Many faces of neuronal activity manipulation in Drosophila

Animals exhibit complex responses to external and internal stimuli.The information is computed by interconnected neurons that express numerous ion channels,which modulate the neuronal membrane potential.How can neuronal activity orchestrate complex motor patterns or allow learning from previous experience?To answer such questions,we need the ability not only to record,but also to modulate neuronal activity in both space(e.g.,neuronal subsets)and time.

A single micro-LED manipulation system based on micro-gripper

Micro-LEDs(μLEDs)have advantages in terms of brightness,power consumption,and response speed.In addition,they can also be used as micro-sensors implanted in the body via flexible electronic skin.One of the key techniques involved in the fabrication ofμLED-based devices is transfer printing.Although numerous methods have been proposed for transfer printing,improving the yield ofμLED arrays is still a formidable task.In this paper,we propose a novel method for improving the yield ofμLED arrays transferred by the stamping method,using an innovative design of piezoelectrically driven asymmetric micro-gripper.Traditional grippers are too large to manipulateμLEDs,and therefore two micro-sized cantilevers are added at the gripper tips.AμLED manipulation system is constructed based on the micro-gripper together with a three-dimensional positioning system.Experimental results using this system show that it can be used successfully to manipulateμLED arrays.

Pre‑hatch thermal manipulation of embryos and post‑hatch baicalein supplementation mitigated heat stress in broiler chickens

Background High environmental temperatures induce heat stress in broiler chickens,affecting their health and pro-duction performance.Several dietary,managerial,and genetics strategies have been tested with some success in mitigating heat stress(HS)in broilers.Developing novel HS mitigation strategies for sustaining broiler production is critically needed.This study investigated the effects of pre-hatch thermal manipulation(TM)and post-hatch baica-lein supplementation on growth performance and health parameters in heat-stressed broilers.Results Six hundred fertile Cobb 500 eggs were incubated for 21 d.After candling on embryonic day(ED)10,238 eggs were thermally manipulated at 38.5℃ with 55%relative humidity(RH)from ED 12 to 18,then transferred to the hatcher(ED 19 to 21,standard temperature)and 236 eggs were incubated at a controlled temperature(37.5℃)till hatch.After hatch,180-day-old chicks from both groups were raised in 36 pens(n=10 birds/pen,6 replicates per treatment).The treatments were:1)Control,2)TM,3)control heat stress(CHS),4)thermal manipulation heat stress(TMHS),5)control heat stress supplement(CHSS),and 6)thermal manipulation heat stress supplement(TMHSS).All birds were raised under the standard environment for 21 d,followed by chronic heat stress from d 22 to 35(32–33℃ for 8 h)in the CHS,TMHS,CHSS,and TMHSS groups.A thermoneutral(22–24℃)environment was maintained in the Control and TM groups.RH was constant(50%±5%)throughout the trial.All the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in R and GraphPad software at P<0.05 and are presented as mean±SEM.Heat stress significantly decreased(P<0.05)the final body weight and ADG in CHS and TMHS groups compared to the other groups.Embryonic TM significantly increased(P<0.05)the expression of heat shock protein-related genes(HSP70,HSP90,and HSPH1)and antioxidant-related genes(GPX1 and TXN).TMHS birds showed a significant increment(P<0.05)in total cecal volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentration compared to the CHS birds.The cecal microbial analysis showed significant enrichment(P<0.05)in alpha and beta diversity and Coprococcus in the TMHSS group.Conclusions Pre-hatch TM and post-hatch baicalein supplementation in heat-stressed birds mitigate the detrimental effects of heat stress on chickens’growth performance,upregulate favorable gene expression,increase VFA produc-tion,and promote gut health by increasing beneficial microbial communities.

A 1-bit electronically reconfigurable beam steerable metasurface reflectarray with multiple polarization manipulations

A 1-bit electronically controlled metasurface reflectarray is presented to achieve beam steering with multiple polarization manipulations. A metsurface unit cell loaded by two PIN diodes is designed. By switching the two PIN diodes between ON and OFF states, the isotropic and anisotropic reflections can be flexibly achieved. For either the isotropic reflection or the anisotropic reflection, the two operation states achieve the reflection coefficients with approximately equal magnitude and 180°out of phase, thus giving rise to the isotropic/anisotropic 1-bit metasurface unit cells. With the 1-bit unit cells, a 12-by-12 metasurface reflectarray is optimally designed and fabricated. Under either y-or x-polarized incident wave illumination, the reflectarray can achieve the co-polarized and cross-polarized beam scanning, respectively, with the peak gains of 20.08 d Bi and 17.26 d Bi within the scan range of about ±50°. With the right-handed circular polarization(RHCP) excitation, the left-handed circular polarization(LHCP) radiation with the peak gain of 16.98 d Bic can be achieved within the scan range of ±50°. Good agreement between the experimental results and the simulation results are observed for 2D beam steering and polarization manipulation capabilities.

