New Temperature Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Lines with Better Outcrossing Ability for Production of Two-Line Hybrid Rice

An investigation was carried out with three newly developed temperature sensitive genic male sterile （TGMS） lines for their floral traits, seed production potential and outcrossing ability in ten cross combinations. In the TGMS lines, fertile pollens had an average diameter of 0.89 mm while the sterile pollens was with 0.02 mm diameter.TS-29-150GY produced the biggest fertile pollens with 0.92 mm and other two lines produced relatively smaller pollens with 0.91 and 0.85 ram. Pollen fertility during the fertility reversion period was an average of 60.7%. TS-29-150GY had the maximum of 66.9% spikelet fertility whereas other two lines （TNAU18S and TNAU60S） had relatively lower spikelet fertility of 27.8% and 26.7%, respectively. Average of 17.00 g of seed yield was obtained in the TGMS lines during the fertility reversion period. TS-29- 150GY had the highest value of 21.20 g of seed yield while TNAU18S and TNAU60S produced 16.6 g and 13.2 g of seed yield, respectively. The low seed production ability of these three TGMS lines was attributed only to the environmental conditions prevailing during the period. All three TGMS lines had considerable outcrossing potential of 41.2%, 24.6% and 25.0%, respectively. The cross combinations viz. TNAU18S/IET21508 （36 g/plant）, TNAU18S/IET21044 （13 g/plant）, TNAU18S/IET21009 （26.5 g/plant）, TNAU60S/CB-09-106 （26.2 g/plant）, TNAU60S/IET21009 （14 g/plant） and TS29-150-GY/DRR 3306 （39.2 g/plant） showed perfect synchronization with acceptable hybrid seed yield, indicating suitability of TGMS system under Indian condition. Based on the outcrossing related traits viz. panicle exertion, angle of glume opening, stigma length and pollen size, TNAU18S was identified as the best, followed by TS-29-150GY.

ON SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS AND MECHANISM OF TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE HYDROGELS

A series of N-substituted acrylamide monomers and the temperature sensitive hydrogels of their copolymer with N, N'-methylene-bis -acrylamide (Bis) have been synthesized. The effects of monomer structures, composition of the initial monomer mixture, polymerization temperature, the extent of ionization of the network and the presence of acid, base, salt or organic compound on the formation and the swelling characteristics of the temperature sensitive hydrogels have been systematically studied. The mechanism of the temperature sensitive phase transformation of the hydrogels was also investigated.

The immune-chemo-embolization effect of temperature sensitive gold nanomedicines against liver cancer

Although transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization(TACE)plays a key role on clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),it was greatly limited by the poor synergistic effect between chemotherapeutics and physical embolization to tumor-feeding arteries.In the present work,a temperature sensitive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-b-methacrylic acid)(PNA),which was modified with gold nanoparticles(AuNP@PNA),was successfully used to encapsulate doxorubicin(DOX)by electrostatic binding with their carboxyl groups.The resultant gold nanomedicines(AuNP@PNA/DOX)exhibited temperature responsive sol-gel phase transition,favorable shear thinning effect and X-ray angiography.By in vivo evaluation of vascular embolization on VX2-tumor-bearing rabbits,AuNP@PNA/DOX exhibited far better antitumor efficacy than Lipiodol/DOX,on either tumor growth inhibition,proliferation,apoptosis,necrosis or anti-metastasis.Owing to sufficient embolization to tumor vascular networks,AuNP@PNA/DOX down-regulated the expression levels of HIF-1α,VEGF and MMP-9,and prompted more efficient activation on CD3+/CD8+T cells and the related cytokines,suggesting the synergistic effect between AuNP@PNA and DOX on the improvement of post-operative tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment.With their favorable pharmcokinetics and biocompatibility,AuNP@PNA/DOX is promising to be developed as a multi-functional artery-imaging/embolic agent with immune-chemo-embolization for enhancing TACE efficacy on HCC.

