Characterization of terpenoids and norisoprenoids from base and retail Qingke Baijiu by GC×GC-TOFMS and multivariate statistical analysis

Qingke(highland barley)Baijiu is a special Chinese Baijiu which is mainly produced from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Since the pine board is used as the bottom of the fermentation pit,we deduced that the terpenoids and norisoprenoids in pine board might be introduced into Qingke Baijiu.Thus,the terpenoids and norisoprenoids in Qingke Baijiu were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME)combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC-TOFMS).The results showed thatγ-terpinene(0.70-530.72μg/L),α-phellandrene(0.34-256.66μg/L),longicyclene(0-38.55μg/L),α-pinene(1.21-35.54μg/L)and limonene(0.93-23.69μg/L)were the top 5 terpenoids/norisoprenoids in Qingke Baijiu.Pulegone was detected and reported for the first time in Baijiu,and the concentrations in Qingke Baijiu were 0.78μg/L(fresh)and 3.90μg/L(7 years old).According to the principal component analysis(PCA)plot,young,aged,and retail Qingke Baijiu could be differentiated clearly.Fold change(FC)and t-tests analysis indicated thatβ-pinene,γ-terpinene,andα-selinene were the most different terpenoids/norisoprenoids between young and aged Qingke Baijiu,and longifolene was the most different terpenoids/norisoprenoids between base and retail Qingke Baijiu.The terpenoids and norisoprenoids,such as(E)-β-ionone,isoborneol andβ-cyclocitral,could be potential markers indicating the ageing process of Qingke Baijiu.

Remodeling Isoprene Pyrophosphate Metabolism for Promoting Terpenoids Bioproduction

Terpenoids are the largest family of natural products.They are made from the building block isoprene pyrophosphate(IPP),and their bioproduction using engineered cell factories has received a great deal of attention.To date,the insufficient metabolic supply of IPP remains a great challenge for the efficient synthesis of terpenoids.In this work,we discover that the imbalanced metabolic flux distribution between the central metabolism and the IPP supply hinders IPP accumulation in Bacillus subtilis(B.subtilis).Therefore,we remodel the IPP metabolism using a series of genetically encoded two-input-multioutput(TIMO)circuits that are responsive to pyruvate or/and malonyl-CoA,resulting in an IPP pool that is significantly increased by up to four-fold.As a proof-of-concept validation,we design an IPP metabolism remodeling strategy to improve the production of three valuable terpenoids,including menaquinone-7(MK-7,4.1-fold),lycopene(9-fold),andβ-carotene(0.9-fold).In particular,the titer of MK-7 in a 50-L bioreactor reached 1549.6 mg·L^(-1),representing the highest titer reported so far.Thus,we propose a TIMO genetic circuits-assisted IPP metabolism remodeling framework that can be generally used for the synergistic fine-tuning of complicated metabolic modules to achieve the efficient bioproduction of terpenoids.

The antifungal properties of terpenoids from the endophytic fungus Bipolaris eleusines

A series of terpenoids(1-17),comprising six new compounds designated bipolariterpenes A-F(1-6)and eleven rec-ognized compounds(7-17),were isolated from the wheat culture of the potato endophytic fungus Bipolaris eleusines.Their structures and stereochemistry were clarified by HRESIMS,NMR,DP4+probability analyses,and computations for electronic circular dichroism(ECD).All compounds are made up of six meroterpenoids,four sesterterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes.Among them,four sesterterpenes(4,5,10,11)were investigated for their antifungal,antibacterial and cytotoxic properties,and six meroterpenoids(1-3,7-9)were evaluated for their antifungal properties.The compounds 7,9,and 10 had substantial antifungal activity against Epidermophyton floccosum at a concentration of 100μM.No antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were observed.

