Effects of Terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behaviour and fertility of male rats

Aim: To evaluate the aphrodisiac potential of Terminalia catappa Linn. seeds using a suspension of its kernel (SS)in 1% methyl cellulose in rats. Methods: Male rots were orally treated with 1500 mg/kg or 3000 mg/kg SS or ve-hicle, and their sexual behaviour was monitored 3 h later using a receptive female. Another group of rats was orallytreated with either 3000 mg/kg SS or vehicle for 7 consecutive days. Their sexual behaviour and fertility were evaluatedon days 1, 4 and 7 of treatment and day 7 post-treatment by pairing overnight with a pro-oestrous female. Results:The 1500 mg/kg dose, had a marked aphrodisiac action (prolongation of ejaculation latency) but no effect on libido(% mounting, % intromission and % ejaculation), sexual vigour (mounting-and-intromission frequency), or sexualperformance (intercopulatory interval). In contrast, the higher dose (3000 mg/kg) reversibly inhibited all the para?e-ten of sexual behaviour other than mounting-and-intromission frequency and copulatory efficiency. The effects of highdose SS were not due to general toxicity, liver toxicity, haemotoxicity, stress, muscle deficiency, muscle incoordina-fion, analgesia, hypoglycaemia or reduction in blood testosterone level. They were due to marked sedation. Conclu-sion: The kernel of T. catappa seeds has aphrodisiac activity and may be useful in the treatment of certain forms ofsexual inadequacies, such as premature ejaculation.

Comparative Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Fresh and Fallen Leaves of Terminalia catappa L.

In the work reported here, the potential of different methods （cold and hot water, and ethanolic） of extraction of Indian almond （Terminalia catappa L.）, fresh and fallen leaves as an anti-bacterial agent was investigated. The hot water extract did not show any spectrum of activity against the selected bacteria while the cold water extract showed slight antibacterial activity suggesting that the effective components are heat labile. The ethanolic extracts of the leaves have higher antibiotic spectrum of activity than the cold water extract showing ethanol to be a better solvent in extracting the effective component. The fallen leaves seem to have a higher concentration of the effective component against the bacteria while ethanolic extract of the fresh leaves have similar spectrum of activity to Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofuratoin. These suggest that some effective components are lost when leaves fall off while some seem to increase in concentration. Fresh and fallen leaves contain tannin and flavonoids. In addition, the fallen leaves contain flavones. This might be responsible for the higher activity of fallen leaves extract observed against Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp. in our study. Combined use of extracts from fresh and fallen leaves broadened the spectrum of activity.

Preliminary Study of Anthelmintic Potential of Terminalia catappa Fresh Leaves Following Short-Term Daily Feeding on Goats

The anthelmintic resistance was developed in many species of gastrointestinal nematodes and occurred worldwide. This phenomenon had reduced the effectiveness of anthelmintics which based on drugs. This situation has led to the scientific study on natural anthelmintic that based on traditional usage of local plants. In this study, local plant named Ketapang （Terminalia catappa） that traditionally used to treat helminth infection was chose as experimental plant. Eighteen mix Katjang goats were equally divided into three groups, where two groups were treated with mature and immature T. catappa leaves respectively, while the third group was untreated. Leaves were daily feeding in raw to the goats for four weeks. Normal goat＇s pellet was fed to the goats according to scheduled time-feediing; morning and afternoon, and water was given ad libitum. Fecal samples were collected every two days during the experimental period and subjected to modified Mc Master fecal egg count. Results for this short-term preliminary anthelmintic trial had showed significant percentage of helminth eggs reduction in goats. The reduction in goats treated with mature leaves was at 72% and 63% for the goats treated with immature leaves. Control goats did not showed significant reduction in terms of the parasite worm eggs. In conclusion, the ethnoveterinary data about this local plant was scientifically proven and can be widely promoted to the local livestock＇s owner as an alternative approach for parasitic helminths control in goats.