The Manipulation of Power Discourse on Religious Translation Both in the West and in China

As a cross-lingual, cross-cultural, cross-time-and-space communication, religious translation has inevitably been stamped, from the very beginning, with the brand of ideology and has, more or less, been restrained by political factors there and then. The translated version, very often, cannot truly mirror the essence of the source text mainly because translation is manipulated by the power discourse in the target culture.

On the Manipulation of the Selectivity of Encoding and Decoding overthe Translator's Subjectivity

The translation activity is a process of the interlinguistic transmission of information realized by the information encoding and decoding.Encoding and decoding,cognitive practices operated in objective contexts,are inevitably of selectivity ascribing to the restriction of contextual reasons.The translator as the intermediary agent connects the original author(encoder)and the target readers(decoder),shouldering the dual duties of the decoder and the encoder,for which his subjectivity is irrevocably manipulated by the selectivity of encoding and decoding.

Understanding host-microbial interactions in rumen：searching the best opportunity for microbiota manipulation

Ruminants utilize a wide variety of dietary substrates that are not digestible by the mammals, through microbial fermentation taking place in the rumen. Recent advanced molecular based approaches have allowed the characterization of rumen microbiota and its compositional changes under various treatment conditions.However, the knowledge is still limited on the impacts of variations in the rumen microbiota on host biology and function. This review summarizes the information to date on host-microbial interactions in the rumen and how we can apply such information to seek the opportunities to enhance the animal performance through manipulating the rumen function.

Optical manipulation of gold nanoparticles using an optical nanofiber

Gold nanoparticles are gaining increasing attention due to their biological and medical applications.In this letter,we experimentally demonstrate the optical manipulation of 250-nm-diameter gold nanoparticles along an optical nanofiber（550 nm in diameter） injected by an 808-nm laser light.The nanoparticles situated in the evanescent optical field are trapped by optical gradient force and move along the direction of light propagation due to optical scattering force.The velocities reach as high as 132 μm/s at an optical power of 80 mW.

APPLICATION OF IMAGE MANIPULATION FOR CAVITATION ANALYZING

A new method ,which is called image manipulation, is introduced to analyze the cavitation of flow field for the first time. As the complexity of the cavitation development must be considering, only the method of image manipulation can calculate the strength of the cavitation more accurately. This method based on wavelet transform is used to eliminate the noise. The area of the cavitations is deduced to serve as the strength of cavitation. The method is applied in an example of inducer's rotating cavitation. The results show that using image manipulation can get the accurate date of cavitation with ease,and the reason of the inducer shaft's vibration is uncovered clearly.

Recent spinterfacial studies targeted to spin manipulation in molecular spintronic devices

Molecular spintronics is an emerging field which evoked wide research attention since the first molecule-based spintronic device has been reported at 2002. Due to the active study over the last few years, it is found that the interfaces in spintronic device, so called spinterface, is of critical importance for many key issues in molecular spintronics, such as enhancing spin injection, lengthening spin transport distance, as well as manipulating spin signals in molecular spintronic devices. Here in this review, recent studies regarding spinterface in molecular devices, especially those impressive efforts devoted on spin manipulation, have been systematically summarized and discussed.

Optogenetics:a novel optical manipulation tool for medical investigation

Optogenetics is a new and rapidly evolving gene and neuroengineering technology that allows optical control of specific populations of neurons without affecting other neurons in the brain at high temporal and spatial resolution. By heterologous expression of the light-sensitive membrane proteins, cell type-specific depolarization or hyperpolarization can be optically induced on a millisecond time scale. Optogenetics has the higher selectivity and specificity compared to traditional electrophysiological techniques and pharmaceutical methods. It has been a novel promising tool for medical research. Because of easy handling, high temporal and spatial precision, optogenetics has been applied to many aspects of nervous system research, such as tactual neural circuit, visual neural circuit, auditory neural circuit and olfactory neural circuit, as well as research of some neurological diseases. The review highlights the recent advances of optogenetics in medical study.

