Comparative transcriptomic analysis of ovary and testis reveals sex-related genes in roughskin sculpin Trachidermus fasciatus

The mechanisms underlying sex determination and differentiation have long intrigued researchers in the fields of development and evolutionary biology.The roughskin sculpin(Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel),displaying sexual dimorphism,provides an ideal model for studying the mechanisms.However,both genetic and genomic information concerning sex determination and differentiation,such as gonadal transcriptome data in roughskin sculpin,are lacking.Here,we present the first gonadal transcriptomes of roughskin sculpin and identify sex-related genes.We identified 8531 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),among them 4065 were upregulated in the ovary and 4466 upregulated in the testis.Several sex-related gene ontology(GO)terms were enriched in ovary-biased genes,including“binding of sperm to zona pellucida”,“egg coat formation”,“positive regulation of acrosome reaction”,“cell division”,and“cell cycle”,while the GO terms such as“spermatogenesis”,“sperm axoneme assembly”,“cilium assembly”,“cilium movement”,and“cilium movement involved in cell motility”were enriched in testis-biased genes.Moreover,six KEGG pathways were significantly enriched in the ovary,whereas only one was enriched in the testis.Of these DEGs,40 sex-related genes were identified,which including 26 testis-biased genes(such as Dmrtb 1,Gsdf,Sox 9 b,Wnt 4 b,Tcp 11 l 2,and Efhb),and 14 ovary-biased genes(such as Cyp 19 a 1 a,Foxh 1,Foxr 1,Gdf 3,Hsd 17 b 12,and Igf 2 bp 3).This gonadal transcript dataset would broaden our understanding of sex determination and differentiation mechanisms in roughskin sculpin,expand the genomic database,support future studies on sex-related gene functions,and facilitate molecular biology research into roughskin sculpin.

不同预时效挤压态Mg−Gd−Y−Zn−Zr合金的再结晶行为和强化机制

通过控制预时效时间制备3种不同状态的试样,研究不同预时效状态对挤压态Mg−9.5Gd−4Y−2.2Zn−0.5Zr(质量分数,%)合金的动态再结晶行为(DRX)和性能的影响。结果表明,欠时效挤压(UAE)样品的细晶体积分数为17.4%,而峰时效挤压(PAE)和过时效挤压(OAE)样品的细晶体积分数分别达到89.7%和50.4%。在晶粒内部和晶界处分布的致密、细小的β颗粒相通过粒子激发形核机制显著提高了形核位点和位错密度。然而,致密针状γ'相抑制位错滑移,延迟DRX形核。PEA和OAE样品中细小晶粒的差异归因于原始颗粒相的数量和尺寸的不同,而其拉伸性能的差异归因于不同的显微组织。由于晶界强化和析出强化机制的贡献更大,PAE样品具有更优异的拉伸性能。

Gd对Fe_(66)Cr_(2)Nb_(4)Y_(6)B_(22)合金的非晶形成能力和力学性能的影响

Gd作为优异的中子吸收剂,在中子吸收元素中具有最大的热中子俘获截面。采用铜金属型铸造法研究了Fe_(66)Cr_(2)Nb_(4)Y_(6-x)Gd_(x)B_(22)(x=2,4,5,6 at.%)合金的非晶形成能力及力学性能。结果表明:当Gd含量为2 at.%和4 at.%时,两种合金的非晶形成能力分别为3 mm和4 mm。进一步提高Gd含量,合金的非晶形成能力低于3 mm。Fe_(66)Cr_(2)Nb_(4)Y_(2)Gd_(4)B_(22)合金具有最大的非晶形成能力,其过冷液相区ΔT_(x)、约化玻璃转变温度T_(rg)和非晶形成能力判定参数γ均达到最大值,分别为56 K,0.6673和0.4241。但是Fe_(66)Cr_(2)Nb_(4)Y_(6-x)Gd_(x)B_(22)(x=2 at.%,4 at.%,5 at.%)非晶合金的抗压强度和显微硬度随Gd含量的增加而降低。

