The Tension Cosmology, Largest Cosmic Structures and Explosions of Supernovae from SST

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.

Design and application of structural health monitoring system in long-span cable-membrane structure

Cable-membrane structures have small rigidity and are highly sensitive to wind. Structural health monitoring is necessary to ensure the serviceability and safety of the structure. In this research, the design method of a structural health monitoring system is using the characteristics of a cable-membrane structure. Taking the Yueyang Sanhe Airport Terminal as an example, a finite element model is established to determine the critical structural components. Next, the engineering requirements and the framework of the monitoring system are studied based on the results of numerical analysis. The specific implementation of the structural health monitoring is then carried out, which includes sensor selection, installation and wiring. The proposed framework is successfully applied to the monitoring system for the Yueyang Airport terminal building, and the synchronous acquisition of fiber Bragg grating and acceleration sensor signals is implemented in an innovative way. The successful implementation and operation of structural health monitoring will help to guarantee the safety of the cablemembrane structure during its service life.

Aerodynamic unstable critical wind velocity for three-dimensionalopen cable-membrane structures

The aerodynamic unstable critical wind velocity for three-dimensional open cable-membrane structures is investigated. The geometric nonlinearity is introduced into the dynamic equilibrium equations of structures. The disturbances on the structural surface caused by the air flow are simulated by a vortex layer with infinite thickness in the structures. The unsteady Bernoulli equation and the circulation theorem are applied in order to express the aerodynamic pressure as the function of the vortex density. The vortex density is then obtained with the vortex lattice method considering the coupling boundary condition. From the analytical expressions of the unstable critical wind velocities, numerical results and some useful conclusions are obtained. It is found that the initial curvature of open cable-membrane structures has clear influence on the critical wind velocities of the structures.

Dynamic Analysis of Tension Leg Platform for Offshore Wind Turbine Support as Fluid-Structure Interaction

Tension leg platform （TLP） for offshore wind turbine support is a new type structure in wind energy utilization. The strong-interaction method is used in analyzing the coupled model, and the dynamic characteristics of the TLP for offshore wind turbine support are recognized. As shown by the calculated results： for the lower modes, the shapes are water＇s vibration, and the vibration of water induces the structure＇s swing; the mode shapes of the structure are complex, and can largely change among different members; the mode shapes of the platform are related to the tower＇s. The frequencies of the structure do not change much after adjusting the length of the tension cables and the depth of the platform; the TLP has good adaptability for the water depths and the environment loads. The change of the size and parameters of TLP can improve the dynamic characteristics, which can reduce the vibration of the TLP caused by the loads. Through the vibration analysis, the natural vibration frequencies of TLP can be distinguished from the frequencies of condition loads, and thus the resonance vibration can be avoided, therefore the offshore wind turbine can work normally in the complex conditions.

Estimation of surface tension of organic compounds using quantitative structure-property relationship

A novel quantitative structure-property relationship(QSPR) model for estimating the solution surface tension of 92 organic compounds at 20 °C was developed based on newly introduced atom-type topological indices.The data set contained non-polar and polar liquids,and saturated and unsaturated compounds.The regression analysis shows that excellent result is obtained with multiple linear regression.The predictive power of the proposed model was discussed using the leave-one-out(LOO) cross-validated(CV) method.The correlation coefficient(R) and the leave-one-out cross-validation correlation coefficient(RCV) of multiple linear regression model are 0.991 4 and 0.991 3,respectively.The new model gives the average absolute relative deviation of 1.81% for 92 substances.The result demonstrates that novel topological indices based on the equilibrium electro-negativity of atom and the relative bond length are useful model parameters for QSPR analysis of compounds.

