Exact results on cavity cooling in a system of a two-level atom and a cavity field

Using the algebraic dynamical method, this paper investigates the laser cooling of a moving two-level atom coupled to a cavity field. Analytical solutions of optical forces and the cooling temperatures are obtained. Considering Rb atoms as an example, it finds that the numerical results are relevant to the recent experimental laser cooling investigations.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Q345 Steel after High Temperature Cooling

Because of its advantages of light weight, high strength and convenient construction, steel structure has gradually become the first choice for large-span and high-rise structures. The use of high strength steel in building engineering can reduce the section size of components and the weight of the structure, thus increasing the building area. But steel is not fire-resistant, when the temperature reaches 600°C, steel loses most of the stiffness and strength. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the fire resistance of steel structures, and the mechanical properties of steel structures at high temperature are the foundation of the fire resistance research. The mechanical properties of steel after high temperature are the basis for the safety assessment of steel structure after fire. Therefore, this paper studies the mechanical properties of Q345 steel after high temperature cooling.

Cooling dialysate during in-center hemodialysis:Beneficial and deleterious effects

The use of cooled dialysate temperatures first came about in the early 1980s as a way to curb the incidence of intradialytic hypotension （IDH）. IDH was then, and it remains today, the most common complication affecting chronic hemodialysis patients. It decreases quality of life on dialysis and is an independent risk factor for mortality. Cooling dialysate was first employed as a technique to incite peripheral vasoconstriction on dialysis and in turn reduce the incidence of intradialytic hypotension. Although it has become a common practice amongst in-center hemodialysis units, cooled dialysate results in up to 70% of patients feeling cold while on dialysis and some even experience shivering. Over the years, various studies have been performed to evaluate the safety and effcacy of cooled dialysate in comparison to a standard, more thermoneutral dialysate temperature of 37℃. Although these studies are limited by small sample size, they are promising in many aspects. They demonstrated that cooled dialysis is safe and equally efficacious as thermoneutral dialysis. Although patients report feeling cold on dialysis, they also report increased energy and an improvement in their overall health following cooled dialysis. They established that cooling dialysate temperatures improves hemodynamic tolerability during and after hemodialysis, even in patients prone to IDH, and does so without adversely affecting dialysis adequacy. Cooled dialysis also reduces the incidence of IDH and has a protective effect over major organs including the heart and brain. Finally, it is an inexpensive measure that decreases economic burden by reducing necessary nursing intervention for issues that arise on hemodialysis such as IDH. Before cooled dialysate becomes standard of care for patients on chronic hemodialysis, larger studies with longer follow-up periods will need to take place to confrm the encouraging outcomes mentioned here.

The South China Sea throughflow: linkage with local monsoon system and impact on upper thermal structure of the ocean

The tendency of South China Sea throughflow (SCSTF) variation associated with the local monsoon system, and its impact on upper-layer thermal structure, are studied using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) dataset, combined with Ishii reanalysis data. Luzon Strait Transport (LST) is measured and used as an index for studying the SCSTF variation. Results show that LST had an increasing tendency over the last 50 years, mainly in summer and fall. The increasing tendency was 0.017 1 Sv/a in summer and 0.027 4 Sv/a in fall, as estimated by SODA, and 0.018 0Sv/a in summer and 0.018 9 Sv/a in fall, as estimated by "Island Rule" theory. LST increased by 0.53Sv in JJA (June-July-August) and 0.98Sv in SON (September-October-November) after climate shift, as inferred by SODA data. The average LST anomaly in JJA and SON is strongly related to the local monsoon system, especially to variability of the meridional wind stress anomaly after application of a 3-year running mean, with correlation coefficients 0.57 and 0.51, respectively. In addition to the basin-scale wind forcing, the local northeasterly wind stress anomaly in the SCS can push Pacific water entering the SCS more readily in JJA and SON after climate shift, and an SCSTF-associated cooling effect may favor subsurface cooling more frequently after climate shift.

Study on temperature field and settlement of thawing soil under static and dynamic loading

A series of tests were conducted to analyze temperature field distribution and thawing settlement of a thawing soil under static and dynamic loading at various cooling and thawing temperatures. The results demonstrate： （1） the temperature field distribution of the thawing soil was not significantly influenced by the loading form under the tested loading conditions; similar results were obtained for samples at different dynamic loading frequencies and different dynamic loading ampli- tudes, which verified the independence of loading form and temperature field; （2） changed temperature field distributions were found in thawing soil with different cooling and thawing temperatures, and the cooling and thawing temperature of the samples were the main factors affecting their temperature distributions; （3） under the tested conditions, thawing set- tlements were little influenced by the thawing temperature and the dynamic loading frequency; and （4） a linear relation- ship existed between the thawing settlement and the cooling temperature, and a logarithmic function could be used to describe the relationship between the thawing settlement and the loading amplitude.