GD2抗体达妥昔单抗β治疗神经母细胞瘤护理专家共识

基于国内外临床研究报告以及本研究参与人员临床实践经验,通过文献分析、专家函询及专家研讨对神经节苷脂-2(GD2)抗体达妥昔单抗β治疗神经母细胞瘤的相关内容进行深入研究,最终形成包括准备以及要求、药品配制、药品输注、输注期间护理以及不良反应观察与护理等内容的GD2抗体达妥昔单抗β治疗神经母细胞瘤护理专家共识。

The expression and significance of CATSPER1 in human testis and ejaculated spermatozoa

Aim： To investigate the distribution of cation channel of sperm 1 （CATSPER1） protein and the presence of CATSPER1 mRNA in human testis and ejaculated spermatozoa. The influence of anti-human CATSPER1 antibody upon human sperm motility was used to evaluate the function of human CATSPER1 and to estimate its possible use as a target for immunocontraception. Methods： Human ejaculated sperm from normozoospermic donors （n = 12） and liquid nitrogen frozen human testis were used for the study of mRNA and protein expression of CATSPER1 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Spermatozoa from normozoospermic donors （n = 12） were individually processed using a swim-up procedure and were then incubated with CATSPER1 antibody at final concentrations of 20, 4 and 0.8 μg/mL. After 1, 2 and 6 h incubation, progressive motility and fast progressive motility were measured by means of computer-assisted semen analysis. Results： CATSPER1 transcript was detected in both human testis and each human ejaculated semen sample. CATSPER1 protein expressed in the membrane of spermatid and was localized in the principal piece of the sperm tail. The application of CATSPER1 antibody at all concentrations significantly inhibited both progressive motility and fast progressive motility after 1, 2 and 6 h incubation, and significant dose-dependent changes were observed. Conclusion： CATSPER1 is meiotically and post-meiotically expressed in human testis tissue. CATSPER1 mRNA in human ejaculated spermatozoa could be a more feasible target for study and infertility screening than testis biopsy. In addition, our results suggest that human CATSPER1 could be a possible target for immunocontraception.

Effects of melatonin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat testis

Aim： To examine the effects of melatonin treatment on lipid peroxidation （LPO） and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the testicular tissue of streptozotocin （STZ）-induced diabetic rats. Methods： Twenty-six male rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows： group Ⅰ, control, non-diabetic rats （n = 9）; group Ⅱ, STZ-induced, untreated diabetic rats （n = 8）; group Ⅲ, STZ-induced, melatonin-treated （dose of 10 mg/kg·day） diabetic rats （n = 9）. Following 8-week melatonin treatment, all rats were anaesthetized and then were killed to remove testes from the scrotum. Results： As compared to group Ⅰ, in rat testicular tissues of grouap Ⅱ, increased levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） （P 〈 0.01） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） （P 〈 0.01） as well as, decreased levels of catalase （CAT） （P 〈 0.01） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） （P 〉 0.05） were found. In contrast, as compared to group Ⅱ, in rat testicular tissues of group Ⅲ, levels of MDA decreased （but this decrease was not significant, P 〉 0.05） and SOD （P 〈 0.01） as well as CAT （P 〈 0.05） increased. GSH-Px was not influenced by any of the treatment. Melatonin did not significantly affect the elevated glucose concentration of diabetic group. At the end of the study, there was no significant difference between the melatonin-treated group and the untreated group by means of body and testicular weight. Conclusion： Diabetes mellitus increases oxidative stress and melatonin inhibits lipid peroxidation and might regulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes of diabetic rat testes.

Expression and localization of Smadl, Smad2 and Smad4 proteins in rat testis during postnatal development

<abstract>Aim: To study the expression and regulation of Smadl, Smad2 and Smad4 proteins (intracellular signaling molecules of transforming growth factor-β family) in rat testis during postnatal development. Methods: The whole testes were collected from SD rats aged 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 (adult) days. The cellular localization and developmental changes were examined by immunohistochemistry ABC method with the glucose oxidase-DAB-nickel enhancement technique. Quantitative analysis of the immunostaining was made by the image analysis system. The Smads proteins coexistence in the adult rat testis was tested by the double immune staining for CD14-Smad4 and Smad2-Smad4. The protein expression of Smad during rat testicular development was examined by means of Western blots. Results: Smadl, Smad2 and Smad4 were present throughout testicular development. The immunostaining of Smadl and Smad2 were present in spermatogenic cells. A positive immunoreactivity was located at the cytoplasm, but the nucleus was negative. Smadl was immunolocalized at the d14, d28 and adult testes, while Smad2, at the d7, d14, d28 and adult testis. There was positive irnmunoreaction in the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells as well. The immunolocalization of Smad4 was exclusively at the cytoplasm of Leydig cells and the nuclei were negative throughout the testicular development. No expression was detected in the germ cells. The results of image and statistical analysis showed that generally the expression of Smadl, Smad2 and Smad4 in the testis tended to increase gradually with the growth of the rat. Conclusion: The present data provide direct evidences for the molecular mechanism of TGF-βaction in rat testes during postnatal development and spermatogenesis.