Locomotion Optimization and Manipulation Planning of a Tetrahedron-Based Mobile Mechanism with Binary Control

Locomotion and manipulation optimization is essential for the performance of tetrahedron-based mobile mechanism. Most of current optimization methods are constrained to the continuous actuated system with limited degree of freedom(DOF), which is infeasible to the optimization of binary control multi-DOF system. A novel optimization method using for the locomotion and manipulation of an 18 DOFs tetrahedron-based mechanism called 5-TET is proposed. The optimization objective is to realize the required locomotion by executing the least number of struts.Binary control strategy is adopted, and forward kinematic and tipping dynamic analyses are performed, respectively.Based on a developed genetic algorithm(GA), the optimal number of alternative struts between two adjacent steps is obtained as 5. Finally, a potential manipulation function is proposed, and the energy consumption comparison between optimal 5-TET and the traditional wheeled robot is carried out. The presented locomotion optimization and manipulation planning enrich the research of tetrahedron-based mechanisms and provide the instruction to the successive locomotion and operation planning of multi-DOF mechanisms.

Reactionless robust finite-time control for manipulation of passive objects by free-floating space robots

On-orbit servicing requires efficient techniques for manipulating passive objects. The paper aims at developing a reactionless control method that drives the manipulator to manipulate passive objects with high precision, while inducing no disturbances to its base attitude. To this end, decomposition of the target dynamics from the base dynamics is discussed, so that they can be considered as two independent subsystems. A reactionless nonlinear controller is presented, which ensures high-precision manipulation of the targets and that the base orientation is unchanged. This is achieved by combining the robust finite-time control with the reaction null space. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is examined by comparing it with that of a reactionless PD controller and a pure finite-time controller.

Acupuncture with reinforcing and reducing twirling manipulation inhibits hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats

To observe the effects of different acupuncture manipulations on blood pressure and target organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats（SHRs）, this study used the reinforcing twirling method（1.5–2-mm depth; rotating needle clockwise for 360° and then counter clockwise for 360°, with the thumb moving heavily forward and gently backward, 60 times per minute for 1 minute, and retaining needle for 9 minutes）, the reducing twirling method（1.5–2-mm depth; rotating needle counter clockwise for 360° and then clockwise for 360°, with the thumb moving heavily backward and gently forward, 60 times per minute for 1 minute, and retaining needle for 9 minutes）, and the needle retaining method（1.5–2-mm depth and retaining the needle for 10 minutes）. Bilateral Taichong（LR3） was treated by acupuncture using different manipulations and manual stimulation. Reinforcing twirling, reducing twirling, and needle retaining resulted in a decreased number of apoptotic cells, reduced Bax m RNA and protein expression, and an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the hippocampus compared with the SHR group. Among these groups, the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio was highest in the reducing twirling group, and the Bcl-2/Bax m RNA ratio was highest in the needle retaining group. These results suggest that reinforcing twirling, reducing twirling, and needle retaining methods all improve blood pressure and prevent target organ damage by increasing the hippocampal Bcl-2/Bax ratio and inhibiting cell apoptosis in the hippocampus in SHR.

Multidimensional manipulation of wave fields based on artificial microstructures

Artificial microstructures,which allow us to control and change the properties of wave fields through changing the geometrical parameters and the arrangements of microstructures,have attracted plenty of attentions in the past few decades.Some artificial microstructure based research areas,such as metamaterials,metasurfaces and phononic topological insulators,have seen numerous novel applications and phenomena.The manipulation of different dimensions(phase,amplitude,frequency or polarization)of wave fields,particularly,can be easily achieved at subwavelength scales by metasurfaces.In this review,we focus on the recent developments of wave field manipulations based on artificial microstructures and classify some important applications from the viewpoint of different dimensional manipulations of wave fields.The development tendency of wave field manipulation from single-dimension to multidimensions provides a useful guide for researchers to realize miniaturized and integrated optical and acoustic devices.

Effects of different acupuncture manipulations on protein expression in the parietal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Objective: To analyze the effects of twirling reinforcing and reducing manipulations on protein expression in parietal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs), and elucidate the main mechanisms and differences between two manipulations in hypertension treatment.Methods: Rats were randomly divided into the control, model, twirling reinforcing manipulation(TRFM),and twirling reducing manipulation(TRDM) groups. The control and model groups received catch and fixation stimulations once a day for 14 days. The TRFM and TRDM groups were intervened once a day for 20 min for 14 days. On days 0, 2, 6, 10, and 14 after acupuncture, rat systolic blood pressures(SBPs) were measured. Differential protein(DP) expression in the rat parietal cortices was detected. Thereafter, GO functional significance and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed.Results: Compared with the model group, SBP of rats in the TRDM and TRFM groups decreased on days 6 and 10 of acupuncture, respectively(P=.009;P <.001). Moreover, SBP of the TRDM group was significantly lower than that of the TRFM group on days 10 and 14 of acupuncture(P=.015;P=.013).Compared with control group, 601 and 1040 DPs were up-and downregulated, respectively, in the model group. Compared with model group, 44 and 28 up-and downregulated DPs were expressed, respectively,in the TRFM group. Compared with model group, expression of 616 and 427 up-and downregulated DPs,respectively, was found in the TRDM group. After combining the results of GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, five and one pathways were found to be related to the central antihypertensive mechanism of the parietal cortex during twirling reducing and reinforcing manipulations, respectively.Conclusion: TRDM showed a more effective antihypertensive effect on SHRs than TRFM;this antihypertensive effect was related to the regulation of different proteins and their biological functions.