Mechanical Properties of Terminalia catappa from Ghana

Ghana is rich in forest resources, of whichTerminalia catappa, a wood species of common occurrence is one. Even though sometimes it is used for decorative purposes, however, it grows in the wild. It grows in almost all the regions of the country and does well in the tropics. The parts of the tree such as the leaves, fruits and seeds have been known to be very useful for medicinal and other uses. Some work on the strength properties of the leaves and other parts has also been done, however, strength properties of the wood are yet to be explored. In this study, its mechanical properties such as bending strength, compression parallel to the grain, and shear parallel to the grain properties were determined. The British (BS 373, 1957) and American Society of Testing Materials’ specifications (ASTM D143, 1983) using testing methods for small, clear specimens of wood were used in determining the properties. The results showed that at 18% moisture content the wood has a density of 520 kg/m3 with a mean modulus of rupture of 86.04 Mpa, compressive strength parallel to the grain of 42.02 Mpa, modulus of elasticity of 10,500 Mpa, and shear strength parallel to the grain of 16.42 N/mm2. These strength properties are comparable to that of Strombosia glaucescens. Therefore, T. catappa can be used in applications where this species is used.

Development of a Process for Formulating Infant Flours from the Almonds of <i>Treculia obovoidea, Terminalia catappa</i>Linne as well as <i>Ipomoea batatas</i>Lam Leaves

In response to the malnutrition problem affecting children in Congo Brazzaville, we made three cooking-type infant flours from Treculia obovoidea, Terminalia catappa L. almonds and Ipomoea batatas L. leaves. The nutritional quality of the three infant flours we developed indicates 11.07% - 12.47% protein content, 9.92% - 14.87% fat content, 58.85% - 68.06% carbohydrate content, 1.50% - 2.18% ash and an energy intake varying between 399.84 and 439.37 Kcal. Functionally, our prepared flours have a water absorption capacity between 219.05 and 317.86 mL/g, an oil absorption capacity of 0.19 mL/g, a water solubility index varying from 29.66 - 41.03 and a swelling capacity of 250% - 320%.

Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia catappa</i>L. Leaf Extracts against Some Clinically Important Pathogenic Microbial Strains

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate in-vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol, acetone and N, N-dimethylformamide extracts from leaf of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae). Methods: In vitro antimicrobial activity of all the extracts was done by agar disc diffusion assay. 91 clinically important strains were used for the study, which were both clinical isolates as well as identified strains. Piperacillin and gentamicin were used as standards for antibacterial assay, while nystatin and flucanazole were used as standards for antifungal assay. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measurement of inhibition zone around each paper disc. For each extract three replicate trials were conducted against each organism. Results: The antibacterial activity was more pronounced against bacteria than fungal strains. The Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram negative bacteria. The methanol extract showed best antibacterial activity. T. catappa leaf extracts showed better antibacterial activity than commercially used antibiotics. Conclusion: Demonstration of antimicrobial activity of T. catappa provides the scientific basis for the use of this plant in the traditional treatment of diseases and may help to discover new chemical classes of antibiotic substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious disease chemotherapy and control. This investigation has opened up the possibility of the use of this plant in drug development for human consumption possibly for the treatment of various infections caused by microbes.

Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia catappa</i>Extracts Against Some Pathogenic Microbial Strains

The methanol, acetone and N, N-dimethylformamide extracts of Terminalia catappa L. leaf were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Piperacillin and gentamicin were used as standards for antibacterial assay, while nystatin and flucanazole were used as standards for antifungal assay. 91 clinically important strains were used for the study which were both clinical isolates as well as identified strains. The antimicrobial activity of all the extracts was determined by agar disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was more pronounced against bacteria than fungal strains. The Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram negative bacteria. The methanol extract showed best antibacterial activity. T. catappa leaf extracts showed better antibacterial activity than commercially used antibiotics.