Terpenoids as potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agents in liver cancer

Despite significant advances in medicine, liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma remains a major cause of death in the United States as well as the rest of the world. As limited treatment options are currently available to patients with liver cancer, novel preventive control and effective therapeutic approaches are considered to be reasonable and decisive measures to combat this disease. Several naturally occurring dietary and non-dietary phytochemicals have shown enormous potential in the prevention and treatment of several cancers, especially those of the gastrointestinal tract. Terpenoids, the largest group of phytochemicals, traditionally used for medicinal purposes in India and China, are currently being explored as anticancer agents in clinical trials. Terpenoids (also called "isoprenoids") are secondary metabolites occurring in most organisms, particularly plants. More than 40 000 individual terpenoids are known to exist in nature with new compounds being discovered every year. A large number of terpenoids exhibit cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells and cancer preventive as well as anticancer efficacy in preclinical animal models. This review critically examines the potential role of naturally occurring terpenoids, from diverse origins, in the chemoprevention and treatment of liver tumors. Both in vitro and in vivo effects of these agents and related cellular and molecular mechanisms are highlighted. Potential challenges and future directions involved in the advancement of these promising natural compounds in the chemoprevention and therapy of human liver cancer are also discussed.

Study on effect and mechanism of Celastrus Orbiculatus total terpenoids in regulating lipid metabolism

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of Celastrus Orbiculatus total terpenoids on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia mice.Methods ICR mice were selected as investigated subject.The hyperlipemia mice models were made with feeding high-fat forage and were randomly divided into six groups:the normal group,the model group,the positive control group(treated with simvastatin)and the three groups treated with Celastrus Orbiculatus total terpenoids with low,medium and high dosage,respectively.Each group included eight mice.The control group was fed normal forage,but other groups were fed high fat forage.All groups were allowed to drink water freely.Since the first day when the models were made,intragastric administration had been adopted.The normal group was fed normal forage without intragastric administration;the model group was received physiological saline 20 mL·kg-1·d-1 with intragastric administration;the positive control group received simvastatin 2.6 mg·kg-1·d-1 with intragastric administration;the three treated groups received Celastrus Orbiculatus total terpenoids 60 mg·kg-1·d-1,120 mg·kg-1·d-1,200 mg·kg-1·d-1 with intragastric administration respectively.Each group was weighed once a week.On the basis of establishing hyperlipidemia mice model,blood lipids,lipid metabolic enzyme,antioxidative capacity were investigated after 21 days feeding of high-fat forage.Results Compared with model group,TC and TG in mice treated with Celastrus Orbiculatus total terpenoids all reduced and HDL-C raised obviously(P<0.01).Celastrus orbiculatus total terpenoids was shown to decreased MDA content in both serum and liver,increased serum SOD activity and inhibited the activity of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP).Conclusions Celastrus Orbiculatus total terpenoids could remarkably modulate the lipid metabolic disorder in hyperlipidemia mice,and has a certain regulating function on lipoprotein,inferring that it could reduce the occur of atherosclerosis.The mechanism of regulating lipid metabolism might be related with decreasing the activity of CETP and increasing antioxidative capacity.

Study of the mechanism underlying inhibitory effect of terpenoids from Daphne plants on liver cancer cells using a network pharmacology-based approach

Daphne plants,belonging to Thymelaeaceae,have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.Previous studies suggested that they exerted anti-tumor activities and reported a number of compounds with anti-tumor activities,isolated from the genus Daphne.However,the targets of these compounds have not been determined yet.In this study,network pharmacology was used to analyze 128 terpenoid compounds from the genus Daphne and 49 target proteins of liver cancer.The results suggested that the target with the most number of directed edges was 5yz0.The compound which docked with 5yz0 best is AR.DT.25(acutilobin D),and the compounds with total docking score greater than 10 were almost all Daphnane diterpenoids.The network pharmacology results predicted that the 5yz0 protein was one of the potential targets of the terpenoids from the genus Daphne and then suggested several new targets and compounds for further liver cancer research.

