Analysis on the Problems and Strategies of Marketing Channels of Agricultural Products : Taking Liujun Lotus Root as an Example

Marketing channels are an important part of the circulation of agricultural products.With the development of China s agricultural industry,the marketing channels of agricultural products are continuously innovated and optimized.Taking Liujun Lotus Root as an example,on the basis of studying the existing model of marketing channels of agricultural products,this paper analyzes the problems in the existing marketing channels of Liujun Lotus Root,and puts forward relevant strategies.

Optimization of Enzymatic Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla Fibrous Roots by Response Surface Methodology and Its Pilot Application

[Objectives]To study and optimize the process conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis technology for extracting polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla fibrous roots and its application in workshop pilot tests.[Methods]P.heterophylla fibrous roots were taken as the matrix material,and Box Behnken design was used to analyze the extraction time,composite enzyme addition amount,and liquid-solid ratio for response surface optimization experiments,and then applied to the pilot extraction of P.heterophylla fibrous roots.[Results]Response surface analysis showed that all factors had a significant impact on the experimental indicators.The optimal extraction process conditions for polysaccharides from P.heterophylla fibrous roots were extraction time of 2.7 h,compound enzyme addition of 2.5%,and liquid-solid ratio of 32.The yield of polysaccharides from P.heterophylla fibrous roots was 4.83%.The water extraction process of P.heterophylla fibrous roots extraction pilot was used as the control group for response surface optimization of the pilot experiment.The optimization results showed that the extraction time was 3 h,the amount of composite enzyme added was 2.5%,and the liquid-solid ratio was 28.The polysaccharide yield was 4.75%,an increase of 4.63%compared to the control group.[Conclusions]This paper could provide feasibility for the innovation of enzy-matic hydrolysis technology for P.heterophylla fibrous roots and its workshop pilot practice application,as well as a reference for the industrial application of its medicinal resources.

Variation patterns of fine root biomass, production and turnover in Chinese forests

China's forests cover 208.3 million ha and span a wide range of climates and a large variety of forest types, including tropical, temperate, and boreal forests. However, the variation patterns of fine root (< 2 mm in diameter) biomass, production, and turnover from the south to the north are unclear. This study summarizes fine root biomass (FRB), production (FRP) and turnover rate (FRT) in China's forests as reported by 140 case studies published from 1983 to 2014. The results showed that the mean values of FRB, FRP and FRT in China's forests were 278 g m(-2), 366 g m(-2) a(-1), and 1.19 a(-1), respectively. Compared with other studies at the regional or global scales, FRB in China's forests was lower, FRP was similar to estimates at the global scale, but FRT was much higher. FRB, FRP, and FRT in China's forests increased with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP), indicating that fine root variables were likely related to MAP, rather than mean annual temperature or latitude. This is possibly due to the small variation in temperature but greater variation in precipitation during the growing season. These findings suggest that spatiotemporal variation in precipitation has a more profound impact on fine root dynamics in China's forests, and this will impact carbon and nutrient cycles driven by root turnover in the future.

Estimating the production and mortality of fine roots using minirhizotrons in a Pinus densiflora forest in Gwangneung,Korea

The aim of this study was to estimate fine root production （FP） and fine root mortality （FM） at 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm soil depths using minirhizotrons in a 75-year-old Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. forest located in Gwangneung, Korea. We developed the conversion factors （frame cm-2） of three soil depths （0.158 for 0-10 cm, 0.120 for 10-20 cm, and 0.131 for 20-30 cm） based on soil coring and minirhizotron data. FP and FM were estimated using conversion factors from March 26, 2013 to March 2, 2014. The annual FP and FM values at the 0-30 cm soil depth were 3200.2 and 2271.5 kg ha-1 yr -1, respectively. The FP estimate accounted for approximately 17 % of the total net primary production at the study site. FP was highest in summer （July 31-September 26）, and FM was highest in autumn （September 27-November 29）. FP was positively correlated with seasonal change in soil temperature, while FM was not related to that change. The sea- sonality of FP and FM might be linked to above-ground photosynthetic activity. Both FP and FM at the 0-10 cm depth were significantly higher than at 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths, and this resulted from the decrease in nutrient availability with increasing soil depth. The minirhizotron approach and conversion factors developed in this study will enable fast and accurate estimation of the fine root dynamics in P. densiflora forest ecosystems.