Modeling and optimization of Terminalia catappa L.kernel oil extraction using response surface methodology and artificial neural network

In this study,response surface methodology(RSM)and artificial neural network(ANN)were used to optimize Terminalia catappa L.kernel oil(TCKO)yield.Solvent extraction method was used for the oil extraction,with n-hexane as the extracting solvent.The highest oil yield was obtained at 55℃,150 min,and 0.5 mm.The physicochemical properties of the TCKO were determined using standard methods.Gas chromatographic(GC)analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)were respectively,used to determine the fatty acid composition and prevalent functional groups in TCKO.At optimum conditions of temperature,particle size and extraction time,the RSM predicted oil yield was 62.92%,which was validated as 60.34%,whereas ANN predicted yield was 60.39%,which was validated as 60.40%.The results of the physicochemical characterization of TCKO showed that the dielectric strength(DS),viscosity,flash and pour points values were 30.61 KV,20.29 mm^2 s^−1,260°C,and 3℃,respectively.Physicochemical characterization and FTIR results of TCKOindicated its potential industrial application,especially as transformer fluid.Fatty acids compositions result indicated that the oil was highly unsaturated;while XRD results of Terminalia catappa L.kernel(TCK)samples obtained,both before and after extraction,showed difference in their peaks and corresponding intensities,due to the damage effect of solvent.Finally,the obtained optimization results indicated that ANN was a better and more effective tool than RSM,due to its higher R^2 and lower RMS values.

Polyphenol-rich Fraction of Terminalia catappa Prevents Chronic LeadAcetate Induced Oxidative Stress and Cardiorenal Toxicities in Rats

Background:Lead(Pb),a naturally occurring environmental contaminant,has been implicated in several pathological conditions of the cardiovascular and renal systems.Objective:The study was designed to evaluate the modulatory roles of the polyphenol-rich fraction of Terminalia catappa on chronic lead acetate-induced cardiovascular and renal toxicities in rats.Methods:Thirty-six rats were randomly selected and divided into six groups of six rats each.Pb toxicity was induced by the administration of 100 mg/L Pb in drinking water for 12 weeks in groups B-F.Groups A and B were left untreated;groups C and D were treated with polyphenol-rich fraction of Terminalia catappa[PRFTC(100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.)];vitamin E(50 mg/kg b.w.)and lisinopril(10 mg/kg b.w.)were administered to groups E and F,respectively.Results:Exposure of rats to Pb induced significantly elevated(P<0.05)primary haemodynamic parameters,severe disseminated congestion of blood vessels and haemorrhages in the cardiac and renal tissues,significantly elevated(P<0.05)markers of oxidative stress markers of inflammation and myocardial infarction,but significantly decreased serum nitric oxide and the systemic antioxidants.Furthermore,rats exposed to Pb showed heightened immune-positive reactions to Caspase-3,a marker of apoptosis,in both renal and cardiac tissues.All manifestations of Pb-associated toxicities in the cardiovascular and renal systems were alleviated by the PRFTC treatment in rats.Conclusion:The polyphenol-rich fraction of T.catappa proved effective in the reduction of oxidative stressmediated derangements of the physiological homeostasis and decreased apoptosis in the cardiovascular and renal systems of rats chronically exposed to lead acetate toxicities and may therefore have therapeutic potential as a supplement that can be applied in chronic lead poisoning。