Impact of oxygen supply on production of terpenoids by microorganisms: State of the art

Terpenoids are a class of high value-added natural products with a variety of biological functions.Genetically engineered microorganisms,such as those of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae,have merits in producing plant or fungus-derived terpenoids,due to their mature genetic manipulation,simple nutrient demand and fast growth.Oxygen,as a key environmental factor,is particularly important to microbial metabolism and growth,and suitable oxygen supply is viewed as a prerequisite for realizing highly efficient production of terpenoids by engineered microorganisms.In this article,the role of oxygen in regulating terpenoid bioproduction is overviewed from the viewpoints of cellular carbon metabolism,energy metabolism and terpenoid anabolism.Strategies on adjusting oxygen availability to microorganisms,including genetic modification of cellular metabolism related with oxygen utilization,are summarized and discussed,to provide helpful information for further improvement of terpenoid biosynthesis by microbes.

The constitutions of terpenoids and hormones of leaves in red-flesh citrus mutants and their wild types

To study the profiles and relationships of terpenoids and phytohormones in leaves of red-flesh citrus,we examined four red-flesh mutants that accumulate lycopene in the fruit and their corresponding wild types.We compared their contents of monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid volatiles,triterpenoid limonoid aglycones,and tetraterpenoid carotenoids.The types and concentrations of these terpenoids in the leaves varied among genotypes,and the leaf terpenoid profiles differed between red-fleshmutants and theirwild types.However,lycopenewas not detected in citrus leaves of all eight varieties,including the fourmutants.According to phytohormone accumulation in the leaves,the citrus varieties could be classified into a low-phytohormone group(‘Red Anliu’sweet orange,‘Anliu’sweet orange,and‘Cara Cara’navel orange),a high-phytohormone group(‘Seike’navel orange),and a high-jasmonic acid group(‘Red-flesh Guanxi’pummelo,‘Guanxi’pummelo,‘Chuhong’pummelo,and‘Feicui’pummelo).The contents of terpenoid volatiles were very low in leaves of‘Red-flesh Guanxi’and‘Guanxi’pummelo;therefore,they are ideal materials for verifying the functions of genes related to terpenoid volatiles in overexpression analyses.Sesquiterpenoid volatiles were positively correlated with phytohormones of abscisic acid,jasmonic acid,and salicylic acid.Taken together,lycopene was undetected in the leaves of redflesh citrus mutants with abundant lycopene in their juice sacs,which suggested a tissue-specific accumulation pattern of lycopene in citrus red-flesh mutants.Furthermore,leaf volatile profiles could be suitable to develop fingerprint chromatograms of citrus resources,since leaf volatile profiles were dominated by several compounds that varied among genotypes in their combinations and concentrations.

Enzyme engineering in microbial biosynthesis of terpenoids:progress and perspectives

Terpenoids,known for their structural and functional diversity,are highly valued,especially in food,cosmetics,and cleaning products.Microbial biosynthesis has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for the production of terpenoids.However,the natural enzymes involved in the synthesis of terpenoids have problems such as low activity,poor specificity,and insufficient stability,which limit the biosynthesis efficiency.Enzyme engineering plays a pivotal role in the microbial synthesis of terpenoids.By modifying the structures and functions of key enzymes,researchers have significantly improved the catalytic activity,specificity,and stability of enzymes related to terpenoid synthesis,providing strong support for the sustainable production of terpenoids.This article reviews the strategies for the modification of key enzymes in microbial synthesis of terpenoids,including improving enzyme activity and stability,changing specificity,and promoting mass transfer through multi-enzyme collaboration.Additionally,this article looks forward to the challenges and development directions of enzyme engineering in the microbial synthesis of terpenoids.

CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-editing technologies in engineering bacteria for the production of plant-derived terpenoids

Terpenoids are widely used as medicines,flavors,and biofuels.However,the use of these natural products is largely restricted by their low abundance in native plants.Fortunately,heterologous biosynthesis of terpenoids in microorganisms offers an alternative and sustainable approach for efficient production.Various genome-editing technologies have been developed for microbial strain construction.Clustered regularly interspaced short palin-dromic repeats(CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9(Cas9)is the most commonly used system owing to its outstanding efficiency and convenience in genome editing.In this review,the basic principles of CRISPR-Cas9 systems are briefly introduced and their applications in engineering bacteria for the production of plant-derived terpenoids are summarized.The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current developments of CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-editing technologies in bacterial engineering,concluding with perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of these technologies.

