Low temperature cracking behavior of asphalt binders and mixtures: A review

Low temperature cracking(LTC)distress on pavement seriously affects road life.This paper finished a literature review of the research on the mechanism of LTC of asphalt composites(asphalt composites refers to asphalt binder and asphalt mixture in this article),test methods,factors contributing to LTC,measures to prevent and control the distress,and prediction of LTC in asphalt pavements.The following conclusions were obtained:the cracking mechanism of asphalt mixtures needs to be further revealed by means of simulation at the micro level,the BBR and 4 mm plate test(by DSR)methods are currently optimal,and a correlation between asphalt and asphalt mixture evaluation indexes needs to be established.Sensitivity analyses are needed for the factors affecting LTC of asphalt mixtures.It is necessary to calculate the contribution of each factor to the LTC of asphalt mixtures.The aim is to propose targeted improvement measures for the most unfavourable factors,as well as to carry out research and development of key materials for anti-cracking.Measures for the prevention and control of LTC of asphalt pavement are analyzed and discussed.Existing researches on the prediction of LTC of asphalt pavements is discussed.It is necessary to analyse the mechanical response of asphalt pavement,the damage process and the sensitivity of anti-cracking parameters on the basis of considering the complex geometrical characteristics and material properties of asphalt pavement materials.Finally,the mechanism of LTC,evaluation methods,factors influencing LTC,and remedial measures for asphalt composites were summarized,and future research prospects were suggested.This paper provides theoretical support for the further solution of LTC distress of asphalt pavement,which is effective on the improvement of pavement life.

Form and Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Cement-based Material Made of Limestone Powder at Low Water-binder Ratio under Low Temperature Conditions

The development of strength and the form of attack of cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low-temperature sulfate environment were studied. The results indicate that when water-binder ratio is lower than 0.40, the cement-based material with limestone powder has insignificant change in appearance after being soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature for 120 d, and has significant change in appearance after being soaked at the age of 200 d. Expansion damage and exfoliation occur on the surface of concrete test cube at different levels. When limestone powder accounts for about 28 percent of cementitious material, with the decrease of water-binder ratio, the compressive strength loss has gradually decreased after the material is soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d. After the specimen with the water-binder ratio of less than 0.4 and the limestone powder volume of greater than 20% is soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d, gypsum attack-led destruction is caused to the concrete test cube, without thaumasite sulfate attack.

Development and application of the standard for infrared intelligent body temperature measurement system in the normalized COVID-19 prevention and control

In the phase of the normalized COVID-19 prevention and control,non-contact temperature measurement is one of the most efficient and convenient methods for initial screening of suspected cases.In the year of 2020 in Wuhan,such non-contact equipment was urgently demanded,standards development in the traditional way cannot satisfy the market needs.So,the research and development of this standard for infrared intelligent body temperature measurement system was carried out in a rapid way.

Research on the principle of space high-precision temperature control system of liquid crystals based Stokes polarimeter

The magnetic field is one of the most important parameters in solar physics,and a polarimeter is the key device to measure the solar magnetic field.Liquid crystals based Stokes polarimeter is a novel technology,and will be applied for magnetic field measurement in the first space-based solar observatory satellite developed by China,Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory.However,the liquid crystals based Stokes polarimeter in space is not a mature technology.Therefore,it is of great scientific significance to study the control method and characteristics of the device.The retardation produced by a liquid crystal variable retarder is sensitive to the temperature,and the retardation changes 0.09°per 0.10℃.The error in polarization measurement caused by this change is 0.016,which affects the accuracy of magnetic field measurement.In order to ensure the stability of its performance,this paper proposes a high-precision temperature control system for liquid crystals based Stokes polarimeter in space.In order to optimize the structure design and temperature control system,the temperature field of liquid crystals based Stokes polarimeter is analyzed by the finite element method,and the influence of light on the temperature field of the liquid crystal variable retarder is analyzed theoretically.By analyzing the principle of highprecision temperature measurement in space,a high-precision temperature measurement circuit based on integrated operational amplifier,programmable amplifier and 12 bit A/D is designed,and a high-precision space temperature control system is developed by applying the integral separation PI temperature control algorithm and PWM driving heating films.The experimental results show that the effect of temperature control is accurate and stable,whenever the liquid crystals based Stokes polarimeter is either in the air or vacuum.The temperature stability is within±0.0150℃,which demonstrates greatly improved stability for the liquid crystals based Stokes polarimeter.

