Cultural Effects in Translation——From A Text Linguistic Approach

This paper discusses the cultural effect in translation by exploring the text linguistic approach; especially it 's seven standards. This includes an analysis of the different texts of the language and culture. There is a closet link between these standards and the cultural effect in translation. The paper also offers some simple examples to illusrate some standards of them. In addition, the paper is trying to emphasis the importance between the translation theories and the cultural effect in the process of translation.

Court Sight Translation From Text-Linguistic Approach

Court interpreting as a type of dialogue or liaison interpreting has recently drawn an increasing level of attention in a variety of disciplines, including legal science, applied linguistics, and translation studies. Amongst discussions relevant to court interpreting, the area of sight translation has yet to be emphasized, despite its importance to the outcome of a trial. In this study I first had observations of court interpreting activities on several occasions. Based on these observations, I then formulated a questionnaire and distributed it to 86 interpreters in two training workshops organized by the Taiwan High Court in 2013. The key findings are as follows： most interpreters consider sight translation to be more difficult than other forms of interpretation in the courtroom; while conducting sight translation many interpreters pause in order to seek clarification or are interrupted; most interpreters would prefer the judge or the prosecutor to orally summarize the text to be sight translated; and, after ＂negotiation,＂ most practitioners tend to lower the level of formality when dealing with a text written in a formal style. These findings imply that interpreters conducting sight translation render a translation through ＂negotiation＂ with other participants of the activity; this negotiation can be seen as an attempt to build a ＂context＂ from the perspective of liaison interpreting. This study intends to raise the awareness of court interpreters regarding a number of key issues in sight translation, and the results are hoped to be conducive to the future study of other types of liaison interpreting and interpreting as a whole.

整体语言教学法在专科英语课堂教学中的应用——兼谈《实用英语》第三册Unit 1 Text A的课堂设计

本文针对专科英语教学中存在的问题,简要概述整体语言教学法的理论和原则,探讨整体语言教学理论在英语课文教学中的具体实施步骤,以期激发学生英语学习兴趣,提高学生英语综合运用能力。

Environmental complaint insights through text mining based on the driver,pressure,state,impact,and response(DPSIR)framework:Evidence from an Italian environmental agency

Individuals,local communities,environmental associations,private organizations,and public representatives and bodies may all be aggrieved by environmental problems concerning poor air quality,illegal waste disposal,water contamination,and general pollution.Environmental complaints represent the expressions of dissatisfaction with these issues.As the timeconsuming of managing a large number of complaints,text mining may be useful for automatically extracting information on stakeholder priorities and concerns.The paper used text mining and semantic network analysis to crawl relevant keywords about environmental complaints from two online complaint submission systems:online claim submission system of Regional Agency for Prevention,Environment and Energy(Arpae)(“Contact Arpae”);and Arpae's internal platform for environmental pollution(“Environmental incident reporting portal”)in the Emilia-Romagna Region,Italy.We evaluated the total of 2477 records and classified this information based on the claim topic(air pollution,water pollution,noise pollution,waste,odor,soil,weather-climate,sea-coast,and electromagnetic radiation)and geographical distribution.Then,this paper used natural language processing to extract keywords from the dataset,and classified keywords ranking higher in Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF)based on the driver,pressure,state,impact,and response(DPSIR)framework.This study provided a systemic approach to understanding the interaction between people and environment in different geographical contexts and builds sustainable and healthy communities.The results showed that most complaints are from the public and associated with air pollution and odor.Factories(particularly foundries and ceramic industries)and farms are identified as the drivers of environmental issues.Citizen believed that environmental issues mainly affect human well-being.Moreover,the keywords of“odor”,“report”,“request”,“presence”,“municipality”,and“hours”were the most influential and meaningful concepts,as demonstrated by their high degree and betweenness centrality values.Keywords connecting odor(classified as impacts)and air pollution(classified as state)were the most important(such as“odor-burnt plastic”and“odor-acrid”).Complainants perceived odor annoyance as a primary environmental concern,possibly related to two main drivers:“odor-factory”and“odorsfarms”.The proposed approach has several theoretical and practical implications:text mining may quickly and efficiently address citizen needs,providing the basis toward automating(even partially)the complaint process;and the DPSIR framework might support the planning and organization of information and the identification of stakeholder concerns and priorities,as well as metrics and indicators for their assessment.Therefore,integration of the DPSIR framework with the text mining of environmental complaints might generate a comprehensive environmental knowledge base as a prerequisite for a wider exploitation of analysis to support decision-making processes and environmental management activities.

