发表还是出局?——“Tenure-track”机制下青年教师发表国际学术期刊论文的压力

为了增加研究成果产出,我国高校逐渐加强了对教师发表国际学术期刊论文的要求。为探讨这种压力对青年教师的影响,本研究组对我国西部地区某研究型大学青年教师进行了半结构化访谈研究。研究发现,在"tenure-track"机制下,青年教师面临巨大的发表国际学术期刊论文的压力;被访者指出,加速发表国际学术期刊论文,有损高质量与创新性学术论文的产出;发表国际学术期刊论文的压力还导致青年教师普遍产生"重科研、轻教学"的态度;同时,过度的压力也可能对青年教师的健康及家庭关系产生消极影响。

Land tenure security,place satisfaction and loyalty in the peri-urban area of Ibadan City,Nigeria

Land tenure security is pertinent to achieving the sustainable development agenda in cities where land is needed and useful for development purposes.Sufficient empirical research has been done to prove the importance of tenure security for investment,resilience,conservation,food security,as well as health and well-being,but it has not been clarified if and how land tenure security could adequately influence place loyalty and satisfaction with the residential environment,as it is clear that place loyalty and satisfaction are pertinent to inclusive development.Using the case of Ibadan City,the study examined how different dimensions of tenure security could determine residents’place loyalty and satisfaction.The study employed a survey cross-sectional research design to distribute 514 structured questionnaires to household heads across 4 sampled peri-urban local government areas while 452 were retrieved for analysis.Hierarchical regression analysis model was employed to understand the association between tenure security dimensions and satisfaction(as model I)and loyalty(as model II).For model I,F=8.640,P=0.000,R=0.555,and R^(2)=0.308 were obtained;while for model II,F=9.157,P=0.001,R=0.415,and R^(2)=0.173 were acquired.This thus means that residents’place loyalty and satisfaction can partly be explained by tenure security.In particular,respondents with no eviction experience,recognized property rights,and invulnerable to eviction have higher odds of being satisfied and loyal.Therefore,we recommend protection,improvement,and upgrading of land tenure security as one of the means to promote place loyalty and satisfaction,which is essential to achieving inclusive and sustainable development.

System Change of Collective Forest Tenure Oriented to Deepening the Reform

We firstly introduce development background of new collective forest tenure reform.The situations indicate that the collective forest tenure reform has already stepped into comprehensive and in-depth stage.However,due to neglect of local demands and actual conditions,there appear problems of low operating efficiency of supporting measures and relevant policies and little effect of in-depth reform.Therefore,it is required to strictly distinguish the relation between system change of collective forest tenure and the in-depth reform.For the purpose of in-depth reform,in accordance with local situations of forest farmers and forestry organizations,requirements for system,as well as local reform conditions,we strictly divide system change of collective forest tenure into three types:induced institutional change,hidden induced institutional change and imposed institutional change.Then,we divide the imposed institutional change into weak institutional change and pure strong institutional change.

On the Restricting Factors & System Arrangements of Chinese Land Tenure Marketization

As a general rule of Economics of Development,economic growth and development require rational institution guarantee.Land Tenure.As a main institution factor in agricultural development,closely relates to the reform of Chinese agriculture.Based on the relevant theories of Economics of Institution and Economics of Development,and combined with the marketization process of Chinese Land Tenure of Property Rights,the article studied the effects of institutional factors and put forward some choices in the development of agriculture,which is of both significant and practical importance.

Innovation in Bio-disaster Prevention and Control Mechanism after Forest Tenure Reform at County Level

Taking Youxi County of Fujian Province as an example,the author introduced basic situations of new bio-disaster prevention and control mechanism for forest resource protection and social service works after the forest tenure reform.Then,the author analyzed new problems faced by bio-disaster prevention and control in forestry.Finally,the author present the existing problems of bio-disaster prevention and control at the county level from five aspects:innovating upon plant quarantine management mechanism;innovation upon survey methods and service modes of bio-disaster monitoring;strengthening and improving construction of bio-disaster monitoring and forecasting network;innovating upon management system for bio-disaster prevention and control;speeding up construction of service system for social prevention and control of bio-disasters.

Ecological Hidden Troubles and Countermeasures under Reform of Collective Forest Tenure

Three stages of reform of collective forest tenure after reform and opening up are reviewed.The reform of forest tenure brings sharp increase of economic benefit.However,due to forest farmers' subjective pursuit for economic benefit and objective lack of necessary economic,financial and technical support,ecological hidden troubles are created.Based on these,we put forward countermeasures,including strengthening forest farmers' awareness of ecological protection and solving ecological problems in accordance with actual conditions of the region.