Influence of low-temperature sulfidation on the structure of ZnS thin films

ZnS thin films were prepared by sulfuring zinc thin films at different sulfuration temperatures. The crystal structure,surface morphology, defects, and optical properties of the thin films were characterized by x-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), positron annihilation Doppler broadening, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, respectively.It was found that the(200)-plane preferred orientation of the ZnS thin films changed to(111)-plane with increasing sulfidation temperature. Moreover, a number of large holes were generated at 420?C and eliminated at 440?C. The concentration of defects was lowest when the sulfuration temperature was 440?C. The optical transmission of all samples was maintained at 60%–80% in the wavelength range of 400 nm–800 nm, and the band energy of the ZnS thin films was approximately3.5 e V for all treatment temperatures except 430?C.

Temperature field in the hot-top during casting a new super-high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy by low frequency electromagnetic process

The billets of a new super-high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy in 200mm diameter were produced by the processesof low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) and conventional direct chill (DC) casting, respectively. The effects of lowfrequency electromagnetic field on temperature field of the melt in the hot-top were investigated by temperaturemeasurement method. Temperature curves were measured from the surface to the center of the billets by locating type Kthermocouples into the casting during the processes. The results show that during LFEC process the temperature field inthe melt applying the hot-top is very uniform, which is helpful to reduce the difference of thermal gradients between thesurface and the center, and then to reduce the thermal stress and to eliminate casting crack.

Management of process performance at low water temperatures in respect of filamentous organisms

The management of sludge-settling properties in Nordic conditions is of importance during the low temperature (spring) season because of the peak settler load. A survey was made in 10 Finnish waste water treatment plants(WWTP's) and the total extended filament length and DSVI in half of the plants exceeded the limits, which indicates sludge bulking(15 km/g SS and 150 ml/g respectively). The dominant organism was Microthrix parvicella, the abundance of which was 59.22% of total extended filament length on average. Chemicals were tested to control the filaments, and it was found that special attention has to be paid to maintaining the nitrification at low temperature. A dosage of(H_2O_2-based) oxidants controlled the growth of Microthrix parvicella effectively and rapidly, whereas with the use of aluminium hydroxidechloride a 2 to 5-week period was needed to decrease the filament length.

DESIGNOFMULTI┐SLOTANDUNEQUAL┐TEMPERATUREPIDCONTROLLERBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTER

Taking a specific production process as an example, this paper introduces the design of multi slot and unequal temperature PID controller based on single chip microcomputer. The mathematical implementation method of PID algorithm and the design method of the hardware and software are discussed, The principle diagram of the hardware circuit implementing the control algorithm and the features of the software possessed are also presented.

Controlled Rolling and Cooling Process for Low Carbon Cold Forging Steel

Effect of controlled rolling and cooling process on the mechanical properties of low carbon cold forging steel was investigated for different processing parameters of a laboratory hot rolling mill. The results show that the specimens with fast cooling after hot rolling exhibit very good mechanical properties, and the improvement of the mechanical properties can be attributed mainly to the ferrite-grain refinement. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing final cooling temperature within the range from 670 ℃ to 570 ℃ due to the finer interlamellar spacing of pearlite colony. The specimen with fast cooling after low temperature rolling shows the highest values of the mechanical properties. The effect of the ferrite grain size on the mechanical properties was greater than that of pearlite morphology in the present study. The mechanical properties of specimens by controlled rolling and cooling process without thermal treatment were greatly superior to that of the same specimens by the conventional rolling, and their tensile strength reached 490 MPa grade even in the case of low temperature rolling without controlled rolling. It might be expected to realize the substitution medium-carbon by low-carbon for 490 MPa grade cold forging steel with controlled rolling and cooling process.

高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆力学与抗冻性能

磷酸镁水泥(MPC)砂浆因其低温下卓越的强度发展潜力和免于蓄热保湿养护的特性,特别适用于高寒地区破损混凝土结构的修补工作。研究采用现场试验的办法,以成型温度、镁磷质量比、养护制度为变量,跟踪不同龄期下不同条件的磷酸镁水泥砂浆的抗折与抗压强度,厘清了高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆力学性能的发展规律。研究又以成型海拔、成型温度、镁磷质量比为变量,以气泡结构和水饱和度为中间指标,以单面盐冻中质量剥蚀和快速冻融循环中相对质量及相对动弹性模量的变化为直接指标,剖析了高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆抗冻性能的影响因素。研究结果表明,自然养护相较恒定低温养护对早期强度发展有利,但对后期强度发展有不良影响。低温环境下成型有利于自然养护的磷酸镁水泥砂浆的后期强度。成型海拔、成型温度和镁磷质量比与砂浆的含气量呈负相关,与砂浆的气泡间距系数和水饱和度呈正相关。试验条件下,这三个变量的值越小,砂浆的抗冻性越好。-10℃成型,镁磷质量比为4对砂浆强度最有利;而-10℃成型,镁磷质量比为3对砂浆抗冻性最有利。这些研究成果为高寒地区磷酸镁水泥砂浆的工程应用提供了技术建议与理论支持。