木麻黄浸提液对榄仁树幼苗生长及生理生化的影响

该研究试图将榄仁树引入木麻黄海防林以期形成混交林型的海防林。以15 d榄仁树种子苗为材料,分别采用浓度为125 g·L^-1的木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物和林下表层土壤的水浸提液胁迫处理榄仁树幼苗60 d,研究木麻黄化感作用对榄仁树幼苗生长、光合作用、膜系统伤害、抗氧化系统酶活性及游离Pro含量的影响。结果表明:木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物及林下表层土壤的水浸提液都能降低榄仁树幼苗的存活率,影响幼苗株高、叶和根生物量,可以推断不同浸提液中对影响植物生长成分的浓度有所不同。3种浸提液均显著降低处理15~45 d期间幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ccond)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr),且显著增加幼苗水分利用率(WUE)。第60天时3种木麻黄浸提液能显著增加幼苗叶片、根的Pro含量,使得幼苗根系组织细胞膜通透性增加,而木麻黄根浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond、Ci、叶SOD、根CAT含量,木麻黄凋落物浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond和Tr,同时凋落物浸提液会显著降低幼苗根POD含量。榄仁树幼苗通过调整自身的生理生化能适应木麻黄化感胁迫的影响,为此可考虑榄仁树作为沿海防护林建设的树种之一。

榄仁叶提取物对D-GalN诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的防护作用

目的 :研究榄仁叶提取物 (TCE)对小鼠急性肝损伤的防护作用及可能机制。方法 :在体实验 ,建立小鼠D 氨基半乳糖 (D GalN)肝损伤模型 ,检测TCE对血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)活性的影响 ,观察肝脏组织结构的变化并测定肝线粒体肿胀度。离体实验 ,建立原代小鼠肝细胞D GalN损伤模型 ,运用MTT法检测TCE对细胞活性的影响 ,并测定细胞上清AST及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活力变化。结果 :在体实验 ,一定剂量TCE能有效抑制D GalN引起的小鼠血清AST及ALT活性的显著上升 (2 95 ,3 35倍 ) ,明显减轻D GalN损伤引起的小鼠肝脏组织结构的破坏并抑制线粒体对外加Ca2 + 诱发肿胀敏感性的下降。离体实验 ,不同浓度TCE可剂量依赖性抑制D GalN引起的MTT下降 ,抑制甚至完全对抗D GalN引起的原代肝细胞上清AST的显著上升(1 9倍 )及SOD的明显下降 (48 0 % )。结论 :TCE对D GalN诱导的急性肝损伤具有效的防护作用 ,其机理可能与对抗脂质过氧化、保护线粒体及肝细胞有关。

榄仁树叶提取物(LR-98)对实验性肝损伤的防护作用

采用生化检测并结合形态学观察 ,研究了榄仁叶提取物 (LR - 98)对小鼠实验性化学肝损伤的防护作用 .发现在急性肝损伤实验中 ,LR - 98能对抗四氯化碳 (CCl4 )引起的肝细胞核膜皱缩、周边异染色质增加、核固缩及髓鞘样变化等亚微结构的病理学改变 .LR - 98不仅显著剂量依赖性抑制CCl4 所致小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶 (sGPT)活性的升高 ,完全阻抑CCl4 所致小鼠肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性的下降 ,且可完全逆转D -氨基半乳糖 (D -GalN)诱发的sGPT活性的升高 .在慢性肝损伤 (肝硬化 )实验中 ,高剂量LR 98可完全逆转由CCl4 所致sGPT活性、肝羟脯氨酸含量的显著增高 ,以及SOD活性的下降 .结果表明 ,LR - 98对急慢性肝损伤有良好的防护作用 ,其机理可能与抗脂质过氧化有关 .