Production Performance of Root Systems of Four Forage Legume Species and Their Development Characteristics in Loess Plateau,China

Production performance of four forage legumes species of Medicago sativa,Onobrychis viciifolia,Lotus corniculatus and Galega officinalis were determined,including plant height,above-ground biomass per unit area,tillers per unit area,fertile tillers per unit area,shoot /leaf ratio and fresh /dry matter weight ratio,and the distribution characteristics of their root systems in 0- 100 cm soil layers with 10 cm interval were studied. Results showed that the average aboveground fresh biomass(4 a and 5 a) of four forage legumes species successively were L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. The average plant heights in two years successively were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus. Tillers per unit area of four forage legume species in two years successively were M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. Fertile tillers per unit area in two years were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 G. officinalis. Average shoot /leaf ratio in two years were G. officinalis 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 L. corniculatus. Average moisture contents of four forage legume species in two years successively were G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa = O. viciifolia. The distribution characteristics of root systems of four forage legumes species in 0- 100 cm soil layers were as follows: the root weights of M. sativa in 0- 40 cm soil layers accounted for about 98. 3% of total root weight,that of O. viciifolia in 0- 30 cm soil layers was 85. 8%,that of L. corniculatus in 0- 10 cm soil layers was 80%,and that of G. officinalis in 0- 40 cm soil layers was 81. 4%. The results suggested that L. corniculatus was suited to plant in slighter degraded pasture to control water and soil erosion in early stage,G. officinalis with strong lateral roots was adapted to degraded grassland in the Loess Plateau where soil nutrient was poor,while O. viciifolia and M. sativa with potentially strong main root were fit for water and soil conservation in the losses plateau for long term.

Eff ects of stand condition and root density on fi ne-root dynamics across root functional groups in a subtropical montane forest

Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-based fi ne root dynamics of trees and their responses to forest stand properties remain unclear.Here,we studied the dynamics of AFRs and TFRs and their responses to stand conditions and root density in a subtropical montane mixed forest based on a 2-a root window experiment.Mean(±SE)annual production,mortality,and turnover rate of AFRs were 7.87±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),8.13±0.20 m m^(−2)a^(−1)and 2.96±0.24 a^(−1),respectively,compared with 7.09±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),4.59±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),and 2.01±0.22 a^(−1),respectively,for TFRs.The production and mortality of fi ne roots were signifi cantly higher in high root-density sites than in low-root density sites,whereas the turnover of fi ne roots was faster in the low root-density sites.Furthermore,root density had a larger positive eff ect than other environmental factors on TFR production but had no obvious impact on AFR production.Tree species diversity had an apparent positive eff ect on AFR production and was the crucial driver of AFR production,probably due to a complementary eff ect,but had no evident impact on TFR.Both tree density and tree species diversity were positively correlated with the mortality of AFRs and negatively related to the turnover of TFRs,suggesting that higher root density caused stronger competition for rooting space and that plants tend to reduce maintenance costs by decreasing TFR turnover.These fi ndings illustrated the importance of root functional groups in understanding root dynamics and their responses to changes in environmental conditions.

Geographical Indication of Unique Production Technology of Bahu Lotus Root

Bahu lotus root is a specialty of Hedong District,Linyi City,Shandong Province.It was recognized as a national product of geographical indication in 2011.This article describes the specific production area,unique production environment,rich cultural history and unique quality of Bahu lotus root,and summarizes its unique production from four aspects:selection of origin,selection of variety,production management and timely harvest,aiming to maintain the brand of Bahu lotus root to the greatest extent and further enhance the brand value and influence.