Recent Advances in Microbial Production of Terpenoids from Biomass-derived Feedstocks

Terpenoids are a diverse class of natural products widely used as pharmaceuticals,perfumes,flavors,and biofuels.Traditionally,terpenoids are obtained from natural sources,such as plants,but their production is limited by the insufficiency of resources and low yields of extraction.Microbial production of terpenoids has emerged as a promising alternative due to that it is sustainable and easy to scale up.This review aims to summarize recent advances in microbial production of terpenoids from inexpensive biomass-derived feedstocks.Metabolic pathways and key enzymes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis are introduced.Microorganisms that can utilize low-cost lignocellulosic feedstocks for terpenoid production are highlighted.The challenges and prospects faced by microbial terpenoid production are proposed.We believe that continuous progress in the fields of biomass transformation and synthetic biology will ultimately achieve industrial production of microbial terpenoids.

Four new diarylheptanoids and two new terpenoids from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla and their anti-inflammatory activities

Four previously unreported diarylheptanoids(1a/1b-2a/2b),one undescribed sesquiterpenoid(8),one new diterpenoid(12),and twelve known analogs were isolated from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla.The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved through a comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data,single-crystal X-ray diffraction,electronic circular dichroism(ECD),and modified Mosher's method.Enantiomeric mixtures(1a/1b,2a/2b,3a/3b,4a/4b,and 5a/5b)were separated on a chiral column using acetonitrile-water mixtures as eluents.Among them,compounds 3a/3b and 4a/4b were isolated as optically pure enantiomers in the initial chiral separation.Furthermore,most of the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against the production of nitric oxide(NO)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.Interestingly,2 and 4 showed significant inhibitory activities against NO production with IC50 values of 33.65 and 9.88μmol·L^(-1)(hydrocortisone:IC_(50)34.26μmol·L^(-1)),respectively.Additionally,they also partially reduced the secretion of IL-6.

Clavukoelloids A—M,Thirteen Rare N-Containing Nardosinane Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Soft Coral Clavularia koellikeri

Thirteen new nitrogen-containing nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids,clavukoelloids A-M(1-13)with unique acrylamide fragments vs.the reported general nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids containing lactone,were isolated from the soft coral Clavularia koellikeri collected from the South China Sea.The structures and absolute configurations of new compounds were unambiguously determined by analysis of spectroscopic data,CP3,DP4+,ECD spectra,and X-ray diffraction.Compound 6 showed anti-inflammatory activities and hepatoprotective activities in transgenic fluorescent zebrafish.

Meroterpenoids Possessing Diverse Rearranged Skeletons with Anti-inflammatory Activity from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. HLLG-122

Fifteen new meroterpenoids, littoreanoids A—O (1—15), including three rearranged skeleton meroterpenoids (1—3), were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. HLLG-122. Compound 1 was a novel berkeleyacetal-derived meroterpenoid featuring an unusual spirocyclic 2-oxaspiro[5.5]undeca-4,7-dien-3-one moiety. Compound 2 possessed an unusual 6/6/6/6/6 pentacyclic system with a novel 1-hydroxy-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-yl acetate moiety. Compound 3 was an unusual 6/7/6/5/6/5/4 polycyclic systems containing a β-lactone ring. The structures and absolute configurations of new compounds were elucidated by HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. The plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1—3 were also proposed. Compounds 6 and 11 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects with IC_(50) values of 30.41 and 19.02 μmol/L, respectively. The bioactive compound 11 was selected for the investigation of preliminary mechanism using molecular docking and Western blotting experiments. Compound 11 could suppress the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and down-regulate the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells.

