具有多种生物功能,具有巨大的开发潜力。文章总结了EGCG在抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎、抗病毒方面的功能和作用机制,以及EGCG在畜禽生产中的应用,以期为EGCG在畜禽饲料中的精准应用提供理论依据。

普洱茶中儿茶素研究进展

儿茶素是茶叶中多酚类化合物的主体成分,占干茶含量的12%~24%,具有清除自由基、抗衰老、抗辐射、减肥、降血脂、防癌等活性功能。普洱茶因特殊的品种和加工工艺,所含有的儿茶素含量均高于其他茶树品种,在营养价值和保健方面表现出优异的功效。对普洱茶儿茶素种类、提取测定方法、含量变化和功效研究等方面进行综述,以期为普洱茶中儿茶素功能产品进一步开发利用研究提供参考。

近红外光谱法快速测定晒青毛茶三种儿茶素组分含量

为了实现晒青毛茶儿茶素含量的快速检测,该研究利用高效液相色谱技术(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)测定了50份晒青毛茶样品中的表没食子茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin Gallate,EGCG)、表没食子儿茶素(Epigallocatechin,EGC)、没食子酸(Gallic Acid,GA)三种儿茶素单体含量,结合样品的近红外光谱,分别建立了晒青毛茶三种儿茶素单体含量的偏最小二乘法(Partial Least Squares,PLS)模型,并对模型进行验证。实验结果表明,基于EGCG、EGC、GA含量所建立近红外模型的决定系数(Coefficient of Determination,R2)分别为99.99%、99.99%、99.92%;校正标准差(Root Mean Square Error of Calibration,RMSEC)分别为0.17、0.15、0.10;相对标准差(Relative Standard Deviation,RSD)分别为0.19%、0.27%、0.56%;外部验证的结果显示,三种儿茶素单体含量模型的预测值与真实值的平均绝对误差分别为0.13、0.12、0.07;平均相对误差分别为0.17、0.25、0.45。实验结果表明,该研究建立的近红外分析模型具有较高的预测准确度和稳定性,在快速检测晒青毛茶儿茶素方面具有潜在应用价值。

基于代谢物分析的沅陵地方茶树种质资源评价

沅陵县地处湖南西部,是湖南产茶大县,产茶历史悠久,其独特的地理位置和优越的生态环境孕育了丰富的茶树资源。为了探明沅陵县地方茶树资源的特性及其直接利用价值,分别对其区域内官庄(GZ)、麻溪铺(WJ)和清浪(QL)等3个乡镇的茶树资源进行挂牌调查及鲜叶内主要代谢物检测分析。结果发现,WJ茶树资源的水浸出物含量最高,QL的茶多酚含量最高,GZ的游离氨基酸和咖啡碱含量最高;茶多酚和咖啡碱区域间存在显著差异(p<0.05),水浸出物、游离氨基酸、可可碱和茶碱区域间无明显差异(p>0.05),儿茶素组分中仅表没食子儿茶素(Epigallocatechin,EGC)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)含量区域间存在明显差异(p<0.05),其他儿茶素组分区域间无显著性差异(p>0.05)。聚类分析和单一生化成分分析,所取样品可聚为三类,Ⅰ类为茶多酚较低、氨基酸较低及简单儿茶素较高的资源,Ⅱ类为游离氨基酸含量较高、茶多酚含量较低和酚氨比值较低的资源,Ⅲ类为高茶多酚、高儿茶素尤其是酯型儿茶素EGCG含量高的资源。其中较适合加工绿茶的资源有WJ08、QL01、QL02、QL11和QL14;适合加工红茶的资源有QL07、QL03、QL09和QL13。特异资源有QL07(EGCG含量>10%)、QL05(高游离氨基酸含量3.961%)、QL11(低儿茶素苦涩味指数4.365)与GZ04(低酚氨比6.881),这些特异资源可为茶树育种及茶叶生产提供原材料。

高效液相色谱法同时检测茶叶提取物中9种儿茶素类和3种生物碱类化合物

建立了以Kromasil 100-5-C_(18)为分析柱,甲醇与0.01%(体积分数)磷酸水为流动相梯度洗脱的高效液相色谱方法,同时定量检测茶叶提取物中的9种儿茶素类和3种生物碱类化合物。结果显示,在一定的质量浓度范围内,12种化合物的峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,方法定量限为2.5~25 mg/L,回收率为94%~103%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤2.7%。方法精密度好、准确度高,分析时间短,检测效率高,可以作为研究茶叶提取物的可靠方法,也可推广用于茶原料的产品质控。