Deterioration Mechanisms of Sulfate Attack on Concrete under Alternate Action

By micro- and macro-observations, the deterioration mechanisms of concrete under alternate action between repeated sub-high temperature/cooling by water and sodium sulfate solution attack （TW-SA） were studied; meanwhile, the single sodium sulfate solution attack （SA） was also done as comparison. Micro-observations included the analysis of attack products by thermal analysis method and the determination of sulfate-ion content from surface to interior by chemical titrating method （modified barium sulfate gravimetric method）. Macro-observations mainly included the mechanical behaviors such as compressive strength, splitting strength. The experimental results indicate, in both cases, the main attack product is ettringite, only in the first layer of case SA some gypsum is checked; in case SA, the sulfate ions mainly concentrate in the surface layer, so the attack is relatively mild; but in case TW-SA, the repeated sub-high temperature/cooling by water promotes the sulfate ions diffusing inwards, which leads to obvious strength degradation.

Effect of Cooling Start Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 High Deformability Pipeline Steel

The effect of cooling （laminar cooling） start temperature on the phase constitution was analyzed by quanti- tative metallography. The martensite/austenite （M/A） island distribution was fixed by colour metallography. The strength and uniform elongation of the steels were tested with quasi-static tensile testing machine. The in-coordinate deformation of the soft and hard phases was analyzed using FEM. The results indicate that when the cooling start temperature is 690 ℃, the mechanical properties are the best, meeting the requirements of X80 high deformability pipeline steel.

The Effect of Warm Water and Its Weak Negative Feedback on the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato(2017)

Typhoon Hato (2017) went through a rapid intensification (RI) process before making landfall in Zhuhai,Guangdong Province, as the observational data shows. Within 24 hours, its minimum sea level pressure deepened by35hPa and its maximum sustained wind speed increased by 20m s-1. According to satellite observations, Hato encountered a large area of warm water and two warm core rings before the RI process, and the average sea surface temperature cooling (SSTC) induced by Hato was only around 0.73℃. Air-sea coupled simulations were implemented to investigate the specific impact of the warm water on its RI process. The results showed that the warm water played an important role by facilitating the RI process by around 20%. Sea surface temperature budget analysis showed that the SSTC induced by mixing mechanism was not obvious due to the warm water. Besides, the cold advection hardly caused any SSTC, either. Therefore, the SSTC induced by Hato was much weaker compared with that in general cases. The negative feedback between ocean and Hato was restrained and abundant heat and moisture were sufficiently supplied to Hato. The warm water helped heat flux increase by around 20%, too. Therefore, the warm water influenced the structure and the intensity of Hato. Although there might be other factors that also participated in the RI process, this study focused on air-sea interaction in tropical cyclone forecast and discussed the impact of warm water on the intensity and structure of a tropical cyclone.

Novel Matching Strategy for the Coupling of Heat Flux in Furnace Side and CO_(2)Temperature in Tube Side to Control the Cooling Wall Temperatures

Required by the supercritical carbon dioxide(s CO_(2))coal-fired power cycle,s CO_(2)entering a boiler has a high temperature and can cause overheating of tubes.To eliminate the pressure drop penalty effect,the s CO_(2)boiler consists of several modules,each having different heat flux received from the furnace side(q)and different CO_(2)temperature in the cooling wall tube(T_f).We aim to search for the best matching strategy coupling furnace side and tube side to obtain the lowest temperature of tubes.By theoretically analyzing the wall temperature influenced by q,T_f and a comprehensive thermal resistance C,two matching methods are introduced:the heat flux-temperature matching(HTM)which matches higher q with lower T_f,and the heat flux-heat flux matching(HHM)that matches higher q with higher allowable-heat-flux at the temperature limit of tubes.HTM is a conventional method but HHM is newly proposed here.We show that,if C is identical for different modules,the two methods coincide;otherwise,HHM is recommended.For a s CO_(2)boiler driving 1000 MWe power plant,smaller cooling wall temperatures are obtained by HHM than HTM.Based on HHM,the mid-partition wall,heat transfer enhancement,and downward flow are comprehensively used,decreasing the wall temperature significantly.

A review of TRISO-coated particle nuclear fuel performance models

The success of high temperature gas cooled reactor depends upon the safety and quality of the coated particle fuel. The understanding and evaluation of this fuel requires the development of an integrated mechanistic fuel performance model that fully describes the mechanical and physicochemical behavior of the fuel particle under irradiation. In this paper, a review of the analytical capability of some of the existing computer codes for coated particle fuel was performed. These existing models and codes include FZJ model, JAERI model, Stress3 model, ATLAS model, PARFUME model and TIMCOAT model. The theoretic model, methodology, calculation parameters and benchmark of these codes were classified. Based on the failure mechanism of coated particle, the advantage and limits of the models were compared and discussed. The calculated results of the coated particles for China HTR-10 by using some existing code are shown. Finally, problems and challenges in fuel performance modeling were listed.