Five new terpenoids from Viburnum odoratissimum var.sessiliflorum

Five new terpenoids,including two vibsane-type diterpenoids(1,2)and three iridoid allosides(3-5),together with eight known ones,were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Viburnum odoratissimum var.sessiliflorum.Their planar structures and relative configurations were determined by spectroscopic methods,especially 2D NMR techniques.The sugar moieties of the iridoids were confirmed asβ-D-allose by GC analysis after acid hydrolysis and acetylation.The absolute configurations of neovibsanin Q(1)and dehydrovibsanol B(2)were determined by quantum chemical calculation of their theoretical electronic circular dichroism(ECD)spectra and Rh2(OCOCF_(3))_(4)-induced ECD analysis.The anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1,3,4,and 5 were evaluated using an LPS-induced RA W264.7 cell model.Compounds 3 suppressed the release of NO in a dose-dependent manner,with an IC_(50) value of 55.64μmol·L^(-1).The cytotoxicities of compounds 1-5 on HCT-116 cells were assessed and the results showed that compounds 2 and 3 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities with IC_(50) values of 13.8 and 12.3μmol·L^(-1),respectively.

Variation in the Composition of the Essential Oil of Commercial Salvia officinalis L.Leaves Samples from Different Countries

Salvia officinalis L.(Lamiaceae)leaves and its essential oil is used for mouth and throat disorders,skin disorders,minor wounds,and gastrointestinal disorders,and is widely used worldwide.The research aimed to conduct a comparative study of the composition of S.officinalis essential oils from commercial samples,and their main chemotypes.The volatile constituents from S.officinalis leaves were investigated using gas chromatography(GC).The commercial samples of sage leaves were obtained from retail pharmacies in nine mainly European countries.The yield of essential oil in S.officinalis commercial leaves was between 10.0 and 24.8 mL/kg.The principal components(>5%)among the main identified 25 compounds were 1,8-cineole(8.3%–45.3%),α-thujone(3.0%–34.0%),сamphor(11.3%–29.3%),β-thujone(1.5%–12.9%),viridiflorol(1.1%–10.4%),camphene(2.6%–7.1%),andα-pinene(1.3%–5.8%).In seven(Estonia,England,France,Hungary,Belgium,Ukraine,Georgia)samplesα-thujone dominated.Four samples(Estonia,Georgia,England,Hungary)belong to the most common chemotypeα-thujone>camphor>1,8-cineole.Eight chemotypes of S.officinalis essential oils have been found.Toxic thujones are widespread compounds among them.

Comparative Analysis of the Essential Oil of the Underground Organs of Valeriana spp. from Different Countries

Valeriana officinalis L.is a plant from the Caprifoliaceae family,which is widely distributed in various parts of the world,especially in Europe and Asia.All species of Valeriana are distinguished by their ability to synthesize essen-tial oil,which has a powerful effect on the physiological and mental aspects of the human body.The aim was to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oil from valerian roots,collected in different coun-tries,using the gas chromatography method,and to establish marker compounds for valerian species.13 samples of commercial roots with rhizomes of V.officinalis from nine countries of the world and a sample of Valeriana pratensis and Valeriana stolonifera growing in Ukraine were selected for the study.The essential oil was obtained from dried valerian roots by the distillation method described in the European Pharmacopoeia.To determine the component composition of the essential oils of the selected samples,the methods of gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector and capillary gas chromatography were used.The commercial samples of V.offici-nalis from different countries yielded 0.21%–1.03%of essential oil.Only six of 13 samples contained essential oil in an amount that satisfies the requirement of the European Pharmacopoeia standard(not less than 4 mL/kg).150 compounds were identified in the essential oils of 13 samples of V.officinalis essential oils.The range and average content and coefficients of variation of the identified compounds were determined.The principal com-pounds of V.officinalis essential oils were bornyl acetate(1.6%–27.1%),valeranone(0.5%–17.9%),valerenal(0%–14.7%),camphene(0%–14.6%),α-fenchene(0%–10.6%),and valerenic acid(0%–8.5%).The samples of V.pratensis and V.stolonifera yielded rather high levels of essential oil(1.18%and 0.93%,respectively).Three chemotypes of V.officinalis samples were determined-bornyl acetate/valerenal,valeranone,and isovaleric acid.The composition of the three essential oils compared was rather similar.Based on the study results,we propose the following marker compounds for V.officinalis consistently present in all 16 examined samples:bornyl acetate(1.6%–27.1%),limonene(0.2–2.3),and valeranone(0.5%–17.9%).The study of samples from Ukraine indicates the prospects of using these species of the genus Valeriana with the aim of expanding the raw material base and creating potential herbal preparations with a sedative effect,which are extremely necessary for the population of the country in the war and post-war periods.