盐雾胁迫对榄仁幼苗生长及体内矿质元素分布的影响

在温室培养条件下,用叶片喷雾的方式对盐生植物榄仁(Terminalia catappa)的幼苗进行Na Cl胁迫处理,研究了盐雾胁迫对其生长、5种矿质元素(Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、Cl-)和灰分在幼苗不同叶龄叶片和叶片各部分分布的影响,以探讨盐雾胁迫下的盐害机理,以此指导实际工作中盐害诊断与预防措施,为筛选耐盐树种建设沿海防护林提供依据。结果表明:盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的叶、茎、根生长比对照组缓慢,K+在各叶片分区的分布差别较小,Ca2+、Mg2+、灰分在叶片中心区分布较多,Na+和Cl-均向叶缘集中,且Na+和Cl-质量分数显著增加(P<0.05),可见盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片盐分较易集中在叶尖、叶缘,这与叶片病斑多分布于叶尖、叶缘的症状相符。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片的灰分质量分数在叶片中心区分布最多,并呈现老叶>成叶>新叶,而且随胁迫时间增加呈升高趋势,叶片不同部位和不同叶龄的灰分质量分数都显著高于对照组(P<0.05),故盐雾胁迫促进植物体灰分积累。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的K+、Na+、Cl-在新叶分布最多,Ca2+在老叶分布最多,Mg2-在成熟叶分布最多,可见新叶对盐雾胁迫最敏感。不论是在叶片不同部分、不同叶龄的分布,还是在盐雾胁迫下5种矿质元素质量分数的变化上,榄仁幼苗体内的Na+-Cl-存在极显著强正相关(P<0.01)。

干旱胁迫和化感作用对榄仁树幼苗生长、光合作用及生理生化的影响

该研究通过榄仁树幼苗的盆栽实验,用称重控水法设置3个水平的土壤水分含量（分别占田间持水量的75%~80%、50%~55%、30%~35%）和2个浓度水平的木麻黄凋落物浸提液,研究不同土壤干旱程度及不同浓度木麻黄凋落物浸提液对榄仁树生长、光合作用及生理生化的影响。结果表明：随着幼苗生长期的延长,土壤干旱和木麻黄凋落物浸提液对榄仁树幼苗存活率和株高增长有一定影响。60 d胁迫后显著减小了幼苗叶片数、叶面积、叶片含水量及叶片的生物量。15~60 d期间幼苗的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Ccond）、蒸腾速率（Tr）均显著减小,而幼苗叶片胞间CO_2浓度（Ci）呈先减后增的变化。幼苗的水分利用率（WUE）和气孔限制值（Ls）显著增加,是导致光合作用降低的主要原因。干旱和木麻黄凋落物浸提液能显著增加榄仁树幼苗的叶片和根的细胞膜透性、Peroxidase（POD）活性及叶片Superoxide dismutase（SOD）活性。二元方差分析表明,土壤干旱和木麻黄凋落物浸提液对榄仁树的生长、光合作用及生理生化的影响有明显的交互作用且表现出一定的拮抗作用。该研究结果可为构建混交林型海防林提供参考。

榄仁的化学成分研究

目的对榄仁(Terminalia catappa L)的化学成分进行研究。方法综合运用正相柱色谱、反相柱色谱和半制备型高效液相等色谱方法进行系统分离,根据化合物的理化性质及其波谱数据确定化合物的结构。结果榄仁中分离出7个化合物,分别鉴定为:胡萝卜苷(1)、齐墩果酸(2)、(-)-Berchemol(3)、积雪草酸(4)、对羟基苯乙酮(5)、为蛇菰脂醛素(6)、去氢催吐萝芙木醇(7)。结论化合物2、4、5、6、7首次从榄仁属植物中分离得到。

榄仁树的生理和生物学特性

为了解榄仁树(Terminalia catappa)的生理生态特性,对西沙群岛永兴岛上自然生长的榄仁树的叶片形态、生理特征、营养元素含量以及根际土壤特征进行了研究。结果表明,榄仁树具有比叶面积低、叶片厚、气孔密度小等形态特征。叶绿素a/b为2.25∶1,低于理论值3∶1。叶片的SOD和POD活性较低,脯氨酸和ABA含量较高。植物体内养分含量较高,适生土壤养分含量低。这说明榄仁树叶片的吸收利用光能能力较强,保水能力较好,有较强的抗干旱和抗逆能力,适生于贫瘠的土壤并保持较高的叶片营养。因此,榄仁树是一种能够适应高温、干旱、贫瘠等恶劣生境条件的树种,可作为热带珊瑚岛植被恢复的工具种和园林绿化树种。