Lentivirus Mediated Gene Manipulation in Trophectoderm of Porcine Embryos

Development of tools that can manipulate gene expression specifically and efficiently in the trophectoderm（TE） lineage would greatly aid understanding the roles of different genetic pathways in TE versus embryonic lineages. Here, we showed first time that short-term lentivirus infection of porcine blastocysts could lead to rapid expression of transgene specifically in TE cells. Efficient TE-specific gene knockdown could also be achieved by lentivirus-mediated pol III-driven short hairpin RNA（shRNA） and TE-specific gene expression could be temporal controlled efficiently by combining this system with Tet-On system. This lentivirus lineage-specific infection system would facilitate gene function studies in porcine pre-implatation embryos by specifically knockdown or overexpression of these genes in TE.

Silicon nanophotonics for on-chip light manipulation

The field of silicon nanophotonics has attracted considerable attention in the past decade because of its unique advantages,including complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor（CMOS） compatibility and the ability to achieve an ultra-high integration density. In particular, silicon nanophotonic integrated devices for on-chip light manipulation have been developed successfully and have played very import roles in various applications. In this paper, we review the recent progress of silicon nanophotonic devices for on-chip light manipulation, including the static type and the dynamic type. Static onchip light manipulation focuses on polarization/mode manipulation, as well as light nanofocusing, while dynamic on-chip light manipulation focuses on optical modulation/switching. The challenges and prospects of high-performance silicon nanophotonic integrated devices for on-chip light manipulation are discussed.

Immediate effects of scalp acupuncture with twirling reinforcing manipulation on hemiplegia following acute ischemic stroke: a hidden association study

Data mining has the potential to provide information for improving clinical acupuncture strategies by uncovering hidden rules between acupuncture manipulation and therapeutic effects in a data set. In this study, we performed acupuncture on 30 patients with hemiplegia due to acute ischemic stroke. All participants were pre-screened to ensure that they exhibited immediate responses to acupuncture. We used a twirling reinforcing acupuncture manipulation at the specific lines between the bilateral Baihui（GV20） and Taiyang（EX-HN5）. We collected neurologic deficit score, simplified Fugl-Meyer assessment score, muscle strength of the proximal and distal hemiplegic limbs, ratio of the maximal H-reflex to the maximal M-wave（Hmax/Mmax）, muscle tension at baseline and immediately after treatment, and the syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine at baseline. We then conducted data mining using an association algorithm and an artificial neural network backpropagation algorithm. We found that the twirling reinforcing manipulation had no obvious therapeutic difference in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of ＂Deficiency and Excess＂. The change in the muscle strength of the upper distal and lower proximal limbs was one of the main factors affecting the immediate change in Fugl-Meyer scores. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between the muscle tension change of the upper limb and Hmax/Mmax immediate change, and both positive and negative correlations existed between the muscle tension change of the lower limb and immediate Hmax/Mmax change. Additionally, when the difference value of muscle tension for the upper and lower limbs was 〉 0 or 〈 0, the difference value of Hmax/Mmax was correspondingly positive or negative, indicating the scalp acupuncture has a bidirectional effect on muscle tension in hemiplegic limbs. Therefore, acupuncture with twirling reinforcing manipulation has distinct effects on acute ischemic stroke patients with different symptoms or stages of disease. Improved muscle tension in the upper and lower limbs, reflected by the variation in the Hmax/Mmax ratio, is crucial for recovery of motor function from hemiplegia.

Dynamic stability and manipulation of bright matter-wave solitons by optical lattices in Bose-Einstein condensates

An extended variation approach to describing the dynamic evolution of self-attractive Bose-Einstein condensates is developed. We consider bright matter-wave solitons in the presence of a parabolic magnetic potential and a timespace periodic optical lattice. The dynamics of condensates is shown to be well approximated by four coupled nonlinear differential equations. A noteworthy feature is that the extended variation approach gives a critical strength ratio to support multiple stable lattice sites for the condensate. We further examine the existence of the solitons and their stabilities at the multiple stable lattice sites. In this case, the analytical predictions of Bose-Einstein condensates variational dynamics are found to be in good agreement with numerical simulations. We then find a stable region for successful manipulating matter-wave solitons without collapse, which are dragged from an initial stationary to a prescribed position by a moving periodic optical lattice.