Forest Tenure Transfer and Assessment of Dayi County

According to analysis of basic situations and achievements of forest tenure transfer in Dayi County,this paper points out problems in the assessment of forest tenure transfer in Dayi County,including few specialized organizations and personnel of forest tenure transfer value assessment,outmoded forest tenure assessment operating specifications,low charges of forest tenure assessment,and weak awareness of forest tenure assessment. In line with these problems,it presents ideas of increasing specialized forest tenure assessment organization,strengthening training of specialized forest tenure assessment personnel,promoting guiding price of forest tenure transfer,and energetically developing forest tenure transfer market. It is hoped to promote development of forest tenure transfer in Dayi County.

Forest Tenure and Sustainable Forest Management

We reviewed the principles and key literature related to forest tenure and sustainable forest management, and then examined the status of sustainable forestry and land ownership at the aggregate national level for major forested countries. The institutional design principles suggested by Ostrom are well accepted for applications to public, communal, and private lands. The analyses of countries as a whole suggest that problems of forest land loss and sustainable forest management are related to the amount of public lands owned, as well as the difference between developed and developing countries. Developed countries have largely achieved a stable level of land use and resource extraction after centuries of exploitation of forests and natural resources. Many developed countries do have greater amounts of private forest land than developing countries, which have occurred as the countries transfer lands to private owners in the course of development. Public lands and management approaches require diligence, but can be developed to meet the design criteria suggested by tenure rights theorists. Private or communal ownership is often considered superior, but also must meet the criteria suggested above in order to foster sustainable forest management in poor countries.

Grassland tenure,livelihood assets and pastoralists’resilience:evidence and empirical analyses from western China

Pastoralists in western China are highly vulnerable due to harsh natural conditions and the poor socioeconomic environment they confront.More than 50%of the pastoralists in major grassland areas are living below the survival line;moreover,around 90%of the usable grasslands in China have been degraded to some degree,and the degradation expands at a rate of two million ha per year.Enhancing pastoralists’resilience is desirable for the economic development and social stability in pastoral areas.As an important aspect influencing livelihoods,grassland tenure in China has not been well studied to learn how it affects the welfare of pastoralists,and what can be done to strengthen their resilience.Based on the evidence from four periods of fieldwork conducted by the authors during 2005-2014,the study applies an analytical framework adapted from the sustainable livelihood theory to examine the interactions of grassland tenure,livelihood assets of pastoralists and their resilience.Main findings show that the existing grassland tenure arrangements cause unbalanced and decreased livelihood assets,which in turn reduce the resilience of pastoralists by lowering their capacities of coping with stresses or shocks.Of the policies and measures aiming to enhance the pastoralists’adaptive capacity and ongoing development,building social capital is critical.Developing functional livelihood asset markets such as grassland rental markets and financial markets will also contribute to a more robust livelihood structure.

The Hukou and Land Tenure Systems as Two Middle Income Traps--The Case of Modern China

China＇s prevailing hukou （household registration） system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural community. Under these systems, rural residents are not allowed to freely exit from collectives if they do not want to lose their entitlements, such as their rights to using collectively owned land and their land-based properties. Farmers are neither allowed to sell their houses to outsiders, nor allowed to sell to outsiders their rights to contracting a piece of land from the collective where their households are registered. For migrant workers from rural areas, it is extremely difficult for them to obtain an urban hukou with all its associated entitlements at an urban locality where they currently work and live. The combined effect of the two systems leads to serious distortions in labor and land markets, resulting in discrimination against migrant workers, sprawling yet exclusive urbanization, housing bubbles, and depressed domestic demand. These distortions further entrench the existing and much widened urban/rural divide. Unless these two systems are thoroughly reformed, the rural residents in Chinese mainland will be trapped in their comparatively much lower income and remain unable to share the gains from the agglomeration effects of urbanization.

Effect Evaluation of Collective Forestry Tenure Reform and Forest Farmers' Willingness to Participate in the Reform: A Case Study of Shaowu, Fujian Province

Since 2003, China has carried out the pilot of collective forest tenure reform (CFTR). Inrecent years, there have been lots of researches about evaluation of the CFTR, which are, however,mostly qualitative research with little focus on the quantitative research. This paper used the AnalyticHierarchy Process (AHP) and expert assignment method to define the comprehensive evaluation indexes and monitoring indexes of the CFTR. In this study, the authors did a quantitative evaluation of the CFTR in Shaowu, Fujian Province, which was scored as 0.844, indicating more significant effect. The authors investigated 100 farmer households there, and the data showed that the average household income has grown by 49.2% in the 6 years after the CFTR implementation, while the forestry incomehas grown by 108.3%, indicating that farmers’ income increased significantly after the CFTR. Factor analysis shows that CFTR has been the key factor to increase farmers’ income.

