Feasibility Demonstrations of Liquid Turbine Power Generator Driven by Low Temperature Heats

Lower temperature waste heats less than 373 K have strong potentials to supply additional energies because of their enormous quantities and ubiquity. Accordingly, reinforcement of power generations harvesting low temperature heats is one of the urgent tasks for the current generation in order to accomplish energy sustainability in the coming decades. In this study, a liquid turbine power generator driven by lower temperature heats below 373 K was proposed in the aim of expanding selectable options for harvesting low temperature waste heats less than 373 K. The proposing system was so simply that it was mainly composed of a liquid turbine, a liquid container with a biphasic medium of water and an underlying water-insoluble low-boiling-point medium in a liquid phase, a heating section for vaporization of the liquid and a cooling section for entropy discharge outside the system. Assumed power generating steps via the proposing liquid turbine power generator were as follows: step 1: the underlying low-boiling-point medium in a liquid phase was vaporized, step 2: the surfacing vapor bubbles of low-boiling-point medium accompanied the biphasic medium in their wakes, step 3: such high momentum flux by step 2 rotated the liquid turbine (i.e. power generation), step 4: the surfacing low-boiling-point medium vapor was gradually condensed into droplets, step 5: the low-boiling-point medium droplets were submerged to the underlying medium in a liquid phase. Experiments with a prototype liquid turbine power generator proved power generations in accordance with the assumed steps at a little higher than ordinary temperature. Increasing output voltage could be obtained with an increase in the cooling temperature among tested ranging from 294 to 296 K in contrast to normal thermal engines. Further improvements of the direct current voltage from the proposing liquid turbine power generator can be expected by means of far more vigorous multiphase flow induced by adding solid powders and theoretical optimizations of heat and mass transfers.

Proposal of a Solar Thermal Power Plant at Low Temperature Using Solar Thermal Collectors

To this day, only two types of solar power plants have been proposed and built: high temperature thermal solar one and photovoltaic one. It is here proposed a new type of solar thermal plant using glass-top flat surface solar collectors, so working at low temperature (i.e., below 100°C). This power plant is aimed at warm countries, i.e., the ones mainly located between -40° and 40° latitude, having available space along their coast. This land based plant, to install on the seashore, is technologically similar to the one used for OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion). This plant, apart from supplying electricity with a much better thermodynamic efficiency than OTEC plants, has the main advantage of providing desalinated water for drinking and irrigation. This plant is designed to generate electricity (and desalinated water) night and day and all year round, by means of hot water storage, with just a variation of the power delivered depending on the season.

Energy model based sensorless estimation method for operational temperature of braking resistor onboard metro vehicles

Purpose–This study aims to improve the availability of regenerative braking for urban metro vehicles by introducing a sensorless operational temperature estimation method for the braking resistor(BR)onboard the vehicle,which overcomes the vulnerability of having conventional temperature sensor.Design/methodology/approach–In this study,the energy model based sensorless estimation method is developed.By analyzing the structure and the convection dissipation process of the BR onboard the vehicle,the energy-based operational temperature model of the BR and its cooling domain is established.By adopting Newton’s law of cooling and the law of conservation of energy,the energy and temperature dynamic of the BR can be stated.To minimize the use of all kinds of sensors(including both thermal and electrical),a novel regenerative braking power calculation method is proposed,which involves only the voltage of DC traction network and the duty cycle of the chopping circuit;both of them are available for the traction control unit(TCU)of the vehicle.By utilizing a real-time iterative calculation and updating the parameter of the energy model,the operational temperature of the BR can be obtained and monitored in a sensorless manner.Findings–In this study,a sensorless estimation/monitoring method of the operational temperature of BR is proposed.The results show that it is possible to utilize the existing electrical sensors that is mandatory for the traction unit’s operation to estimate the operational temperature of BR,instead of adding dedicated thermal sensors.The results also validate the effectiveness of the proposal is acceptable for the engineering practical.Originality/value–The proposal of this study provides novel concepts for the sensorless operational temperature monitoring of BR onboard rolling stocks.The proposed method only involves quasi-global electrical variable and the internal control signal within the TCU.