榄仁树叶中三萜类成分及降糖活性研究

目的:研究榄仁树叶中三萜类成分及其降糖活性。方法:使用各种柱色谱方法对榄仁树叶提取物中的降糖活性部位进行分离纯化,通过波谱数据分析进行结构鉴定。通过体外α-淀粉酶抑制实验对分离所得的三萜化合物进行体外降糖活性检测。结果:从榄仁树叶中共分离出13个三萜类化合物,分别鉴定为:齐墩果酸(1)、白桦脂酸(2)、2α-羟基熊果酸(3)、3-表白桦脂酸(4)、阿江榄仁酸(5)、3-乙酰氧基-齐墩果酸甲酯(6)、麦珠子酸(7)、3β,23-二羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(8)、3α,19α,23,24-四羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(9)、积雪草酸(10)、rubrajaleelol(11)、maslinic acid(12)、2α-羟基乌苏酸(13)。体外活性实验表明,积雪草酸对体外α-淀粉酶抑制作用显著。结论:其中,化合物2～4、6、7、9、11为首次从使君子科植物中分离得到。榄仁树叶中三萜类成分具有较好的降糖活性。

Antibacterial Screening of Fifteen Cameroonian Medicinal Plants against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi

Multi-drug resistant microbial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi represent a critical public health issue worldwide. Plant-derived agents are credible sources for search and development of alternative antimicrobials to fight these infections. This study describes the in-vitro antibacterial activity of plants extracts from 15 medicinal plants of the Cameroonian pharmacopeia against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. Plants selected based on their ethnopharmacological uses were extracted by either maceration or decoction using distilled water, ethanol, methanol and ethylacetate. The afforded extracts were phytochemically screened for bioactive secondary metabolites. The microdilution method was used to assess the antibacterial activity. The two promising extracts were tested in combination using the cbeckboard technique. Eighty one extracts showed antibacterial activity with eight having minimum inhibitory concentrations below 2.5 mg/mL. Results from combination assays with extracts from Terminalia catappa and Gnidia glauca leaves showed synergistic effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and additive effect against Staphylococcus aureus. These extracts mainly contained saponins, tannins, glucosides, phenols, triterpenes and anthraquinones. These results support the ethnobotanical claims and indicate further directions for the investigation of plants extracts to develop alternative drugs against multi-resistant bacteria.

大叶榄仁叶化学成分及其降糖活性

目的研究大叶榄仁叶的化学成分及其降糖活性。方法大叶榄仁叶80%乙醇提取液采用硅胶柱、反相ODS柱、HP-20、Sephadex LH-20进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。通过检测对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用评价多酚单体的降糖活性。结果从中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为没食子酸(1)、间-二没食子酸甲酯(2)、没食子酸甲酯(3)、没食子酸乙酯(4)、3,3'-二甲基鞣花酸(5)、鞣花酸(6)、3,3',4-三甲基鞣花酸-4'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、3-甲基鞣花酸(8)、没食子酸正丁酯(9)、4-O-乙基没食子酸(10)、1,2-没食子酰丙三醇(11)、robinlin (12)。没食子酸正丁酯对α-淀粉酶抑制作用显著。结论化合物2、4、7、10～12为首次从榄仁属植物中分离得到。多酚类成分具有较好的降糖活性。

榄仁树的生态分布与耐盐性研究

调查了榄仁树(Terminalia catappa)在海南岛沿海地区的分布情况,并就基质盐度对温室中人工培育的榄仁幼苗的影响进行研究。结果表明,榄仁具有较强的耐盐能力,在盐度高达 17.09‰条件下仍可正常生长,温室里幼苗可在 10‰左右的盐度下存活。结果还表明,10‰盐度能增加幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,20‰～30‰则下降;盐胁迫下叶片光合速率呈下降趋势,而叶片可溶性糖含量则随盐度增加呈上升趋势。