Terminalia arjuna:A novel natural preservative for improved lipid oxidative stability and storage quality of muscle foods

The study was conducted to explore the possibility of utilization of Terminalia arjuna as a novel natural preservative in meat products by using chevon sausages as a model system.Chevon sausages were prepared by incorporating different levels of T.arjuna viz.T1(0.25%),T2(0.50%)and T3(0.75%)and were assessed for various lipid oxidative stability and storage quality parameters under refrigerated(4±1◦C)conditions.T.arjuna showed a significant(p<0.05)effect on the lipid oxidative stability as the treated products exhibited significantly(p<0.05)lower TBARS(mg malonaldehyde/kg)values in comparison to control.A significant(p<0.05)effect was also observed on the microbial stability as T.arjuna incorporated products showed significantly(p<0.05)lower values for total plate count(log cfu/g),psychrophilic count(log cfu/g),yeast and mould count(log cfu/g)and FFA(%oleic acid)values.Significantly(p<0.05)higher scores were observed for various sensory parameters of the products incorporated with T.arjuna during refrigerated storage.T.arjuna successfully improved the lipid oxidative stability and storage quality of the model meat product and may be commercially exploited as a novel preservative in muscle foods.

Piscicidal Effects of Terminalia arjuna Leaf,Bark and Fruit Extract on a Fresh Water Predatory Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis

Piscicidal effects of several solvent extarcts(distilled water,50%ethanol,absolute ethanol and 80%methanol)of Terminalia arjuna leaves,barks and fruits were studied against a common fresh water predatory fish,Heteropneustes fossilis under laboratory conditions in terms of Behavior and mortality of fishes after 24 h.Fishes exposed to plant extracts showed agitating movement with quick surfacing,loss of balance,mucus secretion,and finally died.The LC50 values of distilled water,50%ethanol,absolute ethanol and 80%methanol extracts were found to be 311.726,236.141,183.541,478.794 ppm for leaves,117.894,96.998,38.990,304.193 ppm for barks and 1400.033,949.209,555.201,875.158 ppm for fruits,respectively.Chi-square values were found to be insignificant at P<0.05 in almost all plant extracts,indicating that observed and expected mortalities did not vary significantly in relation to doses,except 80%methanol extract of barks and absolute ethanol extract of fruits.The F-values of treatments were significant at P<0.01,except 80%methanol extract of fruits,in which F-values were insignificant in all replicates at P>0.01.Based on LC50 values,order of piscicidal activity followed the pattern,bark>leaf>fruit extracts.Order of piscicidal activity for the extracts was like absolute ethanol>50%ethanol>distilled water>80%methanol for leaf and bark,while for fruit extracts,trend was like absolute ethanol>80%methanol>50%ethanol>distilled water.

Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of bark extract of Terminalia arjuna

Objective:The alcoholic extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna（ALTA） was screened for antioxidant and antimutagenic（anticlastogenic） activity.Methods:Antioxidant property was determined by l,l,Diphynyl,2-Picryl hydrazyl（DPPH） assay,super oxide radical scavenging activity,lipid peroxidation assay and total polyphenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent.Antimutagenic activity was evaluated using micronucleus test in mice. Results:The ALTA has shown potent antioxidant activity with EC50 of 2.491±0.160,50.110±0.150 & 71.000±0.250 in DPPH assay,superoxide radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation assay, which is comparable with ascorbic acid with EC50 of 2.471±0.140,40.500±0.390 and 63.000±0.360 respectively.In micronucleus test,ALTA（100 & 200 mg/kg,p.o.） showed significant reduction in percentage of micronucleus in both polychromatic erythrocytes（PCE） and normochromatie erythrocytes（NCE） and also shown significant reduction in P/N ratio.Conclusions:These results suggested that ALTA possess significant antioxidant and antimutagenic activity.