Visualization of 3-D temperature distribution in a 300 MW twin-furnace coal-fired boiler

Until now, it has been difficult to obtain on-line three-dimensional (3-D) temperature distribution information which can reflect the overall combustion condition in the furnace of a coal-fired power plant boiler. A combustion monitoring system is introduced which can solve the problem efficiently. Through this system, the 3-D temperature distribution in a coal-fired boiler furnace can be obtained using a novel flame image processing technique. Briefly, we first outline the visualization principle. Then, the hardware and software design of the system in a 300 MW twin-furnace coal-fired boiler are introduced in detail. The visualization of the 3-D temperature distribution in the twin-furnace boiler is realized with an industrial computer and the Distributed Control System (DCS) of the boiler. The practical operation of the system shows that it can provide valuable combustion information of a furnace and is useful for the combustion diagnosis and adjustment in coal-fired power plants.

Research progress on protective coatings against molten nitrate salts for thermal energy storage in concentrating solar power plants

Concentrating solar power(CSP) has garnered considerable global attention as a reliable means of generating bulk electricity, effectively addressing the intermittent nature of solar resources.The integration of molten salt technology for thermal energy storage(TES) has further contributed to the growth of CSP plants;however, the corrosive nature of molten salts poses challenges to the durability of container materials, necessitating innovative corrosion mitigation strategies.This review summarizes scientific advancements in high-temperature anticorrosion coatings for molten nitrate salts, highlighting the key challenges and future trends.It also explores various coating types, including metallic, ceramic, and carbon-based coatings, and compares different coating deposition methods.This review emphasizes the need for durable coatings that meet long-term performance requirements and regulatory limitations, with an emphasis on carbon-based coatings and emerging nanomaterials.A combination of multiple coatings is required to achieve desirable anticorrosion properties while addressing material compatibility and cost considerations.The overall goal is to advance the manufacturing, assembly, and performance of CSP systems for increased efficiency, reliability, and durability in various applications.

基于卫星遥感的秦山核电周边海域温度分布研究

以秦山核电周边海域为研究对象,利用Landsat系列热红外遥感数据,研究秦山核电周边海域的温度分布情况。结果显示,温度反演结果与海上测温数据具有强相关性,反演结果可靠;秦山核电运行前,周边海域温度较为均匀,除自然增温外,无明显温度分异现象,沿岸南北方向上海域温度几乎无变化,东西方向存在较小的温度梯度,离岸10 km范围内温度变化不超过0.6℃;核电运行后,周边海域呈现水温分异现象,温排水分布特征与潮汐和季节密切相关,同季节落潮时刻的温升范围总体要大于涨潮,同潮态夏季温升分布总体大于冬季;某厂取水口处表层海水在涨潮时刻存在1.0℃以上温升。Landsat系列数据基本满足秦山核电周边海域温度分布研究需求,针对特定潮态温排水分布可开展航空遥感监测。

换流阀磁场自取能装置取能特性分析及优化

换流阀温度监测可以辅助预判故障,是保障换流站安全稳定运行的关键技术之一,但其可靠的能量供给问题却鲜有合适的解决思路。文中根据叠加式磁通计算方法,提出基于磁场感应取能技术的精确输出功率特性模型,分步降维研究磁心关键参数对取能功率的影响,并提出优化方法;针对换流阀厅空间限制,提出磁心轻量化技术方案,在此基础上研究贴片式取能装置受应用环境影响产生偏转条件下的取能功率特性,并提出非最优位置下的取能功率特性优化分析方法。文中设计的贴片式取能装置能够在宽范围电流波动下稳定驱动传感器并实现长距离无线通信,同时能够在换流站等狭窄高温空间下满足电力设备长期免维护监测需求。

某天然气发电企业能耗监测数字化设计与实践

火力发电是一种应用广泛的发电方式,通过燃烧化石燃料来产生电力,但是火力发电污染严重,能源损耗高、效率低。随着数字化智能化新技术、新模式、新业态加速涌现,供给侧与需求侧之间的“能源”与“数据”两大要素正在深度融合。实现发电企业能耗监测数字化,是进一步推动数字技术与产业的深度融合,提升核心竞争力,支撑发电行业高质量发展的必然选择,是企业深挖节能富矿,提高能源管理精细化水平的客观需要,是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径。

集中式新能源功率预测系统设计与实现

新能源电站功率预测的稳定性、准确性直接影响电网的安全调度、场站的生产运营等,为解决行业痛点,设计了针对风电和光伏发电的集中式新能源功率预测系统。首先构建系统架构,其具有云端、集控端、场站端应用层级,3个安全区的网络环境且采用双链路传输机制的网络架构,集中式应用架构,以及微服务技术架构;然后开展了软件开发技术选型,设计了高可用方案和埋点监控方案;最后提出了5种核心算法。应用效果表明:该功率预测系统运行稳定,具有良好的经济价值。某省6个风电场实际应用该预测系统后,短期、超短期功率预测准确率分别提高了6.2%、2.2%,且数据上报率达100%。