飞龙掌血茎和根不同炮制品对小鼠的急性毒性试验

旨在了解飞龙掌血[Toddalia asiatica(Linn)Lam.]茎和根不同炮制对小鼠急性毒性作用。130只KM小鼠适应性喂养3 d后,随机分为13组,包括溶媒组和12个药物试验剂量组(1个药材茎生品组和5个茎炮制组,1个根生品组和5个根炮制组,其中5种药材炮制品包括水煮制品、水洗制品、水蒸制品、酒蒸制品和酒炙制品)。溶媒组小鼠按40 mL/kg给予纯净水灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;茎各炮制品试验组小鼠按40 mL/kg灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;根各炮制品试验组小鼠按30 mL/kg灌胃,给药2次,间隔4~5 h,记录给药后各组小鼠14 d的主要临床症状、体重变化,并统计死亡率。结果表明,飞龙掌血及各炮制品可对小鼠产生急性毒性作用,临床中毒症状有自主活动减少、安静怠动、俯卧和翻正反射消失。炮制品组与溶媒组比较,在14 d内茎和根各炮制品均可致小鼠体重明显降低,且死亡率显著高于溶媒组(P<0.05或P<0.01);而与生品组比较,茎和根的5种炮制品在14 d内对小鼠体重的影响不显著,可有效降低小鼠的死亡率,其中以水煮法效果最佳。水煮、水洗、水蒸、酒蒸、酒炙炮制方法可以减小飞龙掌血茎和根(生品)对小鼠的毒性作用,但对小鼠体脂影响不显著。

中国莲藕产业发展现状与对策建议

2018年以来莲藕价格波动对农户收益产生巨大影响,产业转型升级面临瓶颈,急需对我国莲藕产业现状进行系统梳理。为了解莲藕产业发展的基本情况,本文基于国家特色蔬菜产业技术体系调研数据,对我国近6年莲藕产业发展现状进行分析。研究发现:近年来莲藕种植面积处于下降态势;莲藕种植区域主要分布于华中、华南、西南和华北地区,其中湖北省种植面积及产量均保持稳定且居全国第1;主栽品种均为我国自主选育品种;莲藕生产成本呈波动上升趋势,收益呈先上升后下降的趋势,且不同省份及经营主体的生产收益差距明显;土地产出率下降、投入产出率提高。针对目前莲藕产业存在的品种退化,连作障碍问题日益突出;机械化水平严重滞后,难以实现机械对人工的替代;产业风险加剧,急需提升基础设施水平;比较收益下降、生产者收入不稳定;产业融合深度不够,产业链增值有限等问题,提出了加强莲藕种质资源收集、鉴定与挖掘利用,加强莲藕专用机械研发以进一步推动农机—农艺相结合的栽培新模式,建立全产业链标准规范以驱动莲藕产业绿色高质量发展等对策建议,以期进一步促进莲藕产业的高质量发展。

中国16个地点天然次生林细根产量分布格局

细根产量(FRP)是森林生态系统地下产量的最大组分,对森林生态系统的碳和养分的分配和循环起着重要作用。细根根序对于FRP有较大的影响。目前较少通过根序分级法、以我国16个地点的天然次生林为整体的大尺度FRP研究。采用根序分级法对我国16个地点的天然次生林进行为期1年的、群落水平的大尺度FRP实验研究,来探索我国16个地点的天然次生林FRP分布格局。结果表明,FRP分布格局总体上由北向南逐渐增加,吸收根(AFR)产量、运输根(TFR)产量以及FRP均为海南尖峰岭最高,分别为(115.42±17.87)g/m^(2)、(298.6±76.82)g/m^(2)和(414.01±84.05)g/m^(2),大兴安岭呼中区最低,分别为(11.25±1.28)g/m^(2)、(12.44±0.97)g/m^(2)和(23.7±1.21)g/m^(2)。山西太岳山、安徽鹞落坪和湖南会同显著低于邻近纬度地区(P<0.05),FRP分别为(50.89±5.58)g/m^(2)、(58.85±17.24)g/m^(2)和(67.26±15.31)g/m^(2)。年均温(MAT)和年均降水量(MAP)与AFR产量、TFR产量和FRP显著正相关,纬度与AFR产量、TFR产量和FRP显著负相关。

