Pain is a sensation which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several disorders. Throughout ages man has used many different remedies for pain relief, among which medicinal herbs are most co...Pain is a sensation which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several disorders. Throughout ages man has used many different remedies for pain relief, among which medicinal herbs are most common due to their efficacy and relative safety due to their natural origin. In present study methanol extract of Terminalia chebula fruit was evaluated for its analgesic effects in albino mice. The extract was prepared using whole dried powdered fruit with seeds in absolute methanol. It was then subjected to rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to get concentrated extract;different doses (300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were assessed for analgesic activity by tail immersion technique and acetic acid induced writhing test. Similar doses of Aspirin were used as standard drug (positive control) for comparison. Results of both tail flick method and acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that T. chebula fruit extract possessed varying degree of analgesic activity significant at 300 mg/kg and highly significant at 500 and 1000 mg/kg in comparison to control. The results were almost similar to standard drug. In acetic acid induced writhing test, maximum inhibition of writhing was observed at 1000 mg/kg where the number of writhes decreased from 14.1 to 5.2 indicating 63.1% inhibition. Above findings suggest that T. chebula fruit extract possesses significant analgesic activity in albino mice with reference to positive and negative control groups;however further studies on a large number of animals with clinical trials are required to confirm safe and effective use of this fruit extract in humans for analgesic purpose.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula （ T. chebula） extracts against pathogens causing otitis externa and compare it with ear drops.METHODS： Four different extracts, methanol, ethanol...AIM： To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula （ T. chebula） extracts against pathogens causing otitis externa and compare it with ear drops.METHODS： Four different extracts, methanol, ethanol, acetone and aqueous （hot and cold） extracts, from the T. chebula were tested for their antimicrobial activity through the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC）/minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） values were determined through the macrodilution broth method against six different microorganism, five bacterial （one gram positive and four gram negative） and one yeast.RESULTS： Organic and aqueous fruit extracts displayed activity against all fve tested bacterial ear pathogens with a maximum zone of inhibition of 31.6 mm against Staphylococcus aureus , followed by Acinetobacter sp. （24.6 mm）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa （23.6 mm）, Proteus mirabilis （21 mm） and Escherichia coli （19.3mm）. Of the four solvents evaluated, acetonic fruit extract of T. chebula was found to be best. The MIC values ranged between 0.78 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL for the different bacterial ear pathogens and MBC values ranged between 1.56 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. The acetonic fruit extract showed larger inhibition zones compared to the herbal ear drops, Kan pip with lowest MIC of 0.78 mg/mL and MBC of 1.56 mg/mL.CONCLUSION： Acetonic extract of T. chebula fruit may be used to treat otitis externa. However, more detailed studies, such as in vivo testing and pharmacokinetics properties, are needed to determine its therapeutic potential.展开更多
