Glaciers from the West side of the Royal Andes are an important source of fresh water for some of the most important Bolivian cities like El Alto. Temperature is an important datum for hydrological modelling and for g...Glaciers from the West side of the Royal Andes are an important source of fresh water for some of the most important Bolivian cities like El Alto. Temperature is an important datum for hydrological modelling and for glacier melt estimation. All temperature measurement devices have some degree of uncertainty due to systematic errors;thus, any temperature measurement has some errors. It is important to estimate the influence of such errors on the results from hydrological models and the estimation of melt water. The present study estimates the melt water contribution from the glaciers Tuni and Huayna West as a source of water supply for human consumption of El Alto considering the errors from temperature measurements. The hydrologic response of the basins was simulated with a hydrologic model. The glacier melt contribution was estimated as the difference between the discharge from the current scenario (with glaciers) and the discharge from a scenario without glaciers. Several volumes of melt water were estimated considering the temperature measurement and its possible errors. The uncertainty of such melt water volume was addressed by performing a Monte Carlo analysis of the possible melt water. The melt water contribution from glacier Tuni and Huayna West during the hydrologic year 2011-2012 was between 1.37 × 106 m3 and 1.72 × 106 m3. Such water volume is enough to meet the yearly water demand of between 6.81% and 8.55% of El Alto.展开更多
We establish a single diode laser sensor system to obtain temperature and water concentration in CH4/air premixed flame.Line-of-sight properties are analyzed,but line-of-sight results are not path average values for t...We establish a single diode laser sensor system to obtain temperature and water concentration in CH4/air premixed flame.Line-of-sight properties are analyzed,but line-of-sight results are not path average values for temperature measurements.The measurements are performed on a flat burner based on scannedwavelength direct absorption spectroscopy using two adjacent water lines at 7153.75 and 7154.35 cm 1.Real-time results are acquired using a data acquisition card with a Labview data processing program.The standard uncertainties of the temperature and water concentration measurements are 2.3% and 5.1%,respectively.展开更多
Water quality index of reservoir source water were tracked during three years in a north frigid area,the effect on supplied water quality was also studied.Based on the analysis of the monitoring data during the same s...Water quality index of reservoir source water were tracked during three years in a north frigid area,the effect on supplied water quality was also studied.Based on the analysis of the monitoring data during the same season,the reservoir source water had typical and seasonal variation characteristics that was divided into four periods including the icebound period,spring period(or peach blossom period),stable period in summer and autumn and winter period.The icebound period was charactered by the typical low temperature and turbidity,pH and oxygen consumption decreased gradually showed that the gradually anaerobic trend existed in the reservoir.In May as the reservoir completely thawed,upstream water inflow and the total pollutant in the reservoir gradually increased,but the bottom of reservoir bottom was stable in the anaerobic state temporarily.The state completely disappeared,various index increased significantly in the middle of July.The water had high chroma characteristics,chroma and turbidity increased significantly in the summer and autumn(7-11months),but stability of water quality was poor because of rainfall.The reservoir gradually froze after the middle of November and the flow of water decreased.The peak of chroma appeared a month later than the water temperature.Due to the water turbidity was low,and the floc was small and light,the conventional water purification process design based on removal of turbidity achieved removal of chroma through a lot dosing of coagulant.展开更多
文摘Glaciers from the West side of the Royal Andes are an important source of fresh water for some of the most important Bolivian cities like El Alto. Temperature is an important datum for hydrological modelling and for glacier melt estimation. All temperature measurement devices have some degree of uncertainty due to systematic errors;thus, any temperature measurement has some errors. It is important to estimate the influence of such errors on the results from hydrological models and the estimation of melt water. The present study estimates the melt water contribution from the glaciers Tuni and Huayna West as a source of water supply for human consumption of El Alto considering the errors from temperature measurements. The hydrologic response of the basins was simulated with a hydrologic model. The glacier melt contribution was estimated as the difference between the discharge from the current scenario (with glaciers) and the discharge from a scenario without glaciers. Several volumes of melt water were estimated considering the temperature measurement and its possible errors. The uncertainty of such melt water volume was addressed by performing a Monte Carlo analysis of the possible melt water. The melt water contribution from glacier Tuni and Huayna West during the hydrologic year 2011-2012 was between 1.37 × 106 m3 and 1.72 × 106 m3. Such water volume is enough to meet the yearly water demand of between 6.81% and 8.55% of El Alto.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter under Grant No.SKL110905
文摘We establish a single diode laser sensor system to obtain temperature and water concentration in CH4/air premixed flame.Line-of-sight properties are analyzed,but line-of-sight results are not path average values for temperature measurements.The measurements are performed on a flat burner based on scannedwavelength direct absorption spectroscopy using two adjacent water lines at 7153.75 and 7154.35 cm 1.Real-time results are acquired using a data acquisition card with a Labview data processing program.The standard uncertainties of the temperature and water concentration measurements are 2.3% and 5.1%,respectively.
基金Sponsored by the Science and Technology Research Project of Heilongjiang Province Education Department(Grant No.12513088)PromisingYoungsters Training Program of Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology(Grant No.Q20120201)
文摘Water quality index of reservoir source water were tracked during three years in a north frigid area,the effect on supplied water quality was also studied.Based on the analysis of the monitoring data during the same season,the reservoir source water had typical and seasonal variation characteristics that was divided into four periods including the icebound period,spring period(or peach blossom period),stable period in summer and autumn and winter period.The icebound period was charactered by the typical low temperature and turbidity,pH and oxygen consumption decreased gradually showed that the gradually anaerobic trend existed in the reservoir.In May as the reservoir completely thawed,upstream water inflow and the total pollutant in the reservoir gradually increased,but the bottom of reservoir bottom was stable in the anaerobic state temporarily.The state completely disappeared,various index increased significantly in the middle of July.The water had high chroma characteristics,chroma and turbidity increased significantly in the summer and autumn(7-11months),but stability of water quality was poor because of rainfall.The reservoir gradually froze after the middle of November and the flow of water decreased.The peak of chroma appeared a month later than the water temperature.Due to the water turbidity was low,and the floc was small and light,the conventional water purification process design based on removal of turbidity achieved removal of chroma through a lot dosing of coagulant.