控水促根和稀播培育长叶龄壮根苗对烤烟干物质和氮磷钾积累的影响

本研究旨在探究控制水分、稀疏播种和微生物菌剂添加对烤烟干物质及养分积累的影响。以‘云烟87’为材料,设计控水促根和稀播培育长叶龄烟苗两个因素,分析了大田团棵期、打顶期、圆顶期的烤烟干物质积累与分配、氮磷钾养分积累与分配、氮磷钾肥料利用效率状况,采用η^(2)值大小评价了控水促根和稀播培育长叶龄烟苗及其互作的贡献率。结果表明:增加育苗盘孔径、添加微生物菌剂在基质中、水分管理为前漂后湿等措施培育大叶龄烟苗,可提高烤烟干物质积累量和干物质在烟叶分中分配比例,提高氮、磷、钾养分积累量,促进烤烟对吸收肥料中养分,提高烤烟干物质积累效率和烟叶生产效率。控水促根和稀播长叶龄及其互作对烤烟干物质积累的贡献率分别为30.42%、51.71%、17.87%,对烤烟氮积累的贡献率分别为24.44%、47.72%、27.84%,对烤烟磷积累的贡献率分别为25.69%、45.66%、28.65%,对烤烟钾积累的贡献率分别为30.00%、44.03%、25.97%。因此,在南方多雨稻作烟区,可采用控水促根培育措施来替代两段式育苗,培育适栽期长的壮苗,有利于促进烤烟早生快发,为优质丰产奠定基础。

双逻辑下乡村生态产品价值实现的路径——基于35位乡村干部访谈文本的扎根理论研究

生态产品价值实现是推动高水平保护与高质量发展有机融合、实现共同富裕的重要内容。以乡村生态产品价值实现为例,基于北京、浙江、山东、青海、贵州5个省份的27个乡镇和35位乡村干部的访谈文本和文件资料,运用扎根理论方法,探讨乡村生态产品价值实现的影响因素和实现路径。研究发现,乡村生态产品价值实现受到政府和社会双重逻辑的影响。产品提质、政府主导、社会参与、基层治理这4个要素是影响乡村生态产品价值实现的关键。在提炼范畴的基础上,归纳出基础、推动、提升和保障四大对应机制,阐述乡村生态产品价值实现的具体运行机理。在政府主导和社会参与的合力作用下通过扩大优质产品供给、刺激生态产品消费需求、完善基础调查监测体系、培育市场交易机制、提高支撑能力、发挥社会组织带动作用等措施促进乡村生态产品价值实现,进而助力共同富裕,实现生态共富。

磷肥深施对谷子根系分布、养分利用及产量的影响

为探明磷肥运筹获得谷子高产高效的合理途径,本研究采用大田试验法,设置低、中、高3个磷肥水平(P2O550、100、150 kg/hm^(2))和深、浅2个施磷肥深度(15、5 cm),研究磷肥深施对谷子根系分布、水肥利用以及产量的影响。结果表明,不同磷肥水平下,磷肥深施(15 cm)均可降低谷子抽穗期0~10 cm土层内的根长和根干质量,而显著提高10~20、20~40 cm土层中的根长和根干质量;磷肥深施降低抽穗期和成熟期10~20、20~40 cm土层的土壤含水量,促进根系对深层土壤水分的利用;磷肥深施也降低成熟期10~20、20~40 cm土层的土壤有效氮含量,促进植株对深层土壤氮素的利用;磷肥深施不同程度地提高单穗重、单穗粒重、出谷率、千粒重和收获指数,最终籽粒产量提高6.20%~8.35%。肥料偏生产力分析显示,磷肥深施有效提高氮、磷和钾肥的偏生产力,尤其是低磷条件下的。相关性分析表明,产量及其构成因素与深层土壤的含水量、有效氮含量存在明显的负相关关系,其中,与10~20 cm土层土壤含水量和有效氮含量呈极显著负相关。综上,磷肥深施15 cm促进了深层土壤中谷子根系的生长、提高了谷子对深层土壤中水肥资源的利用,进而提高谷子产量,具有高产高效、节肥增产的效果。