Preparation and properties of temperature sensitive paint based on Eu(DBM)_3 phen as probe molecule

Probe molecule Eu(DBM)3 phen is made up of europium oxide(EuO),dibenzoylmethane(DBM) and1,10-phenanthroline(phen). The temperature sensitive paint(TSP) was compounded by the polymerization of the probe molecule, methyl methacrylate(MMA) and the initiator of benzoyl peroxide(BPO).The structure, morphology, luminescence property of probe molecule and the temperature quenching property of the temperature sensitive paint(TSP) were characterized by infrared spectrometer, UV-vis spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence spectrometer respectively. The infrared spectrum and UV-vis spectra show that Eu and DBM form six membered rings, and Eu-O coordinate bonds form. The nanocrystals are in sphere-like morphology with an average size of approximately100 nm. Fluorescence spectra present that the performance of temperature quenching is excellent,what’s more, TSP sample has different temperature sensitivity in various temperature scope. Particularly,under excitation of 286 nm, TSP has a highest temperature sensitivity between 50 and 60 ℃, and the strongest fluorescence emission reaches a peak(615 nm). It indicated that probe molecule(Eu(DBM)phen) has strong luminescent intensity and the temperature quenching properties of Eu(DBM)phen/PMMA is good.

Effect of Polymer Matrix on Temperature Sensitivity of Temperature Sensitive Paints

The thermal quenching behaviors of the temperature sensitivity paints （TSP） composed of europium（III） thenoyltrifluoroacetonate （EuTTA） and Eu-phenanthrene complex （Eu-2） in polystyrene （PS）, polymethylmethacrylate （PMMA） and epoxy resin （EP） were investigated. It is found that both the emission intensity and temperature sensitivity were not only affected by the luminescence probes, but also by the polymer matrix. The interaction between probes and matrix results in the alteration of both the non-radiation decay rate and the activation energy of the non-radiative process for the thermal quenching process, i.e. larger activation energy of the non-radiative process shows higher temperature sensitivity and less emission intensity. Therefore, it was confirmed that the temperature sensitivity and luminescent intensity of TSP depended not only on the luminescence probes but also on the polymer matrix.

Compact temperature-insensitive modulator based on a silicon microring assistant Mach-Zehnder interferometer

On the silicon-on-insulator platform, an ultra compact temperature-insensitive modulator based on a cascaded microring assistant Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed and demonstrated with numerical simulation. According to the calculated results, the tolerated variation of ambient temperature can be as high as 134 ℃ while the footprint of such a silicon modulator is only 340 μm2.

Studies on the Relation between the Composition of Thermal Sensitive MnZn Ferrite and Curie Temperature

Thermal sensitive MnZn ferrite is a kind of soft magnetic ferrite material with lower Curie temperature (Tc) and can be used to make many kinds of magnetic thermal sensitive sensors with high sensitivity. In this paper, the relation between the composition of thermal sensitive ferrite and TC was studied. It was found that TC changes linearly with ZnO extent when the content of Fe2O3 is fixed. Based on lots of experiments, an experimential formula to determine was given out.

Long-term thinning decreases the contribution of heterotrophic respiration to soil respiration in subalpine plantations

Interest in the dynamics of soil respiration(R_(S))in subalpine forest ecosystems is increasing due to their high soil carbon density and potential sensitivity to environmental changes.However,as a principal silvicultural practice,the long-term impacts of thinning on R_(S) and its heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration components(R_(h) and Ra,respectively)in subalpine plantations are poorly understood,espe-cially in winter.A 3-year field observation was carried out with consideration of winter CO_(2) efflux in middle-aged sub-alpine spruce plantations in northwestern China.A trench-ing method was used to explore the long-term impacts of thinning on Rs,Rn and R_(a).Seventeen years after thinning,mean annual Rs,Rn and R_(a) increased,while the contribu-tion of R_(h) to R_(s) decreased with thinning intensity.Thinning significantly decreased winter R,because of the reduction in R_(n) but had no significant effect on Ra.The temperature sensitivity(Q_(10))of R_(h) and R_(a) also increased with thinning intensity,with lower Q_(10) values for R_(h)(2.1-2.6)than for Ra(2.4-2.8).The results revealed the explanatory variables and pathways related to R_(n) and R_(a) dynamics.Thinning increased soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N),and the enhanced nitrogen and water availability promoted R_(h) and R_(a) by improving fine root biomass and microbial activity.Our results highlight the positive roles of NO_(3)^(-)-N in stimulating R_(s) components following long-term thinning.Therefore,applications of nitrogen fertilizer are not recommended while thinning subalpine spruce plantations from the perspective of reducing soil CO_(2) emissions.The increased Q_(10) values of R_(s) components indicate that a large increase in soil CO_(2) emissions would be expected following thinning because of more pronounced climate warming in alpineregions.