新时代新能源光伏无人值守智能电站项目的整体规划与目标设定

随着新能源市场化程度不断提高,传统粗放式管理模式已难以满足现代化光伏电站的发展需求。基于信息技术、数字化和智能化技术的快速发展,无人值守智能电站逐渐从理想变为现实。通过分析典型案例,探讨了智能电站的整体规划思路,包括智能设备部署、集控中心建设及区域检修中心构建等核心内容。研究表明,采用“集中监控+区域检修+场站无人值守”的运营模式,可显著提升人效比35%以上,实现发电量提升2.1%,运维效率提高46.7%,设备运维费用降低28.3%,为新能源电站的智能化转型提供了可行路径。

Design and simulation of self-powered radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for mobile temperature monitoring

This paper presents a design for a self-powered radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with a thin film bulk acoustic reso- nating piezoelectric power supply (PPS), which can be used for portable remote temperature monitoring. We call this system a PPS-RFID for short. The RFID systems have been found to have many applications in the internet of things (IOT) in the past decade. But semi-active RFID tags require an onboard battery which limits their applications in many fields. For these reasons, our research focuses on power sources for the RFID tags. This paper emphasizes the circuit design and simulation of PPS. In our tests, 0.283 mW was generated by PPS at 1 Hz vibration by a 650 N impact force. The results showed that the integrated PPS could supply sufficient power for the designed PPS-RFID tag. The PPS-RFID tag can be widely used for temperature monitoring during mobile transport of perishable items such as medicines or food.

Modeling and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Thermal Power Plant with High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage(HTTES)

This paper presents the recent research on the study of the strategies for the flexible operation of the thermal power plant to meet the requirement of load balance. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of bringing the High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage(HTTES) to the thermal power plant steam-water cycle, to identify the suitable HTTES in the cold(hot) section of the reheating pipeline and to test the efficiency of the HTTES integration to increase the flexibility of peak shaving and energy efficiency via thermal power plant with HTTTES modelling and simulation. Thermoflex was adopted to perform the simulation and a 300 MW subcritical coal-fired power plant model was implemented onto the software platform. The simulation results show that it is feasible to extract steam from the steam turbine to charge the HTTES, and to discharge the stored thermal energy back to the power generation process, and to analyse the improved capability of the plant flexible operation with HTTES. Then the study was extended to analyse the effect of thermal energy temperature, the opening of the regulating valve, and the pipeline pressure loss aspects on thermal efficiency of the whole plant. The study is beneficial to achieve more economic operation of the thermal power plant with HTTES integration. It is concluded that the introduction of the HTTES can improve the consumption of wind power, and these ideas and methods for solving the energy consumption of the renewable energy and reducing the peak energy consumption are provided.

The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

Hot dry rock(HDR)is a kind of clean energy with significant potential.Since the 1970s,the United States,Japan,France,Australia,and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key technologies.However,up to now,the development of HDR is still in the research,development,and demonstration stage.An HDR exploration borehole(with 236℃ at a depth of 3705 m)was drilled into Triassic granite in the Gonghe Basin in northwest China in 2017.Subsequently,China Geological Survey(CGS)launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in 2019.After three years of efforts,a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made,including the genetic model of deep heat sources,directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock,large-scale reservoir stimulation,reservoir characterization,and productivity evaluation,reservoir connectivity and flow circulation,efficient thermoelectric conversion,monitoring,and geological risk assessment,etc.Then the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established accordingly.The first power generation test was completed in November 2021.The results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.

Wide Range Neutron Monitoring(WRNM)System in Boiling Water Reactors(A Short Communication&Memorandum)

The WRNM(wide range neutron monitoring)is a newly developed neutron monitoring channel which was initially conceived as a means to meet Regulatory Guide 1.97 requirements for post-accident neutron monitoring.The scope was expanded to include the startup monitoring function with the aim of replacing both the source and IRMs(intermediate range monitors)in BWRs(boiling water reactors).The WRNMs,consisting of a newly designed fixed incore regenerative sensor and new electronics,which include both counting and MSV(mean square voltage)channels,have been tested in several reactors and its capabilities have been confirmed.The channel will cover the neutron flux range from 103 nv to 1.5×103 nv;it has greater than 1 decade overlap between the counting and MSV channels.Because of the regenerative fissile coating the sensor,even though fixed incore,has a life of approximately 6.0 full power years in a 51 kW/L BWR and similar situation has been proposed for newly designed small modular reactor such as BWRX-300 of General Electric Hitachi reactor.