炎热气候下大体积混凝土施工全过程控温技术

控制温差、防止贯穿裂缝的出现是大体积混凝土施工的重点和难点。依托杭州西站TOD项目,首先基于试验结果优选出满足C50强度等级的大体积混凝土最佳配合比,从源头上协助解决炎热季节高强度大体积混凝土内部温升过快问题;然后基于有限元模拟和现场实测相结合的手段,开展温度场模拟和实测,确定布设水管冷却系统及通水冷却方案的合理性和有效性,实现对混凝土内部温升的有效控制。研究成果为杭州西站TOD项目C50大体积混凝土底板混凝土的成功浇筑奠定了坚实的理论基础,并为类似的大体积混凝土工程施工提供参考。

防漏堵漏低密度水泥浆技术

跃进3-3XC井完钻井深达9432 m,水平钻进距离超过3400 m,刷新了亚洲最深和超深水平大位移井的纪录。该井地质结构复杂,施工难度大,对水泥浆性能要求高,除了高温、高压外,地层承压能力低,极易发生漏失。针对此类问题,通过研发新型功能性材料,构建了C-Lo PSD(1.30 g/cm^(3))、C-Lite STONE(1.60 g/cm^(3))与C-Hi PSD(1.40 g/cm^(3))三套低密度水泥浆体系,涵盖了中低温、高温等应用条件,并在跃进3-3XC井中成功应用,水泥浆性能满足固井需求。与之前用水泥浆体系相比,混浆效率、流变性、悬浮稳定性、水泥石抗压强度等明显提升。其中,C-Lite STONE(T_(BHC)=75℃/T_(TOC)=30℃)与C-Hi PSD(T_(BHC)=145℃/T_(TOC)=105℃)水泥浆体系在温差分别为45℃和40℃下,顶部48 h抗压强度达到8.1 MPa和14.3 MPa。跃进3-3XC井在施工期间多次遭遇漏失,通过使用自研的新型堵漏材料C-B62和C-B66,成功封堵裂缝,保证了固井施工的顺利进行。

菠萝抗寒研究进展

低温是限制菠萝产量和品质的重要因素之一。我国菠萝种植适宜区冬季周期性地受到低温等自然灾害影响,且近年来频繁遭遇严峻气候环境挑战,造成减产或失收,严重影响菠萝产业可持续发展。目前,关于菠萝抗寒性研究主要集中于抗寒种质资源鉴定与评价、抗寒性评价方法、生理生化测定、抗寒基因挖掘和抗寒防治措施等方面,而在菠萝抗寒性分子机制方面的研究进展较缓慢,本文针对这些方面进行概述,以期为菠萝抗寒性状的遗传改良及生产上防寒防冻提供参考。

玄武岩微筋对磷酸镁修补砂浆弯曲性能的增强增韧效应研究

为了探究玄武岩微筋(Basalt minibar)对磷酸镁修补砂浆(MPCRM)的增强增韧改性效果,通过四点弯曲试验分析纤维类型、纤维掺量、基体水胶比及养护条件对MPCRM弯拉强度和弯曲韧性的影响规律。试验结果表明:玄武岩微筋对MPCRM的弯曲增强增韧性能优越,且其增韧效果优于玄武岩单丝纤维;当玄武岩微筋掺量不低于1.0%(体积分数)时,MPCRM弯拉强度和弯曲韧性均随着玄武岩微筋掺量增加而提高;随着水胶比提高,玄武岩微筋增强MPCRM的弯曲韧性降低,弯拉强度先增加后减小,水胶比为0.18和体积掺量为1.5%的玄武岩微筋增强MPCRM的弯拉强度最大;掺入玄武岩微筋能够部分弥补低温养护MPCRM的受冻损伤。

当量比分层压燃的火焰发展特性与控制机制

针对柴油机当量比分层充量压缩着火的可控性问题,基于OpenFOAM平台构建了一维分层充量自燃及火焰发展的理论模型,在压力为6MPa、温度为850 K工况条件下,研究了当量比分层压缩燃烧过程的基本特征和控制机制,以及当量比分层策略对燃烧过程的调控作用.结果表明:当量比分层压燃早期的组分扩散对化学反应影响较大,中期主要受化学反应和压力波耦合后的共同控制,而后期化学反应和压力波解耦,主要受化学反应控制,压力波影响较小;小负荷工况(整体当量比为0.3)下通过组织合理的充量分层可以使50%放热对应的时间从1.312 ms缩短到0.685 ms,燃烧速度提高近1倍,而大负荷工况(整体当量比为0.7)下可以通过部分分层策略将50%放热对应的时间从0.357 ms延长到0.477 ms.