全球旱地饱和水汽压差和根区土壤水分变化对植被生产力的影响及其成因

旱地约占全球陆地面积的40%,而水分是旱地植被生长的一大限制要素。尽管土壤水分与饱和水汽压差对植被生长的重要性已经得到了广泛证实,然而目前二者对植被生产力影响的空间异质性及其形成因素仍未得到深入研究,这对研究旱地生态系统对气候变化的响应带来了挑战。为了填补这一认知空白,研究收集了多源气象、根区土壤含水率和总初级生产力产品,基于随机森林算法量化了植被总初级生产力对根区土壤含水率和饱和水汽压差的敏感性,结合土地覆盖数据和分档平均方法分析了敏感性空间异质性的形成机制。结果表明:全球旱地饱和水汽压差与植被生产力总体呈显著上升趋势;根区土壤水分对植被生长的影响以正效应主导,饱和水汽压差对植被生长的影响以负效应主导;相较于森林和灌木,饱和水汽压差对植被生长的负效应及根区土壤含水率对植被生长的正效应在农田、草地和苔原及半干旱区更为强烈;植被生产力对饱和水汽压差和根区土壤水分的敏感性在数量上总体呈显著的线性负相关性。综上,植被种类和气候条件是导致全球旱地植被生产力对土壤水分和饱和水汽压差敏感性空间异质性的重要因素。

保护播种对苜蓿当年生产性能及根系特征的影响

为探究适宜于阿旗地区种植的燕麦与苜蓿最佳混播比例,以单播苜蓿(CK)为对照,研究了5、6、7 kg(YM5、YM6、YM7)燕麦亩播量与苜蓿保护播种对苜蓿当年生产性能及根系特征的影响。结果表明:在第二茬牧草中,CK株高显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),CK干草产量显著高于YM6(P<0.05),YM7粗蛋白质含量显著高于CK(P<0.05),YM7中性洗涤纤维显著低于CK(P<0.05),YM5酸性洗涤纤维显著低于CK(P<0.05),YM7相对饲喂价值显著高于CK(P<0.05)。不同处理下越冬前YM5苜蓿主根长最长,YM7第一侧根位置最深,CK主根直径、根颈直径与0~10 cm侧根数量最大。除YM7处理下10~20 cm与>20 cm土层之间地下生物量无显著差异外(P>0.05),其余同一处理不同土层之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。不同处理下0~10 cm土层地下生物量最大的为CK,10~20 cm、>20 cm土层地下生物量最大的均为YM5。综合评价表明,保护播种可有效提高苜蓿生产性能,改善苜蓿根系特征,从第二茬苜蓿生产性能来看,保护播种组合以YM7最佳;从苜蓿根系特征来看,保护播种组合以燕麦YM5最佳,因此,为考虑新播苜蓿高效返青与可持续利用,最适宜于阿旗地区推广种植的组合为YM5。

激活“积极居民”:城市基层环境治理中合作生产的运作逻辑——基于角色理论视角的分析

城市基层环境治理中公众参与存在“高认知—低践行”的“吉登斯悖论”现象,地方政府将公民参与合作生产视为化解环境风险和提升治理效能的重要手段。基于城市生活垃圾分类服务提供过程的案例分析表明,基层环境治理合作生产是一个激活“积极居民”的过程,主要包含政治整合、行政动员和志愿服务三条路径。鉴于角色是居民个人参与合作生产的联结点,而“积极居民”本身蕴含厚重的公共角色内涵,因此从角色理论视角看,“积极居民”参与合作生产体现为角色建构、角色互动和角色嵌入三个阶段的互构。“积极居民”参与合作生产一方面能够增强对“积极公民”性格的塑造,另一方面有利于促进公共价值实现和社会治理效能提升。