A FORM FUNCTION METHOD FOR FORM FINDING OF TENSION STRUCTURE

A new form function involving parameters Pi is presented. On the basis of the form function, an initial form of tension structure was Sound by interpolating through the control points on boundary of the structure. The form function can be controlled by changing beta (1) according to the pre-tension and the boundary of the structure. The final form of a tension structure should be an equilibrium system under the pretension. To examine the nature of the initial form, the FEM was used. Many examples show that the initial form gives a very ideal result for equal or unequal pre-tension in two directions of the structure. In general cases, there is little difference between the initial form and the final one.

Tensegrities and Tensioned Structures

“Push-and-pull”efficient structures have been inconceivable between XVIII centuries.It is because of the incapacity of obtain an efficient behaviour of tensioned material.Since XVIII centuries,architecture developed some structural knowledge generating novel structural forms in the architecture and engineering that were not known before.Tensegrities and tensioned structures were studied due to the knowledge of geometry and tension.Some investigations about tensegrities and tensioned structures have been developed since that moment.Tensegrities are bar and cable structures that work only in compression or tension efforts.Bars and cables are balanced,but in appearance the growth is disorderly.Most of deployable structures are based on tensegrity systems.The research is focused in presenting a summary of tensegrities and tensioned architectures that have been used in the structural design of novel patterns.The research of adequate materials to tension efforts will be crucial in this study.The investigation presents an important state of the art that provides technical solutions to apply on novel architectures based on tensegrities and tensioned structures.The research is useful to produce the current constructive solutions based on these constructive systems.

Tensile force correction calculation method for prestressed construction of tension structures

Factors such as errors during the fabrication or construction of structural components and errors of calculation as- sumption or calculation methods, are very likely to cause serious deviation of many strings’ actual prestressing forces from the designed values during tension structure construction or service period, and further to threaten the safety and reliability of the structure. Aiming at relatively large errors of the prestressing force of strings in a tension structure construction or service period, this paper proposes a new finite element method (FEM), the "tensile force correction calculation method". Based on the measured prestressing forces of the strings, this new method applies the structure from the zero prestressing force status approach to the measured prestressing force status for the first phase, and from the measured prestressing force status approach to the designed prestressing force status for the second phase. The construction tensile force correction value for each string can be obtained by multi-iteration with FEM. Using the results of calculation, the strings’ tensile force correction by group and in batch will be methodic, simple and accurate. This new calculation method can be applied to the prestressed correction construction simulation analysis for tension structures.

Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship on Prediction of Surface Tension of Nonionic Surfactants

A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) study has been made for the prediction of the surface tension of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solution. The regressed model includes a topological descriptor, the Kier & Hall index of zero order (KH0) of the hydrophobic segment of surfactant and a quantum chemical one, the heat of formation (fHD) of surfactant molecules. The established general QSPR between the surface tension and the descriptors produces a correlation coefficient of multiple determination, 2r=0.9877, for 30 studied nonionic surfactants.

The Tension Balance Structure of China's Human Rights Development Path

The human rights white paper has in it the basic concepts of human rights,the form of the human rights system,and the mode of human rights practice in modern China.It is based on the tension balance structure between the historical feature and rationality,the cultural feature and similarity,the realistic feature and the common feature of human rights.Adhering to the historical nature of human rights rather than abstract rationality,and the cultural diversity and equality of human rights rather than one dominant model,and the particularity of human rights rather than universality is the pillar of China’s human rights philosophy,system,and practice.The human rights development path that combines the top-down leadership of China’s ruling party,the capability of the Chinese government in taking a holistic approach and the bottom-up driving force of the people is very different from the natural evolution path of the West.

The Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Pore Structure of Air-entrained Concrete

To study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the properties of fresh and hardened airentrained concrete, three kinds of air entraining agents were used for preparing air-entrained concrete in the plateaus(Lhasa, 61 kPa) and the plains(Beijing, 101 kPa). Air content, slump, compressive strength and pore structure of the three air-entrained concretes were tested in these two places. It is found that the air content of concrete under low atmospheric pressure(LAP) is 4%-36% lower than that of concrete under normal atmospheric pressure(NAP), which explaines the decrease of slump for air-entrained concrete under LAP. Pore number of hardened concrete under LAP is reduced by 48%-69%. While, the proportion of big pores(pore diameter >1 200 μm) and air void spacing factor are increased by 1.5%-7.3% and 51%-92%, respectively. The deterioration of pore structure results in a 3%-9% reduction in the compressive strength of concrete. From the results we have obtained, it can be concluded that the increase of critical nucleation energy of air bubbles and the decrease of volumetric compressibility coefficient of air in the concrete are responsible for the variation of air content and pore structure of concrete under LAP.

Parametric Dimensional Analysis on the Structural Response of An Innovative Subsurface Tension Leg Platform in Ultra-Deep Water

The innovative Subsurface Tension Leg Platform(STLP), which is designed to be located below Mean Water Level(M.W.L) to minimize direct wave loading and mitigate the effect of strong surface currents, is considered as a competitive alternative system to support shallow-water rated well completion equipment and rigid risers for large ultra-deep water oil field development. A detailed description of the design philosophy of STLP has been published in the series of papers and patents. Nonetheless, design uncertainties arise as limited understanding of various parameters effects on the structural response of STLP, pertaining to the environmental loading, structural properties and hydrodynamic characteristics. This paper focuses on providing quantitative methodology on how each parameter affects the structural response of STLP, which will facilitate establishing the unique design criteria as regards to STLP. Firstly, the entire list of dimensionless groups of input and output parameters is proposed based on VaschyBuckingham theory. Then, numerical models are built and a series of numerical tests are carried out for validating the obtained dimensionless groups. On this basis, the calculation results of a great quantity of parametric studies on the structural response of STLP are presented and discussed in detail. Further, empirical formulae for predicting STLP response are derived through nonlinear regression analysis. Finally, conclusions and discussions are made. It has been demonstrated that the study provides a methodology for better control of key parameters and lays the foundation for optimal design of STLP. The obtained conclusions also have wide ranging applicability in reference to the engineering design and design analysis aspects of deepwater buoy supporting installations, such as Grouped SLOR or TLR system.

Internal Force Analysis Due to the Supporting Translation in Statically (Indeterminate) Structures for Different Elastic Modulus

For statically indeterminate structure, the internal force will be changed with the translation of the supports, because the internal force is related to the absolute value of the stiffness EI. When the tension is different with the compression modulus, EI is the function of internal force and is not constant any more that is different from classic mechanics. In the other words, it is a nonlinear problem to calculate the internal force. The expression for neutral axis of the statically indeterminate structure was derived in the paper. The iterative program for nonlinear internal force was compiled. One case study was presented to illustrate the difference between the results using the different modulus theory and the single modulus theory as in classical mechanics. Finally, some reasonable suggestions were made for the different modulus structures.

STATIC ANALYSIS OF CABLE STRUCTURE

Based on the nonlinear geometric relation between strain and displacement for flexible cable, the equilibrium equation under self-weight and influence of temperature was established and an analytical solution of displacement and tension distribution defined in Eulerian coordinate system was accurately obtained. The nonlinear algebraic equations caused by cable structure were solved directly using the modified Powell hybrid algorithm with high precision routine DNEQNE of Fortran. For example, a cable structure consisting of three cables jointly supported by a vertical spring and all the other ends fixed was calculated and compared with various methods by other scholars.

Practical Aspects of the Design and Construction of a Small Cable Roof Structure

Cable roof structures?have?only become widespread in large span structures in the latter part of the twentieth century. However,?they?still represent a relatively new form of roof construction, especially as in the present case of a small span innovative structural solution. The contribution of this text to the structural engineering community lies in the increased interest in building simple cable roof structures. Since its completion in September 1996, this small cable roof structure has been recognized as an interesting architectural and structural example. The text describes aspects of the design and construction of a small cable roof that was designed as a roof for an open-air theater stage for the city of Sao Jose do Rio Pardo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. A cable network, in the shape of a hyperbolic paraboloid surface, is anchored in a reinforced concrete edge ring. The projection of the ring’s axis onto the ground plane is an ellipse. Workers with specialized training were employed in the various stages of the construction, which was completed in September 1996.