Collective Forest Tenure Reform in Nature Reserves in China:Problems and Countermeasures

Collective forest tenure reform is now carried out throughout China with the aim to clarify the property,increase forest farmers' income and motivate the development of forestry.But the collective forest tenure reform in nature reserves comes to a dilemma.The current implemented laws and regulations provide that forests and trees in nature reserves shall be under strict protection,while the forest farmers hope to improve their livelihood in the reform.The paper discussed the problems encountered in the c...

Does Tenure Security Reduce Disaster Risk? A Comparative Study of the Nairobi Settlements of Kibera and Kawangware

While scholarship suggests that improving tenure security and housing significantly reduces disaster risk at the household level within urban settings,this assertion has not been adequately tested.Tenure security can be conceived as being composed of three interrelated and overlapping forms:tenure security as determined by legal systems;de facto tenure security;and tenure security as perceived by residents.This article traces the relationship between tenure security,the quality of housing,and disaster risk on the basis of a mixed methods comparative case study of the settlements of Kawangware and Kibera in Nairobi.Although the findings suggest that owner-occupancy is associated with the structural integrity of dwellings to a greater extent than tenantship,no association was found between the length of occupancy by households and the structural integrity of the dwelling.Moreover,tenantship is not found to be closely associated with fires and flooding affecting the dwelling as extant scholarship would suggest.Formal ownership is linked with greater investment and upgrading of property with significant implications for disaster risk.Our findings highlight the complex relationship between tenure security and disaster risk in urban informal settlements and provide impetus for further investigation.

Land tenure and landscape change:a comparison of public-private lands in the southern High Plains

Introduction:Long-term drought in the southern Great Plains increases the vulnerability of coupled human-environment systems at a variety of scales.Developing better understandings of the dynamics at regional scales will become increasingly important as long-established land-use regimes break down in the face of climate change,resource depletion,and evolving governance.To demonstrate differential vulnerability during drought periods,this study hypothesized that observed increases in woody vegetation in grasslands would vary across land-tenure regimes.We argue that differences in State Trust Land governance,in part,lead to differential land management practices that contribute to landscape change.Methods:The study area encompasses adjacent counties,Cimarron County in Oklahoma and Union County in New Mexico,with similar climate variability and agricultural economies.We analyzed National Land Cover Database(NLCD)land-cover maps from 1992 and 2011 to assess changes in landscape composition and structure between 1992 and 2011.Results:During both years under consideration,each county in the study region,across various land-tenure regimes,was dominated by herbaceous vegetation.However,there were changes in both composition and structure across the whole study area,in particular losses of herbaceous vegetation and increases in woody vegetation.The greatest gains in woody vegetation occurred in State Trust Lands of Cimarron County.Overall,the data suggest a fragmentation of herbaceous vegetation and a coalescing of shrubland patches.Conclusions:Research about the influence of land tenure on land management decisions,specifically the role of State Trust Land leases in overgrazing,informs the broader context of drought management in the southern Great Plains.Recommendations include continued research to highlight the specific mechanisms of land-tenure governance that drive landscape change.

Who Drives Environmental Governance of Enterprise:Official Tenure Evaluation or Five-Year Plan Target Assessment?

Based on the non-financial listed enterprises data from 2000 to 2014,this paper calculates the level of environmental governances of enterprises with environmental investment,and empirically analyzes the impact of provincial official tenure and Five-Year Plan target assessment on the environmental governance of enterprises.The results show that the enterprise environmental investment presents a significant periodic trend in the Five-Year Plan,while the trend is not significant in official’s tenure.The further test suggests that with the clear requirement of“environmental performance”incorporated into the performance evaluation system of local government officials,it has become significant in the periodic trend in the impact of officials’tenure on environmental investment.In contrast,the trend has become less prominent in the Five-Year Plan,which indicates that there is a substitute relation between the two evaluation systems.The mechanism test also finds that both environmental subsidies and pollution abatement expenditures present a significantly periodic trend in the Five-Year Plan.And official’s tenure plays a regulatory role in the Five-Year Plan periodic trend in the environmental governance of enterprise,showing that it is more significant when the time about officials’tenure evaluation is earlier than Five-Year Plan target assessment.The above results indicate that it is beneficial to improve local environment governance from the perspective of top institutional design by both strengthening the environmental evaluation.

Willingness of Farmer Households for Forest Management and Its Impact Factor Analysis after Collective Forest Tenure Reform

The study was conducted in Mangling Village under Dehong Perfecture, Yunnan Province, for thorough investigation of forest tenure structure, management mode and forestland transfer of collective forests as well as of farmers' preference for management and transfer intention. The impact factors of management orientation of farmer households were analyzed with Logistic Model. The results showed that tenure structure and management modes of collective forest have been diversified after the collective forest tenure reform, and 87.5% of farmer households preferred to independent or joint management while 12.5% of them would rather to transfer their forestland. The choice of farmer household for management mode was mainly influenced by their education background, production skill, household labors and household income sources. The main factors influencing farmer households' forestland transfer activities include the proportion of forestry revenues to the total revenues, farmers' experiences, amount of household labor and forest land area.