Analysis of phytochemical profile of Terminalia arjuna bark extract with antioxidative and antimicrobial properties

Objective:To investigate phytochemical screening,antimicrobial activity and qualitative thin layer chromatographic separation of flavonoid components,antioxidant activity and total flavonoid compound of Terminalia arjuna.Methods:For phytochemical screening,some common and available standard tests were done.Antimicrobial bioassay was done through agar well diffusion method.Detection of antioxidant activity and flavonoid compounds were done through thin layer chromatography.Total antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)in colorimetric method.Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoid determination.Results:Phytochemical screening showed the active compounds presence in high concentration,such as phytosterol,lactones,flavonoids,phenolic compounds and tannins and glycosides.The anlimicrobial activity of extract showed that greater inhibition zone against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria.This methanolic extract showed a promising antioxidant activity,as absorption of DPPH redicles decreased in DPPH free radical scavenging assay.Flavonoids components having antioxidant property present in the methanol extract at a level of199.00 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dried methanol extract in colorimetric method.Conclusions:The Terminalia arjuna bark extract revealed the presence of bio-active constituents which are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activities.

Nanosuspension enhances dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract in vivo and in vitro

Objective:To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension.Methods:Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension using polysorbate-80 as a stabilizer.The formulated nanosuspension was assessed for particle size,polydispersity index,zeta potential value and for in vitro dissolution study.Oral bioavailability studies were carried out in Wistar male albino rats by administering a single dose(50 mg/kg.b.wt)of the formulated nanosuspension and coarse suspension.The storage stability of the formulated nanosuspension was determined after three months of storage at room temperature and under the refrigerated condition.Mutagenicity assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the formulated nanosuspension using two mutant strains(Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98).Results:The mean particle size of the formulated nanosuspension was 90.53 nm with polydispersity index and zeta potential values of 0.175 and-15.7 m V,respectively.Terminalia arjuna nanosuspension showed improved dissolution rate and 1.33-fold higher oral bioavailability than its coarse suspension.The formulated nanosuspension also showed better stability under the refrigerated condition and was non-mutagenic against both strains.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that nanosuspension technology can effectively enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract.

Terminalia arjuna bark extract attenuates picrotoxin-induced behavioral changes by activation of serotonergic,dopaminergic,GABAergic and antioxidant systems

Stress and emotion are associated with several illnesses from headaches to heart diseases and immune deficiencies to central nervous system. Terminalia arjuna has been referred as traditional Indian medicine for several ailments. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of T. arjuna bark extract(TA) against picrotoxin-induced anxiety. Forty two male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into six experimental groups(n = 7): control, diazepam(1.5 mg·kg^(–1)), picrotoxin(1 mg·kg^(–1)) and three TA treatemt groups(25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Behavioral paradigms and PCR studies were performed to determine the effect of TA against picrotoxin-induced anxiety. The results showed that TA supplementation increased locomotion towards open arm(EPM) and illuminated area(light-dark box test), and increased rearing frequency(open field test) in a dose dependent manner, compared to picrotoxin(P < 0.05). Furthermore, TA increased number of licks and shocks in Vogel's conflict. PCR studies showed an up-regulation of several genes, such as BDNF, IP_3, D_2L, CREB, GABAA, SOD, GPx, and GR in TA administered groups. In conclusion, alcoholic extract of TA bark showed protective activity against picrotoxin in mice by modulation of genes related to synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters, and antioxidant enzymes.

Phytochemically Functionalized Cu and Ag Nanoparticles Embedded in MWCNTs for Enhanced Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties

Nanomedicine is an emerging field concerned with the use of precision engineered nanomaterials, which leads to the development of novel remedial and diagnostic modalities for human use. In this study, Cu(NO_3)_2 and Ag NO_3 precursors were reduced to copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs) and silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) using Terminalia arjuna bark extracts under microwave irradiation in the presence of well-dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) in aqueous medium. The formation of Cu NPs or Ag NPs and their functionalization with MWCNTs via bioactive molecules of plant extract were evidenced from UV–Vis spectra, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and TEM images. The phytochemically functionalized Cu-MWCNTs and Ag-MWCNTs nanomaterials showed enhanced biocide activity, and the inhibitory activity for bacteria was higher than that of fungus. Furthermore, these biohybrid nanomaterials are non-toxic to normal epithelial cells(Vero), whereas they are highly toxic for tested human cancer cells of MDA-MB-231, He La, Si Ha, and Hep-G2. The cell viability was found to decrease with the increasing dose from 10 to 50 lg m L^(-1), as well as incubation time from 24 to 72 h. For instance, the cell viability was found to be *91 % for normal Vero cells and *76 % for cancer cells for lower dose of 10 lg m L^(-1).