Walking experience:Exploring the trilateral interrelation of walkability,temporal perception,and urban ambiance

Walking experience through urban spaces is a frequent daily activity.Thus,planning and designing for walkability become crucial for building up quality of life.Our daily walks around the city are affected by fulfilling the needed psychological contentment that is in turn measured unconsciously by our temporal perception.This contentment is inherent in what we experience in accordance with urban ambiance that goes beyond the spatial attributes of spaces to include their social and sensorial dimensions.Thus,the question here is how walkability of urban routes is affected by urban ambiance and therefore perceived in terms of time.Therefore,this study aims to understate the trilateral interrelation of walkability,temporal perception,and urban ambiance in walkable routes for daily routine use.This work depends on an experimental study where participants are asked to walk along two selected routes.Data-gathering tools rely on documenting the lived experience of the target group via reporting their trips and answering a questionnaire.Pattern analysis demonstrates this trilateral interrelation to clarify the interplay.This study concludes specific qualities of walkable routes for routine use that reduce sense of time,which is highly crucial to be realized in such daily walk journeys.

Suboptimal Auditory Dominance in Audiovisual Integration of Temporal Cues

The present study examined whether audiovisual integration of temporal stimulus features in humans can be predicted by the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） model which is based on the weighting of unisensory cues by their relative reliabilities. In an audiovisual temporal order judgment paradigm, the reliability of the auditory signal was manipulated by Gaussian volume envelopes, introducing varying degrees of temporal uncertainty. While statistically optimal weighting according to the MLE rule was found in half of the participants, the other half consistently overweighted the auditory signal. The results are discussed in terms of a general auditory bias in time perception, interindividual differences, as well as in terms of the conditions and limits of statistically optimal multisensory integration.

Modulation of Beta Oscillations for Implicit Motor Timing in Primate Sensorimotor Cortex during Movement Preparation

Motor timing is an important part of sensorimotor control. Previous studies have shown that beta oscillations embody the process of temporal perception in explicit timing tasks. In contrast, studies focusing on beta oscillations in implicit timing tasks are lacking. In this study, we set up an implicit motor timing task and found a modulation pattern of beta oscillations with temporal perception during movement preparation. We trained two macaques in a repetitive visually-guided reach-to-grasp task with different holding intervals. Spikes and local field potentials were recorded from microelectrode arrays in the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. We analyzed the association between beta oscillations and temporal interval in fixedduration experiments(500 ms as the Short Group and1500 ms as the Long Group) and random-duration experiments(500 ms to 1500 ms). The results showed that the peak beta frequencies in both experiments ranged from15 Hz to 25 Hz. The beta power was higher during the hold period than the movement(reach and grasp) period.Further, in the fixed-duration experiments, the mean poweras well as the maximum rate of change of beta power in the first 300 ms were higher in the Short Group than in the Long Group when aligned with the Center Hit event. In contrast, in the random-duration experiments, the corresponding values showed no statistical differences among groups. The peak latency of beta power was shorter in the Short Group than in the Long Group in the fixed-duration experiments, while no consistent modulation pattern was found in the random-duration experiments. These results indicate that beta oscillations can modulate with temporal interval in their power mode. The synchronization period of beta power could reflect the cognitive set maintaining working memory of the temporal structure and attention.