Experimental Study of Integration and Polyblends Performance for Improved Mixing-Extruding Machine

One improved mixing-extruding machine was introduced as the second-generation product of the mixing-molding integrated technology. In the extruding system,the conventional single screw extruder was substituted by a special conical twin-screw extruder,resulting in stronger feeding ability,more stable extrusion pressure,and better quality of products. The integrated mathematical model of mixing-extruding process was also established by theoretical derivation and optimization according to the experimental results.Then its accuracy was verified by the influences of the pressure of floating weight and the cooling water temperature of extruder on the mixing-extruding integrated process. The results showed that the changes of both parameters could give rise to the fluctuation of the temperature and apparent viscosity of polyblends, thus further influencing the screw rotation speed.

Monte Carlo studies on the burnup measurement for the high temperature gas cooling reactor

Online fuel pebble burnup measurement in a future high temperature gas cooling reactor is proposed for implementation through a high purity germanimn （HPGe） gamma spectrometer. By using KORIGEN software and MCNP Monte Carlo simulations, the single pebble gamma radiations to be recorded in the detector are simulated under different, irradiation histories. A specially developed algorithm is applied to analyze the generated spectra to reconstruct the gamma activity of the ~arCs monitoring nuclide. It is demonstrated that by taking into account the intense interfering peaks, the 137Cs activity in the spent pebbles can be derived with a standard deviation of 3.0% （l（r）. The results support the feasibility of utilizing the HPGe spectrometry in the online determination of the pebble burimp in future modular pebble bed reactors.

Optimal Thermal Insulation Thickness in Isolated Air-Conditioned Buildings and Economic Analysis

The removal building heat load and electrical power consumption by air conditioning system are proportional to the outside conditions and solar radiation intensity. Building construction materials has substantial effects on the transmission heat through outer walls, ceiling and glazing windows. Good thermal isolation for buildings is important to reduce the transmitted heat and consumed power. The buildings models are constructed from common materials with 0 - 16 cm of thermal insulation thickness in the outer walls and ceilings, and double-layers glazing windows. The building heat loads were calculated for two types of walls and ceiling with and without thermal insulation. The cooling load temperature difference method, CLTD, was used to estimate the building heat load during a 24-hour each day throughout spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. The annual cooling degree-day, CDD was used to estimate the optimal thermal insulation thickness and payback period with including the solar radiation effect on the outer walls surfaces. The average saved energy percentage in summer, spring, autumn and winter are 35.5%, 32.8%, 33.2% and 30.7% respectively, and average yearly saved energy is about of 33.5%. The optimal thermal insulation thickness was obtained between 7 - 12 cm and payback period of 20 - 30 month for some Egyptian Cities according to the Latitude and annual degree-days.

Characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS Tapes Under Short-Circuit Current Impacts in Hybrid Energy Transmission Pipelines

A hybrid energy transmission pipeline is proposed with the aim of long-distance cooperative transmission of electricity and chemical fuels, which is composed of an inner high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable and outer liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline. The flowing LNG could maintain the operating temperature of the inner HTS power cable within the range of 85 K-90 K, thus the Bi-2223 superconductors in the HTS power cable produce little Joule loss with the transmission current below the critical current. Owing to the advantages of high power density, low transmission losses and economical manufacturing costs, the hybrid energy transmission pipeline is expected to be widely utilized in the near future. In order to ensure the safety of the HTS power cable and explosive LNG in case of short-circuit faults, this paper tests and analyzes the characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS tapes of the Type HT-CA, Type HT-SS and Type H models under short-circuit current impacts at the LNG cooling temperature (85 K-90 K). An experimental platform is designed and established for the ampacity tests of HTS tapes above LN2 cooling temperature (77 K). The AC over-current impact tests at 85 K-90 K are carried out on each sample of Bi-2223 tapes respectively, and the experimental results are analyzed and compared to evaluate their performances under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the Type HT-CA tape can withstand 50 Hz short-circuit current impact with the amplitude of 1108 A (10 times of critical current Ic ) for 100 ms at 90 K, and its resistance is the smallest of the three tested samples under similar current impacts. Therefore, the Type HT-CA Bi-2223 tape is the optimal superconductor of the HTS power cable in the hybrid energy transmission pipeline.