Histological changes of the testis and epididymis in adult rats as a result of Leydig cell destruction after ethane dimethane sulfonate treatment： a morphometric study

Aim： To quantitatively study the histological changes of the testis and epididymis as a result of a drastic reduction of testosterone secretion. Methods： Fourteen adult Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with ethane dimethane sulfonate （EDS, 75 mg/kg） and the same number of animals were injected with normal saline as a control. At days 7 and 12 （after treatment）, respectively, half of the animals from each group were killed. The testes and epididymides were removed and tissue blocks embedded in methacrylate resin. The cell number per testis was estimated using the stereological optical disector and some other parameters were obtained using other morphometric methods. Results： The EDS treatment resulted in an almost complete elimination of Leydig cells but had no effect on the numbers of Sertoli cells per testis. At day 7 after EDS treatment, many elongated spermatids were retained in the seminiferous epithelium and many round spermatids could be seen in the epididymal ducts. At day 12, a looser arrangement of spermatids and spermatocytes became evident, with apparent narrow empty spaces being formed between germ cells in an approximately radial direction towards the tubule lumen; the numbers （per testis） of non-type B spermatogonia and spermatocytes were similar to controls, whereas that of type B spermatogonia increased by 59%, and that of early round, elongating and late elongated spermatids decreased by 37%, 72% and 52%, respectively. Conclusion： The primary spermatogenic lesions following EDS administration were （i） spermiation failure and （ii） detachment of spermatids and spermatocytes associated with impairment in spermiogenesis and meiosis.

Effects of plants and plant products on the testis

For centuries, plants and plant-based products have been used as a valuable and safe natural source of medicines for treating various ailments. The therapeutic potential of most of these plants could be ascribed to their anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antispasmodic, analgesic and various other pharmacological properties. However, several commonly used plants have been reported to adversely affect male reproductive functions in wildlife and humans. The effects observed with most of the plant and plant-based products have been attributed to the antispermatogenic and/or antisteroidogenic properties of one or more active ingredients. This review discusses the detrimental effects of some of the commonly used plants on various target cells in the testis. A deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of action of these natural compounds could pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies against their toxicity.

Targeting cancer testis antigens for biomarkers and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: Current status and challenges

Colorectal cancer ranks third among the estimatedcancer cases and cancer related mortalities in United States in 2014. Early detection and efficient therapy remains a significant clinical challenge for this disease. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel tumor asso-ciated molecules to target for biomarker development and immunotherapy. In this regard, cancer testis antigens have emerged as a potential targets for developing novel clinical biomarkers and immunotherapy for various malignancies. These germ cell specific proteins exhibit aberrant expression in cancer cells and contribute in tumorigenesis. Owing to their unique expression profile and immunogenicity in cancer patients, cancer testis antigens are clinically referred as the most promising tumor associated antigens. Several cancer testis antigens have been studied in colorectal cancer but none of them could be used in clinical practice. This review is an attempt to address the promising cancer testis antigens in colorectal cancer and their possible clinical implications as biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets with particular focus on challenges and future interventions.

