A Review of Device-Free Indoor Positioning for Home-Based Care of the Aged:Techniques and Technologies

With the development of urbanization,the problem of neurological diseases brought about by population aging has gradually become a social problem of worldwide concern.Aging leads to gradual degeneration of the central nervous system,shrinkage of brain tissue,and decline in physical function in many elderlies,making them susceptible to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD),stroke,Parkinson’s and major depressive disorder(MDD).Due to the influence of these neurological diseases,the elderly have troubles such as memory loss,inability to move,falling,and getting lost,which seriously affect their quality of life.Tracking and positioning of elderly with neurological diseases and keeping track of their location in real-time are necessary and crucial in order to detect and treat dangerous and unexpected situations in time.Considering that the elderly with neurological diseases forget to wear a positioning device or have mobility problems due to carrying a positioning device,device-free positioning as a passive positioning technology that detects device-free individuals is more suitable than traditional active positioning for the home-based care of the elderly with neurological diseases.This paper provides an extensive and in-depth survey of device-free indoor positioning technology for home-based care and an in-depth analysis of the main features of current positioning systems,as well as the techniques,technologies andmethods they employ,fromthe perspective of the needs of the elderly with neurological conditions.Moreover,evaluation criteria and possible solutions of positioning techniques for the home-based care of the elderly with neurological conditions are proposed.Finally,the opportunities and challenges for the development of indoor positioning technology in 6G mobile networks for home-based care of the elderly with neurological diseases are discussed.This review has provided comprehensive and effective tracking and positioning techniques,technologies and methods for the elderly,by which we can obtain the location information of the elderly in real-time and make home-based care more comfortable and safer for the elderly with neurological diseases.

THE ESSENCE OF LOW-ENERGY AFFORDABLE HOUSING DESIGN STRATEGIESLearnt from Scottish and Canadian Homebuilders’Attempt and Experience

Nearly one-third of the Scottish population is struggling to heat their home properly today.There is an urgent need for the delivery of low-energy affordable homes.However,the homebuilding industry has no systematic way to deliver such unconventional homes,although the UK government has set out a bold“green”target that all newly-built homes be carbon neutral by 2016.Accordingly,this paper explores the status quo of today’s affordable homes being built in Scotland;and secondly,it extends the scope to the review of successfully commercialized low-to zero-energy affordable housing developments in Canada.This study emphasizes the significant impact of design choices on the delivery of low-to zero-energy affordable housing,including housing orientations and configurations;construction materials and systems,including renewable energy technologies;and internal planning,with due consideration to the time-related sun positions and the internal space day-lighting and heat gain potentials.In addition,the paper argues that the absence of clear definitions as to housing quality and affordability,and the lack of industry capacity for technical knowledge learning activities,are potential obstacles that limit the spread of sustainable zero-carbon homes in Scotland today.Moreover,the effect of the design charrette approach being practiced in Canada on the homebuilding decision making process was reviewed,with the aim of providing a base for further discussion on the applicability of Canadian low-energy affordable housing design techniques to sustainable zero carbon homes of the future in Scotland.