不同培养条件对尖孢镰刀菌苜蓿专化型分生孢子形成及萌发的影响

为明确有利于尖孢镰刀菌苜蓿专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.medicaginis,Fom)分生孢子形成及萌发的培养条件,本研究通过十字交叉法测量Fom菌株在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)、合成低营养琼脂(SNA)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)固体培养基培养不同时间的菌落直径,并通过镜检法和血球板计数法观测以上不同固体及其液体培养基(不加琼脂)培养不同时间的分生孢子产量、比例,以及不同液体培养基中菌株分生孢子萌发率。结果发现,CMC培养基上菌株生长最快(P<0.05)。PDA培养基培养分生孢子产量最高(P<0.05),固、液体培养基分别为(1.05×10^(6))~(7.63×10^(6))和(5.01×10^(6))~(9.49×10^(6))个·mL^(−1),且小分生孢子比例总体相对较高;CMC培养基上大型分生孢子比例最高(P<0.05),固、液体培养基上分别为0.85%~4.40%、2.32%~5.63%。PDA、SNA液体培养基培养分生孢子萌发率较高,且时间越长萌发率越高,培养48 h时分别可达35.98%、47.32%。由此可见,CMC固体培养基有利于Fom生长,其液体培养基诱导菌株大型分生孢子形成效果较好;PDA液体培养基有利于诱导分生孢子形成,尤其是小分生孢子;SNA液体培养基更利于分生孢子萌发。本研究为防治苜蓿镰刀菌根腐病及有关机理研究提供了前期基础。

广西壮族自治区农产品区域公用品牌形象设计研究——以覃塘莲藕为例

广西作为农业大省区,拥有培育知名农产品区域公用品牌的优良基础。因此,文章提出以广西贵港覃塘区的覃塘莲藕为例,探究广西壮族自治区农产品区域公用品牌形象设计相关内容。首先通过SOWT态势分析法研究广西贵港覃塘区的覃塘莲藕品牌的内外部影响因素,其次通过明确品牌定位与用户画像、确定品牌风格与品牌标语、品牌视觉设计三个方面构建了覃塘莲藕品牌形象设计思路。通过文章的研究,以期为广西壮族自治区农产品区域公用品牌发展提供一些启示,同时促进农村经济的繁荣与可持续发展,为乡村振兴注入新活力。

药品生产企业偏差管理的现状分析与对策

目的 探讨药品生产企业偏差管理的现状与对策,为药品生产企业的偏差管理工作提供参考,同时也为药品监管检查工作中对偏差管理的高效检查提供借鉴。方法 总结分析药品生产企业偏差管理存在的问题,分析问题产生的根本原因并提出相应的对策。结果 企业在偏差的识别与上报流程上存在逻辑问题,偏差调查不充分,弱化人员差错类偏差的处理,纠正和预防措施制订不合理,影响性评估缺乏系统科学性。结论药品生产企业应重视偏差管理工作,持续开展各层级偏差处理培训,组建主题专家团队,重视人员差错类偏差的处理,运用适宜的质量风险管理工具开展偏差调查和影响性评估,识别偏差的根本原因,助力企业质量管理水平提升。

浸种催芽模式对水培花生芽胚根发育及标准化生产的影响

为了探索水培花生芽最适宜胚根发育的浸种催芽条件,设置不同梯度的温度、浸种时间和催芽时间组合,对花生种子进行培养,统计胚根发育情况。结果表明,当温度设置在25~27℃,浸种时间为3~4 h,催芽32~36 h时,花生芽胚根发育较好,最适宜花生芽上穴盘生长,收获的花生芽商品率最高。