An overview of pigment gland morphogenesis and its regulatory mechanism

Cotton has enormous economic potential,providing high-quality protein,oil,and fibre.But the comprehensive utilization of cottonseed is limited by the presence of pigment gland and its inclusion.Pigment gland is a common characteristic of Gossypium genus and its relatives,appearing as visible dark opaque dots in most tissues and organs of cotton plants.Secondary metabolites,such as gossypol,synthesized and stored in the cavities of pigment glands act as natural phytoalexins,but are toxic to humans and other monogastric animals.However,only a few cotton genes have been identified as being associated with pigment gland morphogenesis to date,and the developmental processes and regulatory mechanism involved in pigment gland formation remain largely unclear.Here,the research progress on the process of pigment gland morphogenesis and the genetic basis of cotton pigment glands is reviewed,for providing a theoretical basis for cultivating cotton with the ideal pigment gland trait.

Comparative Chemical Research in Essential Oils from Six Apiaceae Species Growing in the Northern Region of Vietnam

Our study aimed to compare the essential oil(EO)concentration and composition of several Apiaceae species growing in the Northern region of Vietnam.The yields of EOs from materials ranged from 0.03%(root EO of Angelica acutiloba and aerial parts EO of Heracleum bivittatum)-0.27%(leaf EO of Xyloselinum vietnamense).Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)allowed the identification of 74 components in the EOs of six Apiaceae species,making up 94.4%–100.0%of the oils.In EO from Angelica acutiloba,(Z)-ligustilide accounted for an extremely large proportion(94.9%).EO of Angelica pubescens was dominated by six character-istic components includingα-pinene(21.5%),β-phellandrene(18.1%),p-cymene(12.2%),3-methylnonane(8.7%),o-cymene(8.1%),and D-sylvestrene(6.2%).The EO from Cryptotaenia japonica was characterized by high amounts ofα-selinene(48.7%),β-selinene(23.7%),and trans-β-farnesene(5.4%).The EOs from leaves and stems of Xyloselinum vietnamense were characterized by high concentrations of sabinene(69.8%and 33.8%),4-terpineol(8.7%and 7.4%)andβ-pinene(4.0%and 6.5%)while EOs from aerial parts and root of Xylo-selinum leonidii comprise four characteristic monoterpenes includingα-pinene(28.2%and 52.8%),β-pinene(7.9%and 10.3%),β-phellandrene(7.6%and 15.3%),and sabinene(3.0%and 4.1%).Additionally,cryptone is also one of the major components in the EO of Xyloselinum leonidii(13.2%in the aerial parts oil and 2.8%in the root oil).In the EOs isolated from the aerial parts and root of Heracleum bivittatum,α-pinene(22.5%and 70.2%)andβ-pinene(43.2%and 20.0%)were the predominant monoterpenes.Sabinene appeared in the EO from aerial parts of Heracleum bivittatum with a relatively high concentration(13.5%)while bornyl acetate(5.1%)was also one of the main components in the EO from its aerial parts but was not detected in other Apiaceae species in the present study.These databases help identify and control the quality of plant material studied from the family Apiaceae growing in Vietnam.

Modified Atmospheric Packaging and Its Effect on Postharvest Cannabis Quality

Cannabis sativa L. is used as fiber, food, and medicine in several countries. Though it is illegal for recreational use in most of the world, there are some countries that have legalized production and sale. There is a lot of research on production of cannabis, but less so on storage technologies. Cannabis contains several high value compounds, such as cannabinoids and terpenoids, that are susceptible to degradation via light, temperature, and oxygen. Several studies have explored temperature and light, and industry has adjusted accordingly. However, less is known about oxygen-induced degradation. Biochemical studies have demonstrated oxidative degradation of high value compounds, and many producers use some form of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) for storage. However, the efficacy of MAP is unclear. The objective of this paper is to review our current understanding of MAP in postharvest cannabis storage and identify avenues where additional research is needed.