Identification of a novel testis-specific gene and its potential roles in testis development/spermatogenesis

Aim:To identify and characterize a novel gene with potential roles in testis development and spermatogenesis. Methods:A cDNA microarray was constructed from a human testis large insert cDNA library and hybridized with probes of human or mouse adult and fetal testes.Differentially expressed genes were isolated and sequenced.RT-PCR was used to test the tissue distribution of the genes of interest and in situ hybridization was performed to localize the gene expression in the mouse testis.A range of bioinformatical programs including Gene Runner,SMART,NCBI Blast and Emboss CpGPlot were used to characterize the new gene's feature.Results:A novel testis-specific gene, NYD-SP5,was differentially expressed in fetal and adult testes.The deduced protein structure of NYD-SP5 was found to contain an IQ motif (a short calmodulin-binding motif containing conserved lie and Gin residues),a Carbam- ate kinase-like domain,a Zn-dependent exopeptidase domain and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) C-terminal-like domain.RT-PCR analysis revealed that NYD-SP5 was predominantly expressed in the testis but not in other 15 tissues examined.In situ hybridization and RT-PCR examinations revealed that the expression of NYD-SP5 was confined in the male germ cell but not present in the somatic cell in the testes.Conclusion:NYD-SP5 is a newly found testis- specific gene with potential roles in testis development and spermatogenesis through a calmodulin-activated enzyme.

Influence of selenium induced oxidative stress on spermatogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase-X in mice testis

Aim: To evaluate the effect of oxidative stress on the spermatogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase-X (LDH-X) activity in mouse testis. Methods: For creating different levels of oxidative stress in mice, three selenium (Se) level diets were fed in separate groups for 8 weeks. Group 1 animals were fed yeast-based Se-deficient (0.02 ppm) diet. Group 2 and Group 3 animals were fed with the same diet supplemented with 0.2 ppm and 1 ppm Se as sodium selenite, respectively. After 8 weeks, biochemical and histopathological observations of the testis were carried out. LDH-X levels in the testis were analyzed by western immunoblot and ELISA. Results: A significant decrease in testis Se level was observed in Group 1 animals, whereas it was enhanced in Group 3 as compared to Group 2. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly reduced in both the liver and testis in Group 1, but not in Group 2 and 3. A significant increase in the testis glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was observed in Group 1, whereas no significant change was seen in Groups 2 and 3. Histological analysis of testis revealed a normal structure in Group 2. A significant decrease in the germ cell population in Group 1 was observed as compared to Group 2 with the spermatids and mature sperm affected the most. Decrease in the lumen size was also observed. In the Se-excess group (Group 3), displacement of germ cell population was observed. Further, a decrease in the LDH-X level in testis was observed in Group 1. Conclusion: Excessive oxidative stress in the Se deficient group, as indicated by changes in the GSH-Px/GST activity, affects the spermatogenic process with a reduction in mature sperm and in turn the LDH-X level.

Apparent diffusion coefficient values of normal testis and variations with age

The usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging （DWI） in the evaluation of scrotal pathology has recently been reported. A standard reference of normal testicular apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） values and their variations with age is necessary when interpreting normal testicular anatomy and pathology. We evaluated 147 normal testes using DWI, including 71 testes from 53 men aged 20-39years （group 1）, 67 testes from 42 men aged 40-69 years （group 2） and nine testes from six men older than 70years （group 3）. DWI was performed along the axial plane, using a single shot, multislice spin-echo planar diffusion pulse sequence and b-values of 0 and 900 s mm-2. The mean and standard deviation of the ADC values of normal testicular parenchyma were calculated for each age group separately. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） followed by post hoc analysis （Dunnett T3） was used for statistical purposes. The ADC values （x 10-3 mm2s-1） of normal testicular tissue were different among age groups （group 1：1.08 ± 0.13; group 2：1.15 ±0.15 and group 3：1.31± 0.22）. ANOVA revealed differences in mean ADC among age groups （F= 11.391, P〈 0.001）. Post hoc analysis showed differences between groups 1 and 2 （P= 0.008） and between groups 1 and 3 （P= 0.043）, but not between groups 2 and 3 （P= 0.197）. Our findings suggest that ADC values of normal testicular tissue increase with advancing age.