医院过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌质量评价指标体系构建

目的构建系统、规范的过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌质量评价指标体系,为科学评价其灭菌效果提供参考。方法以三维质量评价模型为理论框架,通过文献回顾、理论分析、小组讨论法制订过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌质量评价指标体系初稿,采用德尔菲法对全国15名消毒供应、感染防控、设备管理等相关领域专家进行2轮函询,并运用层次分析法确定指标权重。结果2轮函询问卷有效回收率分别为88%、100%,专家权威系数分别为0.940、0.960,肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.166、0.236(均P<0.001)。最终确定的医院过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌质量评价指标体系包括3项一级指标、11项二级指标、52项三级指标。结论构建的过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌质量评价指标内容科学、全面、实用,具有针对性,可为过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌质量评价提供理论参考。

TMCP工艺下Q390钢板厚度、温度场与组织演变的关系

采用TMCP工艺制备三种不同厚度的Q390热轧钢板,基于冷却温度场有限元分析揭示了厚度对组织演变和硬度的影响规律。结果表明:在相同冷却条件下,40 mm厚热轧钢板厚度方向组织存在明显差异,即边部以贝氏体为主,而心部为铁素体和珠光体,对应显微硬度差值约40 HV;13、20 mm厚热轧钢板厚度方向组织较为均匀,以贝氏体为主,显微硬度分布也相对均匀。温度场有限元分析表明厚板(40 mm)试样的心部组织铁素体+珠光体主要形成于空冷阶段;而对于其他厚度钢板,在水冷阶段,心部和边部获得较为一致的终冷温度和冷速,且均在贝氏体相变温度区间。

低温环境下含石灰石粉水泥基材料抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能研究

为提升低温硫酸盐环境下含石灰石粉水泥基材料的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,采用脉冲电场加速硫酸盐侵蚀,通过观测试件外观形貌变化及利用XRD和FT-IR测定腐蚀物微观组分,对掺不同矿物掺合料的含石灰石粉水泥基材料抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能及机理开展研究。结果表明:掺加矿物掺合料可在不同程度上改善含石灰石粉水泥基材料的低温抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,且复掺较单掺时的整体侵蚀抑制效果更加显著,但需满足矿物掺合料的最低掺量要求;建议单掺时水泥基材料中粉煤灰或矿粉的质量占比应分别不低于30%和50%,复掺时粉煤灰与矿粉的质量占比为50%~70%,且二者质量比以1.0∶1.5~1.0∶2.5为宜。此外,含石灰石粉水泥基材料在发生碳硫硅钙石型硫酸盐侵蚀(TSA)过程中,碳硫硅钙石衍射峰主要由钙矾石衍射峰右移后形成,表明其生成以钙矾石转化为主。因此,有效抑制钙矾石的生成是抑制含石灰石粉水泥基材料发生TSA的重点。

基于可重构分布式控温的高稳定度热控系统研究

随着光学遥感卫星分辨率的不断提高,光学系统的口径和焦距越来越大,空间光学系统对大面积、高稳定度温度控制的需求越来越突出,而集中控温模式存在热控引线多且走线困难、测温稳定性差等不足,难以满足光学系统大面积高稳定度的控温需求.提出了一种主控加远端的分布式控温系统构架和基于差分比例电阻的高稳定度测温方法,研制了基于分布式的可重构控温系统样机.试验结果表明:系统具有较强的拓展性和自主重构能力,大大提高了热控系统的适应能力,测温稳定性优于±3mK/3h.

低温共烧陶瓷激光测厚系统设计与误差分析

基于提升低温共烧陶瓷(low temperature co-fired ceramic,LTCC)厚度的检测精度、测量效率和可溯源性的需求,设计一套LTCC激光测厚系统。针对测量精度难以满足需求的问题,对存在误差进行分析,采用厚度测量用调整夹具消除同轴度误差和线性度误差,优化设计结构降低倾角误差,循环传感器标定消除重复度误差,通过数据优化和滤波处理降低机械振动误差,提高了系统测量精度。与实际产品厚度数据对比,最终精度误差≤5μm,符合产品的应用要求,具有广阔的应用市场。