Interaction of catechins with aluminum in vitro

Tea is one of the most popular beverages, consumed by over two thirds of the world's population; but the aluminum accumulation property of tea plant is becoming the focus of many researches because of aluminum's known adverse effect on human health. Investigation of the interactions of catechins with A1^3+ showed that during the interaction of catechins with A1^3+, the UV-vis spectrum of catechins was changed. Absorption of EGCG at 274 nm decreased and increased at 322 nm; EC and C's at 278 nm changed little. The ratio of A1^3+ to EGCG was 1:1 in pH 5.0 buffer solution; in pH 6.2 buffer solution, the ratio in the A1-EGCG complex was 1:1. Interestingly, while the ratio reached to over 2, after the complex of A1-EGCG started polymerization, the ratio in the polymer was 2:1. In pH 6.2 buffer solution, the complex behavior of C with A1^3+ was the same as that of EGCG, with a little difference for EC. When the ratio of A1^3+ to EC was<1, the complex in ratio was 1:2, but, the complex polymerized when the ratio of A13+ to EC was >1. It was found that the ratio of A1^3+ to EC in the polymer was 1:1. Polymerization of A1-catechin complexes might reduce aluminum absorption in the intestine. Kow value was also employed to study the properties of aluminum species in tea infusion (at gastric and intestine pH condition) and the effect of catechins and tea polyphenols on Kow in buffer solution. Results showed that Kow value rose much higher at the intestine pH than at the gastric pH. Tea polyphenols and catechins could greatly reduce aluminum Kow value in acetic buffer,indicating that these compounds may reduce aluminum absorption during tea intake.

Physicochemical Properties and Functional Compounds of Commercial Green Tea Seed Oil

Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.

自然发酵工夫红茶品质形成与儿茶素氧化动力学分析

为了探讨工夫红茶自然发酵工艺下,红茶品质的形成与儿茶素的氧化规律,以汝城白毛茶[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze CV.ptilophylla]春季一芽一叶为原料,采用传统工夫红茶工艺自然发酵技术,对发酵过程中工夫红茶感官品质的变化和儿茶素氧化规律及氧化动力学进行了分析。审评不同发酵阶段样品感官品质,并计算样品儿茶素苦涩味指数,结果表明,发酵6 h和8 h综合品质最好,汤色红亮,滋味浓醇,儿茶素苦涩味指数小,因此,在自然发酵条件(室温20℃)下,工夫红茶的生产以发酵6~8 h品质最好。儿茶素氧化规律分析表明,儿茶素总量、酯型儿茶素和简单儿茶素均呈下降趋势。7种儿茶素组分随着发酵的进程均呈下降趋势,发酵12 h后,其中没食子儿茶素(gallocatechin,GC)和表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin,EGC)含量降至0或痕量。儿茶素氧化动力学曲线表明,自然发酵过程中儿茶素组分的氧化速度依次为EGC>表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)>没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(gallocatechin gallate,GCG)>GC>DL-儿茶素(DL-catechin,DL-C)>表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate,ECG)>表儿茶素(epicatechin EC)。发酵4 h儿茶素氧化速度降低32.05%,6 h降低了58.17%,8 h降低了89.73%,基本失去氧化动力。

Effect of Drinking Green Tea on Mental State of Humans

Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world,among which green tea is most common in China and Korea.Green tea constituents possess a great value to human health wherein lots of clinical studies and investigations were conducted by researchers and experts.However,there are still increasing demands and interest on the health properties of green tea,especially its effects on mental state of human brains.Based on the collated clinical studies,green tea was used to improve mental alertness and thinking.Thus,higher consumption of green tea was associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment.This review summarizes the effects of drinking green tea on the mental state of human brains.Green tea contains a unique set of L-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) that possess biological activities in antioxidant,anti-memory loss,and antiproliferative assays potentially relevant to the prevention and treatment of various forms of brain damage.Theanine in green tea may play a role in reducing stress.The use of highly innovative method of reading and mental behavior of the human brain's response with the intake of green tea thru neuroimaging was also covered in this review.