Studies on relationship between testicular capsule and sperm transport in rat testis

Aim: In SD rats, histological changes in the testis were observed after bilateral capsulotomy (of the tunica albug-inea) in order to investigate the physiological role of the testicular capsule on sperm transport. Methods: Bilaterallongitudinal capsulotomy was devised to disrupt the capsular contractile function. With this technique, only the tunicavaginalis and tunica albuginea were slit open, leaving the tunica vasculosa intact to embrace the underlying testicularparenchyma. After capsulotomy, the structural changes in the seminiferous tubules, the transitional distal seminiferoussegment, and the rete testis were observed. Results: In the capsulotomized testis, there was sperm retention at thetransitional seminiferous segment and progressive degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: Theresults clearly indicated that an intact testicular capsule was required for normal sperm transport from the seminiferoustubules into the rete testis. This is the first attempt to study the physiological role of the testicular capsule in intact ani-mals.Aim: In SD rats, histological changes in the testis were observed after bilateral capsulotomy (of the tunica albug-inea) in order to investigate the physiological role of the testicular capsule on sperm transport. Methods: Bilaterallongitudinal capsulotomy was devised to disrupt the capsular contractile function. With this technique, only the tunicavaginalis and tunica albuginea were slit open, leaving the tunica vasculosa intact to embrace the underlying testicularparenchyma. After capsulotomy, the structural changes in the seminiferous tubules, the transitional distal seminiferoussegment, and the rete testis were observed. Results: In the capsulotomized testis, there was sperm retention at thetransitional seminiferous segment and progressive degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: Theresults clearly indicated that an intact testicular capsule was required for normal sperm transport from the seminiferoustubules into the rete testis. This is the first attempt to study the physiological role of the testicular capsule in intact ani-mals.Aim: In SD rats, histological changes in the testis were observed after bilateral capsulotomy (of the tunica albug-inea) in order to investigate the physiological role of the testicular capsule on sperm transport. Methods: Bilaterallongitudinal capsulotomy was devised to disrupt the capsular contractile function. With this technique, only the tunicavaginalis and tunica albuginea were slit open, leaving the tunica vasculosa intact to embrace the underlying testicularparenchyma. After capsulotomy, the structural changes in the seminiferous tubules, the transitional distal seminiferoussegment, and the rete testis were observed. Results: In the capsulotomized testis, there was sperm retention at thetransitional seminiferous segment and progressive degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: Theresults clearly indicated that an intact testicular capsule was required for normal sperm transport from the seminiferoustubules into the rete testis. This is the first attempt to study the physiological role of the testicular capsule in intact ani-mals.

Expression of a novel bHLH-Zip gene in human testis

<abstract>Aim: To identify specifically expressed genes in the adult and fetal testes. Methods: A human testis cDNA microarray was established. Then the mRNA of adult and fetal testis was purified and probes were prepared by a reverse transcription reaction with the testis mRNA as template. The microarray was hybridized with probes of adult and fetal testes. The nucleic sequences of differentially expressed genes were determined and homologies were searched in the databases of the GenBank. Results: When hybridized with adult or fetal testis probes, the positive clones were 96.8 % and 95.4 %, respectively. Among these genes, one was a new testis-specific gene, which was named TSP1. TSP1 was highly expressed in human adult testis. The cDNA of TSP1 was 1,484 bp in length. The cDNA sequence of this clone was deposited in the Genbank (AF333098). TSP1 was also determined as Interim Gen Symbol (Unigene, No. Hs.98266). Protein analysis showed that TSP1 contained two functional domains: an N-terminal basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and a C-terminal leucine zipper (Zip). Homologous analysis showed that the 430 amino acid sequences deduced from the 1,293 bp open reading frame (ORF) had a homology with the human gene FLJ2509 (AK098575). TSP1 had also a sequence homology with Spz 1 protein of mouse. Expression profiles showed that TSP1 was specifically and strongly expressed in the testis. Conclusion: TSP1 is a gene highly expressed in adult testis. It may play an important role in spermatogenesis in the humans.