Phase Transformation Strengthening of Hot Extruded Inconel 625 under High-temperature Load Environment

Microstructure evolution and properties of hot-extruded Inconel 625 alloy were investigated at different creep temperatures, aging time and strain rates. The experimental results indicate that the Inconel 625 alloy exhibits an excellent creep resistance at 700 ℃ and below. When the creep temperature rises to 750 ℃, the creep resistance falls drastically due to the failure of phase transformation strengthening and the precipitation of a large amount of δ phase and σ phase at the grain boundary. The special temperature-sensitive characteristics of Inconel 625 alloy play a very important role in its fracture. When the strain rate is 8.33×10^-3s^-1, the strength of the specimen is higher than that of other parameters attributed to the effect of phase transformation strengthening. With the increase of Ni3(Al, Ti), the phase transformation strengthening inhibits thickening of the stacking faults into twins and improves the overall mechanical properties of the alloy. With the increase of the aging time, the granular Cr-rich M23C6 carbides continue to precipitate at the grain boundary, which hinders the movement of the dislocations and obviously increases the strength of the samples. Especially, the yield strength increases several times.

Thermoreversible Thickening and Self-assembly Behaviors of pH/Temperature Dually Responsive Microgels with Interpenetrating Polymer Network Structure

The pH /temperature dually responsive microgels of interpenetrating polymer network( IPN) structure composed of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)( PNIPAM) network and poly( acrylic acid)( PAA) network( PNIPAM /PAA IPN microgels) were synthesized by seed emulsion polymerization. The results obtained by dynamic laser light scattering( DLLS) show that the microgels have good pH /temperature dual sensitivities. The temperature sensitive component and the pH sensitive component inside the microgels have little interference with each other. The rheological properties of the concentrated PNIPAM /PAA IPN microgel dispersions as a function of temperature at pH 4. 0 or 7. 0 were investigated by viscometer,and the results displayed that only at pH 7. 0 the dispersions presented thermoreversible thickening behavior. Then the PNIPAM /PAA fibers were prepared by self-assembly of the PNIPAM /PAA IPN microgels in the ice-crystal templates formed by unidirectional liquid nitrogen freezing method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy( FESEM) images indicate that the PNIPAM /PAA fibers are rounded,randomly orientated and interweaved.

Monitoring of steam chamber in steam-assisted gravity drainage based on the temperature sensitivity of oil sand

Thermosensitivity experiments and simulation calculations were conducted on typical oil sand core samples from Kinosis,Canada to predict the steam chamber development with time-lapse seismic data during the steam-assisted gravity drain-age(SAGD).Using an ultrasonic base made of polyether ether ketone resin instead of titanium alloy can improve the signal en-ergy and signal-to-noise ratio and get clear first arrival;with the rise of temperature,heavy oil changes from glass state(at-34.4℃),to quasi-solid state,and to liquid state(at 49.0℃)gradually;the quasi-solid heavy oil has significant frequency dis-persion.For the sand sample with high oil saturation,its elastic property depends mainly on the nature of the heavy oil,while for the sand sample with low oil saturation,the elastic property depends on the stiffness of the rock matrix.The elastic property of the oil sand is sensitive to temperature noticeably,when the temperature increases from 10℃ to 175℃,the oil sand samples decrease in compressional and shear wave velocities significantly.Based on the experimental data,the quantita-tive relationship between the compressional wave impedance of the oil sand and temperature was worked out,and the tem-perature variation of the steam chamber in the study area was predicted by time-lapse seismic inversion.

CuS Composite Thermosensitive Nanospheres for Combined Treatment of Tumor Photothermal and Chemodynamic Therapy

In the study,a kind of CuS nano-particleswith photothermal conversion properties was prepared.The precipitation polymerization method used N-isopropylacrylamide(NIPAAm)and N-vinylpyrrolidone(NVP)as comonomers,and lithium laponite was used as a crosslinking agent to adsorb nano-CuS for preparing a composite microgel P(NIPAAm-co-NVP)/CuS(NNC/CuS)with both photothermal effect and temperature-sensitive response.The drug loading release performance were tested.The experimental results showed that the prepared nano-CuS and NNC/CuS composite microgels had a wide spectral absorption band in the near-infrared region(NIR).Under the conditions of 980 nm(0.51 W/)laser irradiation,the NNC/CuS composite microgels had a good effect.The temperature rose to 51.9°C within 8 min,the effect of killing HeLa cells was obvious,and it was proportional to the laser irradiation time.The drug loading of the composite microgel was 0.15 mg/mg,and the cumulative drug release in the PBS buffer at pH=5.5 was 75%,which was higher than 63%at pH=7.4.At the same time,the photothermal effect can effectively regulate the drug release of the temperature-sensitive drug-loaded microspheres.In the drug release stage,the drug release rate of the laser irradiation section was significantly higher than that of the laser irradiation section.In addition,the combination of polymer and CuS improved the toxicity to cells.The cell survival rate of NNC/CuS composite microgel is 90.9%higher than that of CuS(63%).