Background:Based on modern pharmacological studies,Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibits antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria.Previously,we found Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibited excellent antibacterial ac...Background:Based on modern pharmacological studies,Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibits antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria.Previously,we found Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Malassezia restricta.Methods:We determined the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration of Terminalia chebula Retz.extraction with water(TRW)against Staphylococcus epidermidis(including Staphylococcus epidermidis 1-15)using the microdilution method.Staphylococcus epidermidis 1(SE11),which was the most sensitive to TRW,was selected as the test bacterium for subsequent experiments.The time-kill curve of TRW on SE11 was generated using the viable count method.Further,an in vitro biofilm model of SE11 was constructed using the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide test,semi-quantitative crystal violet experiment,and scanning electron microscopy.The effects of TRW on the total amount of biofilm formation,the number of viable biofilm bacteria,and biofilm microstructure of SE11 were also determined using a semi-quantitative crystal violet experiment,viable count method,and scanning electron microscopy.Finally,the electrical conductivity and soluble protein content of the SE11 suspensions were determined.Results:The average MIC of TRW against SE11 was 0.75±1.09 mg/mL.TRW(1/2MIC and 2MIC)and zinc pyrithione(1/2MIC and 2MIC)had no significant effect on total biofilm inhibition in the adhesion stage(P>0.05)and the aggregation stage(P>0.05).Further,TRW(1/2MIC and MIC)and zinc pyrithione(1/2MIC and MIC)had no significant effect on viable biofilm bacteria in the adhesion stage(P>0.05)and aggregation stage(P>0.05).TRW destroyed the integrity of the SE11 cell membrane,resulting in leakage of intracellular substances.Conclusion:TRW inhibits SE11 biofilm formation and is similar to zinc pyrithione in the adhesion and aggregation stages,which provides a theoretical basis for its application in the field of antimicrobial additives.展开更多
Objective: Emergence of community-acquired infections due to multi drug resistant (MDR) common human pathogens have caused a great problem to clinicians and this directed us to search systematically for a different re...Objective: Emergence of community-acquired infections due to multi drug resistant (MDR) common human pathogens have caused a great problem to clinicians and this directed us to search systematically for a different remedy with compounds particularly from plant origin. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay method against some common gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Results: In vitro study with Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) stem bark extracts, eight isolated triterpenoids and four triterpenoid derivatives were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Pure compounds from T.chebula could be effectively used as antibacterial agents if it is possible to develop the molecules synthetically. At the same time crude extracts with specified active principles could also be used and/or introduced in Traditional Medicine/Complementary Alternative Medicine (TM/CAM) as antibacterial into National/International Health Systems as per the guideline of Ayurvedic formularies.展开更多
对诃子抗氧化活性物质提取工艺、抗氧化活性及其初步物质基础进行了研究。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数50%、液料比20、提取温度60℃、提取次数4次、提取时间7 m in;总还原力、FRAP法抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力的结果均...对诃子抗氧化活性物质提取工艺、抗氧化活性及其初步物质基础进行了研究。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数50%、液料比20、提取温度60℃、提取次数4次、提取时间7 m in;总还原力、FRAP法抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力的结果均显示诃子粗提物具有很强的抗氧化活性。生物活性追踪结果发现,诃子抗氧化活性物质主要由存在于乙酸乙酯相的弱极性化合物组成,该相质量浓度为25、50μg/mL样品的总还原力OD700值分别为0.197±0.002和0.380±0.006,FRAP法抗氧化能力OD593分别为0.272±0.023和0.631±0.002,DPPH自由基清除率分别为(86.838±0.600)%和(90.318±0.917)%。相关关系表明,诃子抗氧化活性的主要物质基础为总黄酮和总多酚。展开更多
采用三频恒温数控超声辅助提取技术优化了诃子总多酚提取工艺;通过比较试验和扫描电镜分析了该技术高效提取的原因;从Fick第一定律出发建立了诃子总多酚扩散动力学方程,并进行了验证。结果表明,恒温超声提取诃子总多酚最佳工艺条件为:...采用三频恒温数控超声辅助提取技术优化了诃子总多酚提取工艺;通过比较试验和扫描电镜分析了该技术高效提取的原因;从Fick第一定律出发建立了诃子总多酚扩散动力学方程,并进行了验证。结果表明,恒温超声提取诃子总多酚最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数60%、超声频率80 k Hz、超声功率180 W、提取温度70℃;该工艺提取效率显著高于水浴振荡提取工艺(P<0.001);扫描电镜观察发现,恒温超声提取技术对原料粉末微观结构破坏更严重。结合Fick第一定律及超声提取动力学推导了恒温超声辅助提取诃子总多酚动力学方程;验证试验表明,在相应的范围内,提取时间对数和提取功率对数均与诃子总多酚浓度对数呈正比关系。结果表明:恒温超声辅助技术可用于诃子总多酚高效提取。展开更多