基于滑模变结构的精密涂布机放卷系统张力控制策略研究

张力稳定是涂布工艺的一个基础条件,如何提高放卷系统的张力控制精度是精密涂布机张力控制面临的难点问题。本研究针对精密涂布机放卷系统张力稳定性控制需求,提出了一种基于滑模变结构控制策略的放卷系统张力控制方法。首先,根据精密涂布机放卷系统的工作原理,建立了放卷系统的参数时变、非线性动力学模型,分析了张力波动的主要原因;然后,在放卷系统张力模型的基础上,设计了一个放卷张力系统滑模变结构控制器,并利用李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)定理进行了系统稳定性分析;最后,通过仿真试验对所设计的滑模变结构控制器进行了性能验证。仿真结果表明,相比于传统PID控制,本研究所设计的滑模变结构控制器对放卷张力系统具有更好的控制鲁棒性。

灌浆插筋式模块钢结构连接节点力学性能试验研究

针对模块钢结构建筑间的连接问题,提出了一种新型的由钢筋与CGM灌浆料组成的灌浆插筋式模块钢结构连接节点形式,并采用试验和理论分析的方法,对节点柱的轴压性能、轴拉性能和抗弯性能进行了深入研究,提出了相应的承载力计算方法.研究结果表明:①在轴向压力作用下,此节点上下两侧空钢管发生屈曲破坏,轴压承载力约为钢管截面屈服承载力的97%,表明此节点具有较好的抗压承载能力;不同钢筋直径试件的荷载-位移曲线基本一致,表明节点的抗压承载力与钢筋直径无关;②在轴向拉力作用下,试件在节点的连接缝隙处发生分离,灌浆料表面呈现了斜向裂缝;在钢筋直径为14~18 mm的范围内,构件的极限抗拉承载力为钢管极限承载力的28%~32%,并且随着钢筋直径的增大,试件的极限抗拉承载力增大、延性减小;③在弯矩作用下,试件一侧受拉、另一侧受压,在节点的连接缝隙处钢管发生分离,受拉区灌浆料形成斜向裂缝;在钢筋直径为14~18 mm的范围内,构件的抗弯承载力为钢管承载力的37%~47%,并且随着钢筋直径的增大,试件的极限抗拉承载力增大、延性减小,试件的屈服位移和极限位移均增大.

氯化胆碱/二醇基低共熔溶剂的理化性质及其结构表征

近年来,低共熔溶剂具有类离子液体特性受到了越来越多的关注,与离子液体相比,低共熔溶剂不仅具有成本低、易合成等优势而且其应用领域更为广泛.为了拓宽其在食品领域中的应用,分别以氯化胆碱作为氢键受体,以乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇作为氢键供体合成和制备低共熔溶剂体系,利用FTIR和^(1)H NMR研究其氢键作用,并测定了不同温度(303.15~343.15 K)、摩尔比和烷基链长对其理化性质的影响.结果发现,随着二醇含量增加,氯化胆碱/醇基低共熔溶剂中氯化胆碱的氢键作用减弱,二元醇的氢键作用增强,氯化胆碱/乙二醇摩尔比(1∶3)形成的氢键作用比较适宜.并且,随着温度升高,低共熔溶剂的粘度降低,电导率升高,密度无明显变化.在同一温度下,随着烷基链长度的增加,低共熔溶剂的粘度和极性增强,电导率、表面张力、pH降低.随着醇基含量增加,其粘度降低,pH先升高后降低,极性、表面张力无明显变化.研究结果不仅揭示了氯化胆碱/二醇基低共熔溶剂体系的氢键作用,而且理化性质研究可以为其用于萃取领域提供科学指导,具有重要意义和价值.