Influence of Working Pressure on Ion Sensitive Probe Measurement in Microwave ECR Plasmas

In order to precisely measure the ion parameters in a microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma using an ion sensitive probe,the dependences of the current-voltage（I-V）characteristics on the shielding height（h）and the potential difference between inner and outer electrodes（V_B）have been investigated at different working pressures of 0.03 Pa and 0.8 Pa.Results show that the I-V curves at higher pressure are more sensitive to the variation of h than those at lower pressure.The influence of V_B on ion temperature（T_i）measurement becomes more prominent when the pressure is increased from 0.03 Pa to 0.8 Pa.Under both pressures,the optimized h is obtained at the condition where the current reaches zero in the positive voltage region with a suitable V_B of-1.5 V because of effective shielding of the electron E×B drift.

Spatial distribution and driving factors of sediment net nitrogen mineralization in riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Inorganic nitrogen(N)loss through sediment N mineralization is important for eutrophication surrounding riparian zone.Sediment physicochemical properties have been changed at water-level elevation in riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)due to differences in hydrological stress and human activity intensity.However,spatial distribution and driving factor of net N mineralization rate(Nmin)and its temperature sensitivity(Q10)based on the changes in sediment physicochemical properties are still unclear at waterlevel elevation in the riparian zone.A total of 132 sediment samples in the riparian zone were collected including 11 transections and 12 water-level elevations on basin scale of the TGR during drying period,to conduct a 28-day incubation at 15℃,22℃,29℃and 36℃.Nmin,total N(TN)and substrate quality(SQ)increased with water-level elevation,while Q10 showed an opposite trend(P<0.001).Results of the structural equation model showed that water-level elevation had direct positive effects on TN and SQ(P<0.01).In addition,TN was the major factor that had a direct positive effect on Nmin,and SQ was the crucial factor that had a direct negative effect on Q10(P<0.001).In conclusion,increases in TN and SQ were major driving factors of Nmin and its Q10 at water-level elevation,respectively,in riparian zone of the TGR during drying period.

Eff ects of environmental factors on the temporal and spatial variations in branch and leaf CO_(2)effl ux of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii Mayr

The CO_(2)effl ux of branches and leaves plays an important role in ecosystem carbon balance.Using a carbon fl ux system,the effl ux of Larix gmelinii var.principisrupprechtii(Dahurian larch)was investigated in 27 years(immature),31 years(near-mature),and 47 years(mature)stands at diurnal,seasonal,and spatial scales(direction and height)as well as its connection with environmental factors from May to October 2020.Diurnal variation in effl ux was a single peak,and the maximum occurring between 14:00 and 16:00.Seasonal variation also exhibited a single peak,with the maximum in late July and the minimum in early October.From May to September,effl ux on the south side was the largest among the three stands,and mean values on the south side of 27 year-old,31 year-old,and 47 year-old trees were 0.50,0.97 and 1.05μmol·m^(–2)·s^(–1),respectively.The minimum occurred on the north side.Except for the maximum in July and September in the 27 year-old stand in the middle of the canopy,the maximum effl ux in the upper canopy,and the means in the 27 year-old,31 year-old,and 47 year-old stands were 0.49,0.96 and 1.04μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),respectively;the minimum occurred in the lower canopy.Temperatures and relative humidity infl uenced seasonal variations in effl ux.Seasonal variation in temperature sensitivity coeffi cient(Q 10)was opposite that of temperature,increasing with decreasing temperature.At the spatial scale,maximum Q 10 occurred in the mid canopy.With the effl ux and temperature data in diff erent locations,it is possible to better estimate effl ux variations in each stand.

Comparing the temperature sensitivity of organic matter decomposition in oxic and oxygen-deprived soils

No consistent variation was found in soil respiration Q10 under various O2 conditions.Substrate C quality had a strong effect on Q10 in oxic soils.N limitation had a large impact on Q10 in soils under O2 limitation.Current studies on the temperature sensitivity(Q10)of soil organic matter(SOM)decomposition mainly focus on aerobic conditions.However,varia-tions and determinants of Q10 in oxygen(O2)-deprived soils remain unclear.Here we incubated three grassland soils under oxic,suboxic,and anoxic conditions subjected to varying temperatures to compare variations in Q10 in relation to changing substrates.No consistent variation was found in Q10 under various O2 conditions.Further analysis of edaphic properties demon-strated that substrate carbon quality showed a strong influence on Q10 in oxic soils,whereas nitrogen limitation played a more important role in suboxic and anoxic soils.These results suggest that substrate carbon quality and nitrogen limitation may play roles of varying importance in determining the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition under various O2 conditions.