The Impact of Storm-Induced SST Cooling on Storm Size and Destructiveness: Results from Atmosphere-Ocean Coupled Simulations

In this study, both an atmospheric model [Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model] and an atmosphere(WRF)–ocean(Princeton Ocean Model;POM) coupled model are used to simulate the tropical cyclone(TC) Kaemi(2006). By comparing the simulation results of the models, effects of oceanic elements, especially the TC-induced sea surface temperature(SST) cooling, on the simulated TC size and destructiveness are identified and analyzed. The results show that there are no notable differences in the simulated TC track and its intensity between the uncoupled and coupled experiments;however, there are large differences in the TC size(i.e., the radius of gale-force wind)between the two experiments, and it is the TC-induced SST cooling that decreases the TC size. The SST cooling contributes to the decrease of air–sea moisture difference(ASMD) outside the TC eyewall, which subsequently leads to the decreases in surface enthalpy flux(SEF), radial sea-level pressure gradient, absolute vorticity advection, and wind speed outside the TC eyewall. As a result, the TC size and size-dependent TC destructive potential all decrease remarkably.

Self-acting Afterheat Removal in High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors

Much more nuclear energy capacity is needed than currently installed to meet the demand of energy and the requirement on environment protection in the next decades. More stringent nuclear safety standards have to be established for future nuclear power plants.The philosophy of a catastrophe free nuclear technology is presented in this paper. The issue of afterheat removal of high temperature gas cooled reactors is handled.It is a striking inherent safety feature of the modular high temperature gas cooled reactor design that the afterheat removal takes place without any active core cooling systems.

Correlation of Microstructure Feature with Impact Fracture Behavior in a TMCP Processed High Strength Low Alloy Construction Steel

The present article aims at elucidating the effect of thermo-mechanical controlled processing(TMCP), especially the finish cooling temperature, on microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength low alloy steels for developing superior low temperature toughness construction steel. The microstructural features were characterized by scanning electron microscope equipped with electron backscatter diffraction, and the mechanical behaviors in terms of tensile properties and impact toughness were analyzed in correlation with microstructural evolution. The results showed that the lower finish cooling temperature could lead to a considerable increase in impact toughness for this steel. A mixed microstructure was obtained by TMCP at lower finish cooling temperature, which contained much fine lath-like bainite with dot-shaped M/A constituent and less granular bainite and bainite ferrite. In this case, this steel possesses yield and ultimate tensile strengths of ~ 885 MPa and 1089 MPa, respectively, and a total elongation of ~ 15.3%, while it has a lower yield ratio of ~ 0.81. The superior impact toughness of ~ 89 J at-20 °C was obtained, and this was resulted from the multi-phase microstructure including grain refinement, preferred grain boundaries misorientation, fine lath-like bainite with dot-shaped M/A constituent.

Effects of Technological Parameters on Microstructures and Properties of Low Cost Hot Rolled Dual-Phase Steel on CSP Line

The effects of technological parameters on microstructures and properties of low cost hot rolled dual-phase steel was researched by design different finish rolling temperature,mid cooling temperature between laminar cooling and UFC (ultra fast cooling) and stable UFC rate on the same gauge strips with the same chemistry composition during the manufacture process.It is the key for controlling coil temperature to control finish rolling temperature and mid cooling temperature between laminar cooling and UFC that based on stable UFC rate precondition.The lower finish rolling temperature,with mid cooling temperature between laminar cooling and UFC,the better to form martensite is.The foundation of developing the similar productions on the similar product line was supplied.It is good to technological advancement of developing high affixation value production as hot rolled DP steel,TRIP steel etc.in CSP line.

Effect of Thermomechanical Controlled Processing on Mechanical Properties of 490 MPa Grade Low Carbon Cold Heading Steel

Thermomechanical controlled processing （TMCP） of low carbon cold heading steel in different austenite conditions were conducted by a laboratory hot rolling mill. Effect of various processing parameters on the mechanical properties of the steel was investigated. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the low carbon cold heading steel could be significantly improved by TMCP without heat treatment. The improvement of mechanical properties can be attributed mainly to the ferrite grain refinement due to low temperature rolling. In the experiments the better ultimate tensile strength and ductility are obtained by lowering finishing cooling temperature within the temperature range from 650 ℃ to 550 ℃ since the interlamellar space in pearlite colonies become smaller. Good mechanical properties can be obtained in a proper austenite condition and thermomechanical processing parameter. The ferrite morphology has a more pronounced effect on the mechanical behavior than refinement of the microstructure. It is possible to realize the replacement of medium-carbon by low-carbon for 490 MPa grade cold heading steel with TMCP.

Research on Alloying Design and Process Control for X100 Hot-Rolled Strips

The influence of alloying design,controlled rolling technology and cooling system of X100 hot-rolled strips on microstructure and micro-hardness has been discussed in detail in this paper.The results show that optimal chemical composition range of X100 hot-rolled strips is obtained on the basis of X80 by increasing contents of C,Mn,Ni and Mo of X80.The granular bainite microstructure could be refined and the volume fraction and size of M-A islands could be controlled in a reasonable range by reasonably regulating cooling rate and coiling temperature of X100 pipeline steel,which ensure high strength and toughness of X100 pipeline steel.