将120只小鼠随机分为空白组、四氯化碳(CCl_4)组、联苯双酯(DDB)组及低、中、高3个剂量(1.0、2.0、4.0 g/kg)的原药诃子、白狼毒制诃子和茜草制诃子组,共12个组,每组10只。给药7 d后,腹腔注射10 m L/kgCCl_4油溶液,建立小鼠肝损伤模型,...将120只小鼠随机分为空白组、四氯化碳(CCl_4)组、联苯双酯(DDB)组及低、中、高3个剂量(1.0、2.0、4.0 g/kg)的原药诃子、白狼毒制诃子和茜草制诃子组,共12个组,每组10只。给药7 d后,腹腔注射10 m L/kgCCl_4油溶液,建立小鼠肝损伤模型,检测各组血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH–Px)活力,观察肝脏组织学结构变化。研究结果显示,诃子不同炮制品可减少CCl_4所引起的小鼠肝损伤,显著降低血清ALT、AST活力,提高肝脏SOD、GSH–Px活力,并对肝细胞有一定保护作用;药效表现由强到弱依次为茜草制诃子、白狼毒制诃子、生药诃子,且高剂量的效果优于低剂量。以茜草制诃子高剂量组4.0 g/kg效果最为理想,其作用机制可能与抗氧化性有关。展开更多
文摘Pain is a sensation which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several disorders. Throughout ages man has used many different remedies for pain relief, among which medicinal herbs are most common due to their efficacy and relative safety due to their natural origin. In present study methanol extract of Terminalia chebula fruit was evaluated for its analgesic effects in albino mice. The extract was prepared using whole dried powdered fruit with seeds in absolute methanol. It was then subjected to rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to get concentrated extract;different doses (300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were assessed for analgesic activity by tail immersion technique and acetic acid induced writhing test. Similar doses of Aspirin were used as standard drug (positive control) for comparison. Results of both tail flick method and acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that T. chebula fruit extract possessed varying degree of analgesic activity significant at 300 mg/kg and highly significant at 500 and 1000 mg/kg in comparison to control. The results were almost similar to standard drug. In acetic acid induced writhing test, maximum inhibition of writhing was observed at 1000 mg/kg where the number of writhes decreased from 14.1 to 5.2 indicating 63.1% inhibition. Above findings suggest that T. chebula fruit extract possesses significant analgesic activity in albino mice with reference to positive and negative control groups;however further studies on a large number of animals with clinical trials are required to confirm safe and effective use of this fruit extract in humans for analgesic purpose.
基金Supported by Kurukshetra University,Kurukshetra,Haryana
文摘AIM： To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula （ T. chebula） extracts against pathogens causing otitis externa and compare it with ear drops.METHODS： Four different extracts, methanol, ethanol, acetone and aqueous （hot and cold） extracts, from the T. chebula were tested for their antimicrobial activity through the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC）/minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） values were determined through the macrodilution broth method against six different microorganism, five bacterial （one gram positive and four gram negative） and one yeast.RESULTS： Organic and aqueous fruit extracts displayed activity against all fve tested bacterial ear pathogens with a maximum zone of inhibition of 31.6 mm against Staphylococcus aureus , followed by Acinetobacter sp. （24.6 mm）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa （23.6 mm）, Proteus mirabilis （21 mm） and Escherichia coli （19.3mm）. Of the four solvents evaluated, acetonic fruit extract of T. chebula was found to be best. The MIC values ranged between 0.78 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL for the different bacterial ear pathogens and MBC values ranged between 1.56 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. The acetonic fruit extract showed larger inhibition zones compared to the herbal ear drops, Kan pip with lowest MIC of 0.78 mg/mL and MBC of 1.56 mg/mL.CONCLUSION： Acetonic extract of T. chebula fruit may be used to treat otitis externa. However, more detailed studies, such as in vivo testing and pharmacokinetics properties, are needed to determine its therapeutic potential.