Cytokines in the BALB/c mouse testis in various conditions

Aim: To investigate whether testosterone, estrogens, vasectomy, experimental cryptorchidism, varicocele or agingwould induce changes in the cytokine environment of the mouse testis. Methods: In adult male BALB/c mice,testosterone implants, estradiol benzoate, vasectomy, unilateral cryptorchidism, unilateral varicocele were adminis-tered/performed. The mice were followed up for different periods of time and were then sacrificed with testes incisedfor examination. The control mice received the vehicle or sham-operation. Results: IL-10 was present in Leydigcells of nearly every testis and IL-10 + macrophages in 39% of testes. IL-6 was found in the testes of intact adultmice, mice treated with testosterone for 70 days, cryptorchid testes and sham-operated testes. Conclusion: Resultssuggest that IL-10 might be involved in the generation of the immunologically privileged microenvironment in the testis.(Asian J Androl 2001 Mar; 3: 9-19)

2型糖尿病Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI肝肾影像改变

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2D)患者钆塞酸二钠(Gd-EOB-DTPA)增强MRI肝胆期的肝肾影像改变。方法:搜集82例接受Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI腹部检查的患者(肝肾功能正常),其中T2D患者34例(观察组),非T2D患者48例(对照组)。两位医师分别计算肝胆期肝脏相对信号强度(RL)、肾皮质和髓质相对信号强度(Rrc、Rrm)、肾皮髓质信号强度的相对差异(Rc-m)。采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验比较观察组与对照组的相关参数差异。选择组间差异有统计学意义的变量,使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析其鉴别T2D的效能;采用组内相关系数(ICC)评估其可重复性。结果:观察组的RL、Rc-m均较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组的Rrc、Rrm差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。RL和Rc-m鉴别T2D的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.78和0.72,诊断敏感度分别为77.10%和64.60%,特异度分别为70.60%和79.40%。RL和Rc-m的观察者间一致性均较好,RL和Rc-m的ICC分别为0.91和0.89。结论:T2D患者Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI肝胆期肝肾RL和Rc-m降低。RL和Rc-m在一定条件下可能有助于鉴别T2D,其测量可重复性较好。

Protective effects of estrogens and caloric restriction during aging on various rat testis parameters

Aim： To investigate the effects of 17β-estradiol （E2）, Peganum harmala extract （PHE） and caloric restriction （CR） on various testis parameters during aging. Methods： Twelve-month-old male rats were treated for 6 months with either E2 or PHE, or submitted to CR （40%）. Results： Our results show that estrogens and CR are able to protect the male gonad by preventing the decrease of testosterone and E2 levels as well as the decrease of aromatase and estrogen receptor gene expressions. Indeed, E2, PHE and CR treatments induced an increase in the superoxide dismutase activities and decreased the activity of testicular enzymes： gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate deshydrogenase as well as the aspartate and lactate transaminases in aged animals. In addition, the testicular catalase and gluthatione peroxidase activities were enhanced in E2, PHE and CR-treated rats compared to untreated animals at 18 months of age. Moreover, the positive effects of estradiol, PHE and CR were further supported by a lower level of lipid peroxidation. Recovery of spermatogenesis was recorded in treated rats. Conclusion： Besides a low caloric diet which is beneficial for spermatogenesis, a protective antioxydant role of estrogens is suggested. Estrogens delay testicular cell damage, which leads to functional senescence and, therefore, estrogens are helpful in protecting the reproductive functions from the adverse effects exerted by reactive oxygen species （ROS） produced in large quanti- ties in the aged testis.

Enterogenous cyst of the testis

Enterogenous cyst is a rare congenital lesion generally located in the mediastinum or the abdominal cavity. We reported the first case of testicular enterogenous cyst in a 55-year-old white male presented with testicular pain and a gradually enlarging left scrotal mass with a 2-week duration. （Asian J Androl 2006 Mar; 8： 243-245）

基于CMA-GD模式的江西蜜柚冻害精细化预警技术开发

通过将蜜柚受冻温度指标与冻害防御措施气象指标相结合的策略,构建了蜜柚冻害预警气象等级指标,进而应用CMA-GD模式(华南区域中尺度数值模式)的江西省智能网格预报区域2 m气温逐小时预报产品,对2020/2021年度越冬期江西蜜柚冻害进行预警试验,分析基于CMA-GD模式开展逐小时蜜柚冻害预警的可行性。结果表明,构建的蜜柚越冬期冻害气象等级指标能反映蜜柚实际受冻症状和冻害程度;基于CMA-GD模式的蜜柚冻害等级预警产品,能提前3 d比较准确地捕捉到冻害发生发展的变化过程,可为启动蜜柚冻害预警、提前掌握蜜柚冻害程度较重时间节点和蜜柚冻害发生发展阶段提供科技支撑。