Rangelands of Central Asia:challenges and opportunities

Rangelands of Central Asia (referring to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in this study), the largest contiguous area of grazed land in the world, serve as an important source of livelihood for pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in this region. They also play an important role in absorbing CO2 as a global carbon sink. However, unsustainable management of rangelands has led to their degradation hugely by downgrading their potential agro-ecological, environmental and socio-economical roles. This paper reviewed the rangeland degradation in Central Asia, a topic which so far has received only scant coverage in the international scientific literature. It also provided examples of successful experiences and outlined possible options that land managers can adopt to enhance the sustainable management of these vast degraded rangelands. The experiences and lessons described in this paper may also be relevant for other degraded rangeland areas, especially in the developing countries. The causes of rangeland degradation within the Central Asian region are numerous, complex and inter-related. Therefore, while addressing the factors associated with improper rangeland management may shed some light on the causes of rangeland degradation, the scope of this paper would not be all-encompassing for the major causes of degradation. There is a need to develop and widely apply the viable and locally accepted and adapted packages of technical, institutional and policy options for sustainable rangeland management. Incentivizing the collective action of small-scale pastoralists who group together to facilitate access to remote pastures can reduce the degree of overgrazing within community pastures, such as those near the settlements. We also found that migratory grazing through pooling of resources among small-scale pastoralists can increase household income. After their independence, most Central Asian countries adopted various rangeland tenure arrangements. However, the building of enhanced capacities of pasture management and effective local rangeland governance structures can increase the likelihood, which will be sustainable and equitable. Finally, this paper presented several promising technical options, aiming at reversing the trend of rangeland degradation in Central Asia.

The impact of land transfer on peasant stratification——An analysis based on a survey of Jingshan country,Hubei province

Peasants' motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hubei province, this article finds that the specific forms of rural land transfer include active long-term transfer, passive long-term transfer and short-term transfer. Land transfer has an important impact on the stratification of the peasantry. Present institutional arrangements for land ignore the legitimate interests of migrant families and poor and weak villagers and therefore they hold different attitudes toward land tenure institutions than middle peasants do. Based on the conclusions of an empirical analysis, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations aimed at protecting the land rights of poor and weak peasant households.

Socio-Economic Drivers of Deforestation in Roghani Valley,Hindu-Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan

Deforestation and associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global concern.Researchers have investigated a number of driving forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation at local and regional levels.These include poverty,population growth,market demand and prices,political instability,agricultural expansion and changes in property right and ownership regimes.This paper seeks to explore the impacts of population growth,changing tenure system and other socioeconomic factors on the forest cover of Roghani Valley,located in Hindu Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan.The present study is mainly based on information collected through participatory observation,selfadministered interviews and questionnaire survey.Geographical Information System(GIS) database is also used for mapping and quantification.The results reveal that in the past three to four decades the study area has been subjected to severe deforestation and about half of the forest area has been converted into barren land.Thus,the area under natural forests decreased from 2099 to 1444 hectares in four decades.This large-scale deforestation is attributed to both proximate and under lying causes particularly traditional land tenure system and demographic development.Consequently,forest resources have been degraded and a number of plant species have disappeared from the forests of the study area while several others are in the process of disappearance.

Female choice impacts resident male takeover in golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)

In primate species with social systems consisting of one-male breeding units （OMUs）, resident male takeover represents a major challenge to individual reproductive success and mating strategies. The golden snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus roxellana） is characterized by large multilevel societies （MLS） comprised of several OMUs and all-male units （AMUs）; however, the factors and mechanisms associated with resident male takeover, which offer important insight into primate reproduction and social strategies, are still poorly understood. Based on 5-year monitoring data from a free-ranging herd of golden monkeys from the Qinling Mountains in China, we categorized three phases of an OMU, that is, a rising phase, developing phase, and declining phase. The rising and declining phases were unstable periods in which male takeover in an OMU might occur. Factors causing takeover, such as leader male rank, fighting ability, reproduction rate, and affiliation （proximity, allogrooming）, were analyzed for males and females and for different OMUs. Results indicated that the new resident male＇s fighting ability was lower than that of the former resident male in 23 cases. After replacement, the rank order of the new resident male significantly declined. Females involved in a takeover increased their distance from the resident male and decreased mating frequency during the three months prior to takeover. Females with infants under one-year-old had a marked effect on the specific time of takeover occurrence. These results suggested that female choice was the main factor deciding whether a takeover attempt was successful. Furthermore, rather than male conflict, females more often initiated and affected takeover and outcome, implying that the social status and competitive ability of the males played lesser roles during takeover.