文摘Background:Based on modern pharmacological studies,Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibits antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria.Previously,we found Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Malassezia restricta.Methods:We determined the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration of Terminalia chebula Retz.extraction with water(TRW)against Staphylococcus epidermidis(including Staphylococcus epidermidis 1-15)using the microdilution method.Staphylococcus epidermidis 1(SE11),which was the most sensitive to TRW,was selected as the test bacterium for subsequent experiments.The time-kill curve of TRW on SE11 was generated using the viable count method.Further,an in vitro biofilm model of SE11 was constructed using the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide test,semi-quantitative crystal violet experiment,and scanning electron microscopy.The effects of TRW on the total amount of biofilm formation,the number of viable biofilm bacteria,and biofilm microstructure of SE11 were also determined using a semi-quantitative crystal violet experiment,viable count method,and scanning electron microscopy.Finally,the electrical conductivity and soluble protein content of the SE11 suspensions were determined.Results:The average MIC of TRW against SE11 was 0.75±1.09 mg/mL.TRW(1/2MIC and 2MIC)and zinc pyrithione(1/2MIC and 2MIC)had no significant effect on total biofilm inhibition in the adhesion stage(P>0.05)and the aggregation stage(P>0.05).Further,TRW(1/2MIC and MIC)and zinc pyrithione(1/2MIC and MIC)had no significant effect on viable biofilm bacteria in the adhesion stage(P>0.05)and aggregation stage(P>0.05).TRW destroyed the integrity of the SE11 cell membrane,resulting in leakage of intracellular substances.Conclusion:TRW inhibits SE11 biofilm formation and is similar to zinc pyrithione in the adhesion and aggregation stages,which provides a theoretical basis for its application in the field of antimicrobial additives.
文摘Objective: Emergence of community-acquired infections due to multi drug resistant (MDR) common human pathogens have caused a great problem to clinicians and this directed us to search systematically for a different remedy with compounds particularly from plant origin. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay method against some common gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Results: In vitro study with Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) stem bark extracts, eight isolated triterpenoids and four triterpenoid derivatives were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Pure compounds from T.chebula could be effectively used as antibacterial agents if it is possible to develop the molecules synthetically. At the same time crude extracts with specified active principles could also be used and/or introduced in Traditional Medicine/Complementary Alternative Medicine (TM/CAM) as antibacterial into National/International Health Systems as per the guideline of Ayurvedic formularies.
文摘对诃子抗氧化活性物质提取工艺、抗氧化活性及其初步物质基础进行了研究。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数50%、液料比20、提取温度60℃、提取次数4次、提取时间7 m in;总还原力、FRAP法抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力的结果均显示诃子粗提物具有很强的抗氧化活性。生物活性追踪结果发现,诃子抗氧化活性物质主要由存在于乙酸乙酯相的弱极性化合物组成,该相质量浓度为25、50μg/mL样品的总还原力OD700值分别为0.197±0.002和0.380±0.006,FRAP法抗氧化能力OD593分别为0.272±0.023和0.631±0.002,DPPH自由基清除率分别为(86.838±0.600)%和(90.318±0.917)%。相关关系表明,诃子抗氧化活性的主要物质基础为总黄酮和总多酚。
文摘采用三频恒温数控超声辅助提取技术优化了诃子总多酚提取工艺;通过比较试验和扫描电镜分析了该技术高效提取的原因;从Fick第一定律出发建立了诃子总多酚扩散动力学方程,并进行了验证。结果表明,恒温超声提取诃子总多酚最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数60%、超声频率80 k Hz、超声功率180 W、提取温度70℃;该工艺提取效率显著高于水浴振荡提取工艺(P<0.001);扫描电镜观察发现,恒温超声提取技术对原料粉末微观结构破坏更严重。结合Fick第一定律及超声提取动力学推导了恒温超声辅助提取诃子总多酚动力学方程;验证试验表明,在相应的范围内,提取时间对数和提取功率对数均与诃子总多酚浓度对数呈正比关系。结果表明:恒温超声辅助技术可用于诃子总多酚高效提取。
