Advances in Research on Comprehensive Utilization of Tea Waste

China is a big producer and consumer of tea. A huge amount of tea waste is produced in China every year, resulting in environmental pollution and enormous natural resources waste. From the perspective of utilization way, this pa- per summarized the research progresses in tea waste as a raw material for ex- tracting active ingredients and preparing absorbent, activated carbon, bio-organic fer- tilizer, animal feed and nutrients for edible fungi cultivation. In addition, the develop- ment trend of comprehensive utilization of tea waste was prospected. It is found that the comprehensive utilization of tea waste using a variety of techniques can im- prove the utilization efficiency of tea waste and reduce production costs. Finally, a simple and practical comprehensive utilization program was proposed to provide a reference for practical application.

Reductive leaching of manganese oxide ores using waste tea as reductant in sulfuric acid solution

Manganese oxide ores from Gabon and Xiangxi were leached with waste tea as reductant in dilute sulfuric acid solution. The effects of waste tea dosage, concentration of sulfuric acid, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching temperature and reaction time on leaching process were explored. The leaching efficiency of Gabonese manganese oxide ore reached almost 100% under the optimal condition which was determined as follows： manganese oxide ore to waste tea mass ratio of 10：1, sulfuric acid concentration of 2.5 molFL, liquid-to-solid ratio of 7.5：1, leaching temperature of 368 K, time of 8 h. The leaching efficiency of Xiangxi manganese oxide ore reached 99.8% under the optimal condition which was determined as follows： manganese oxide ore to waste tea mass ratio of 10：1, sulfuric acid concentration of 1.7 mol/L, liquid-to-solid ratio of 7.5：1, leaching temperature of 368 K, time of 8 h. The leaching process followed the internal diffusion controlled kinetic model, and the apparent activation energies of Gabonese manganese oxide ore and Xiangxi manganese oxide ore were calculated to be 38.2 kJ/mol and 20.4 kJ/mol, respectively. The morphological changes and mineralogical forms of the ore before and after the chemical treatment were discussed with the support of XRD analysis and SEM analysis.

Extraction of Theanine from Waste Liquid of Tea Polyphenol Production in Aqueous Two-phase Systems with Cationic and Anionic Surfactants

Extraction of theanine from waste liquid of tea polyphenol production was studied in aqueous surfactanttwo-phase system （ASTP） with cationic surfactant （CTAB） and anionic surfactant （SDS）. Results indicate that the region of ASTP is narrow and there is only a two-phase region of cationic surfactant. The increase in concentrations of NaBr and Na2SO4 are beneficial to the formation of ASTP. Theanine concentration in the bottom phase increases with increasing concentration of theanine, whereas the Partition coefficient and extraction rate only change a littlewhen the concentration of theanine is above 0.2 g.L-＇. With the increase of SDS concentration, the phase ratio and the partition coefficient decrease, while the extraction efficiency of theanine increases and the concentration of theanine changes a little in the range from 2.4/7.5 to 2.8/7.2 for SDS/CTAB ratio. The temperature has a notable ef- fect on the concentration of theanine in the bottom phase, partition coefficient and extraction rate of theanine. The increase of waste liquid decreases the phase ratio, increases the concentration and extraction rate of theanine in the bottom ohase, since the orotein and the saccharide enter the bottom nhase with theanine.

Preparation and properties of waste tea leaves particleboard

Urea-formaldehyde （UF） adhesive is the main source of formaldehyde emission from UF-bonded boards. The components in waste tea leaves can react with formaldehyde to serve as a raw material in the production of low formaldehyde emission boards. In our study, waste tea leaves and UF adhesive were employed in the preparation of waste tea leaves particleboard （WTLB）. An orthogonal experimental method was applied to investigate the effects of process parameters on formaldehyde emission and mechanical properties of WTLB. The results indicated that： 1） waste tea leaves had the ability to abate formaldehyde emission from boards; and 2） density of the WTLB was a significant factor affecting its modulus of rupture （MOR）, modulus of elasticity （MOE） and internal bonding （IB）.

The Effect of the Grinding Time on the Mechanical Activation of MnO2 Ore and Tea Plant Waste Carbonization Product

In this study, pyrolusiteore （MnO2） was subjected to mechanical milling with a high-energy mill with carbonized tea plant wastes and the effect of grinding time on the crystal structure of the material was investigated. The ratio of Mn/Fe was 8/1, the ratio of C/（MnO2 ＋ Fe3O4） was 2 and the ratio of ball to ore was 10/1. The samples were mechanically ground at 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 hours. In the processes performed on the attritor, the rotation speed of the mill shaft was determined to be 350 rpm. The results were characterized by TG-DTA, SEM and XRD analyzes. As a result of the experimental studies, it was observed that the samples subjected to mechanical grinding for 120 hours were gradually reduced due to the increasing grinding time at all the diffraction peaks when the XRD peaks were compared with the grinding times. In the thermogravimetric analysis, the sample milled for 120 hours, 50% weight loss was observed at 470 ℃, weight loss of up to 56% was observed at progressive temperatures.