可穿戴生理信息监测的自供电系统研究

设计与制作了一种应用于可穿戴生理信息监测的自供电系统,利用压电-光电复合能量收集装置采集人体运动时足底的机械能和室内光能。复合能量收集装置以运动鞋为载体,设计了多种结构压电能量收集器固定在鞋底,光电能量收集器粘接在鞋面,收集到的能量存储在超级电容中,同时设计了一套能够定时、按需供电的能量管理控制电路,控制生理信息监测系统每隔20 min上电一次,并且测量结束即刻断电。经测试,光电能量收集装置在室内从早上7点至晚上7点的平均输出功率达到590μW,压电能量收集装置在1.2 m/s的匀速步行状态驱动下的平均输出功率达540μW以上,复合能量输出功率能够稳定在1.124 mW以上,即20 min产电1.349 J。对系统各单元进行数据采集测试以及功耗测试,得出系统一个工作周期耗能1.04 J。从能量收支平衡来看,利用运动机械能与光能复合供电的生理信息采集系统可实现自我维持定时工作,具有一定的应用参考价值。

考虑生产安全的工业园区联络线功率平滑策略

高比例新能源接入工业园区已成为高耗能工业负荷低碳转型的主要途径,而联络线功率剧烈频繁波动是园区低碳转型的关键问题.因此,提出一种考虑生产安全的工业园区联络线功率平滑策略.首先,分析电解铝和矿热炉的可控设备控制模型,构建基于联络线功率波动反馈的工业负荷功率闭环反馈控制模型.考虑工业生产核心影响因素,构建温度状态指标模型,形成考虑工业生产核心因素的典型工业负荷需求侧响应惩罚成本模型,并以工业生产的惩罚成本最小为优化目标,将控制目标分配至各工业负荷.最后,构建基于云南电网文山区域网架的MATLAB在线计算和RTDS仿真实时交互算例,结果表明,该算法自适应更新生产设备温度,有效降低功率调节对生产的影响,且联络线购电成本可降低36.4%.

牵引变流器功率器件结温在线监测方法综述

功率器件结温在线监测对牵引变流器安全可靠运行至关重要,准确的结温监测是牵引变流器失效分析、运行状态监测、健康管理和剩余服役寿命预测的基础。因此,面向功率器件结温在线监测开展了大量研究。在此基础上,概述了以热网络模型法和温敏参数法为主的功率器件结温在线监测方法,以此为分类基准梳理了现有功率器件的结温监测方法并讨论了在牵引变流器中在线实现的可能,详细介绍了功率器件结温监测方法针对在线应用及客观因素干扰的发展与改进。最后,总结并对比了现有功率器件结温在线监测方法的演变、联系与差异,在分析现有结温监测方法面临挑战的基础上,展望功率器件结温在线监测在人工智能技术辅助下的前景。

基于数字孪生模型的数字化电网能耗自动监测系统研究

当前使用的数字化电网中,存在感知终端种类较多,对于传统的能耗自动监测系统来说获取的数据传输实时性不足,导致监测结果出现偏差,为此设计一种基于数字孪生模型的数字化电网能耗自动监测系统。系统主要从硬件和软件两方面进行设计:在硬件设计中,根据不同的应用层次,设计系统的总体架构。主要对硬件中的无线通信网络进行搭建,选择基于LoRa无线通信技术的RTU设备作为通信主体。设计LoRa无线开关电路,实现ZigBee设备之间的无线数据传输和交换;软件设计中,设计能耗数据采集主线程,分析数字孪生模型映射交互关系,基于数字孪生模型与实际运行工况之间的映射关系实现能耗指标实时监测。实验结果表明,与传统系统相比,设计得到的检测结果与实际的能耗情况更加相符。

基于STM32的低功耗高精度智能体温无线检测系统

文章设计了以STM32L051C8T6单片机为核心的低功耗高精度智能体温无线检测系统,实现了高精度的体温监测、人性化智能语音播报、稳定的无线传输、低功耗电源管理等功能。该系统传输稳定,抗干扰能力强,续航持久,低辐射,为父母照顾生病发烧的婴幼儿提供了便利。本系统落实科技改变生活,顺应时代发展,解决千万父母的疑难问题。