In-Situ Synthesized Myoglobin Imprinted Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)/Silica Nanocomposite Gels by Using the Molecular Imprinting Method

Temperature sensitive imprinted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanocomposite gels were syntheses via in-situ, free radical crosslinking polymerization of corresponding monomer in nano-sized silica and five different concentrations of myoglobin solution by using the molecular imprinting method. Mb adsorption from five different concentrations of Mb solutions was investigated by two types of nanocomposite gel systems prepared by non-imprinted and imprinted methods. Nanocomposite gels imprinted with Mb showed higher adsorption capacity and specificity for Mb than nanocomposite gels prepared by the usual procedure. The highest Mb adsorption was observed via the imprinted nanocomposite gels with 12.5% Mb. In addition, selectivity studies were also performed by using two reference molecules as fibrinogen and hemoglobin. The imprinted nanocomposite gels had higher adsorption capacity for Mb than the non-imprinted gels and also exhibited good selectivity for Mb and high adsorption rate depending on the number of Mb sized cavities.

Natural Convection of Temperature-Sensitive Magnetic Fluids in Porous Media

In this article,natural convection of a temperature-sensitive magnetic fluid in a porous media is studied numerically by using lattice Boltzmann method.Results show that the heat transfer decreases when the ball numbers increase.When the magnetic field is increased,the heat transfer is enhanced;however the average wall Nusselt number increases at small ball numbers but decreases at large ball numbers due to the induced flow being more likely confined near the bottom walls with a high number of obstacles.

Soil CO_2 Emissions as Affected by 20-Year Continuous Cropping in Mollisols

Long-term continuous cropping of soybean （Glycine max）, spring wheat （Triticum aesativum） and maize （Zea mays） is widely practiced by local farmers in northeast China. A field experiment （started in 1991） was used to investigate the differences in soil carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions under continuous cropping of the three major crops and to evaluate the relationships between CO2 fluxes and soil temperature and moisture for Mollisols in northeast China. Soil CO2 emissions were measured using a closed-chamber method during the growing season in 2011. No remarkable differences in soil organic carbon were found among the cropping systems （P〉0.05）. However, significant differences in CO2 emissions from soils were observed among the three cropping systems （P〈0.05）. Over the course of the entire growing season, cumulative soil CO2 emissions under different cropping systems were in the following order： continuous maize （（829±10） g CO2 m2）〉continuous wheat （（629±22） g CO2 m^2）〉continuous soybean （（474±30） g CO2 m-2）. Soil temperature explained 42-65% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux, with a Q10 between 1.63 and 2.31; water-filled pore space explained 25-47% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux. A multiple regression model including both soil temperature （T, ~C） and water-filled pore space （W, %）, log（]）=a＋bT log（W）, was established, accounting for 51-66% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux. The results suggest that soil CO2 emissions and their Q10 values under a continuous cropping system largely depend on crop types in Mollisols of Northeast China.

Modeling the contribution of abiotic exchange to CO_2 flux in alkaline soils of arid areas

Recent studies on alkaline soils of arid areas suggest a possible contribution of abiotic exchange to soil CO2 flux(Fc).However,both the overall contribution of abiotic CO2 exchange and its drivers remain unknown.Here we analyzed the environmental variables suggested as possible drivers by previous studies and constructed a function of these variables to model the contribution of abiotic exchange to Fc in alkaline soils of arid areas.An automated flux system was employed to measure Fc in the Manas River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,China.Soil pH,soil temperature at 0–5 cm(Ts),soil volumetric water content at 0–5 cm(θs)and air temperature at10 cm above the soil surface(Tas)were simultaneously analyzed.Results highlight reduced sensitivity of Fc to Ts and good prediction of Fc by the model Fc=R10Q10(Tas–10)/10+r7q7(pH–7)+λTas+μθs+e which represents Fc as a sum of biotic and abiotic components.This presents an approximate method to quantify the contribution of soil abiotic CO2 exchange to Fc in alkaline soils of arid areas.