Text Analysis and Developing Students＇ English Thinking Ability

Different from other studies, the paper makes some attempts to combine text analysis with developing students＇ English thinking ability. Based on the view that English thinking ability is connected with improving overall language abilities such as listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating, the paper proposes approaches to develop English thinking ability as well as syntactic fluency. The paper presents a hypothesis： The development of a text is the author＇s train of thought. If one wants to acquire the thinking way used by author, the indirect but efficient approach is to analyze the texts written by the authors. If we want to develop students＇ thinking ability, the way is to analyze the various texts rather than to give the list of text developing principles. Therefore, the key to the problem is how to analyze text so as to improve students＇ thinking ability？ Michael Stubbs in his Discourse Analysis wrote, ＂Predict ability may be the single most important feature of human communication, precisely since it is central not only to all level of language; but also central to meaning and to thinking in general. Predictions are possible because language is structured. Such intuitive predictions are in turn a crucial part of our data in setting up language structures.＂ According to the view given by Michael Stubbs, the paper offers three approaches to analyzing texts.

The E-C Translation Strategies of Politics Texts Exemplified by Annual Report to Congress:Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2012 (Chapter One to Four and Appendix One)

The source material,a report entitled Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2012( Chapter One to Four and Appendix One)(Annual Report for short in the following),was released by a governmental institute,the US Department of Defense,in the year of 2012,to the US Congress,presenting the military and security development in China all year around.The thesis is a study of the E-C translation strategies adopted in the process,based on the characteristics of political texts.

А.И.Новиков的语篇语义研究

于20世纪80年代开启了俄语语篇语义研究的先河,采取心理语言学的研究路径,将语篇视为言语思维单位,认为语篇语义作为思维组织,是理解的结果。他主张在揭示语篇理解机制的基础上进行语篇语义研究,强调语篇接受者在这一过程中的能动性,从结构、形成机制两个方面区分了语篇的两种语义——内涵和涵义,提出用所指图来表征语篇内涵的结构,并深入阐述了涵义的本质,及语篇类型对语篇涵义的制约性。

我国安全情报相关政策量化评价--基于PMC模型的文本分析

[目的/意义]分析评价我国安全情报相关法律法规和政策,既能够为法律法规和政策制定提供参考,也能够有效丰富我国总体国家安全观的内涵。[方法/过程]运用LDA主题模型,对我国安全情报法律法规和政策进行文本挖掘,提取其中的主题词。同时,结合已有学者在政策评价指标方面的研究成果,科学遴选设计出我国安全情报法律法规和政策评价指标。参照总体国家安全观的内容,选择其中具有代表性的若干项政策内容进行基于PMC指数模型的分析。[结果/结论]按照随机抽样的方法选择12条政策文本,其中约83.3%的国家安全情报相关法律法规政策的一致性可以接受,特别是全国人大常委会制定的相关法律一致性较高。目前我国现行的安全情报相关法律法规涵盖的重点在传统安全领域,对非传统安全领域关注较少;相关政策工具使用较为合理;现行的政策优势在于传统安全领域,施行的政策能够较好地发挥作用,弱点在于尚未形成纵向贯通上下层级,横向覆盖各个领域的安全情报相关法律法规政策网络。文章为政策文本的分析提供了新的工具和视角,但是在指标选取和赋值方面可以进一步优化,以提升结论的可信度。

基于RoBERTa和集中注意力机制的营商政策多标签分类

为了满足营商政策多标签分类的社会需求,解决使用擅长文本分类、但输入受限的大语言预训练模型进行长文本分类的难题,提出一种基于RoBERTa模型和集中注意力机制的方法,更好地提取语义集中区域的信息表征,对营商政策文本进行有效的多标签分类。首先,对数据清洗和分析后,得到一定的先验知识:营商政策文本的语义表征集中在文本标题与开篇部分。其次,在文本输入层和向量表示层中,构建集中注意力机制对文本和向量进行处理,增强模型在训练中对语义集中区域的注意力,提高模型信息表征提取能力,优化长文本分类的效果。实验中爬取政府公开的营商政策文本作为数据集,实验结果表明,营商政策长文本分类的准确率可达0.95,Micro-F1值可达0.91,同时对比实验结果显示,融合RoBERTa和集中注意力机制进行营商政策长文本多标签分类比其他模型效果更好。

简化的Wigner分布及其在笔迹鉴别中的应用

本文提出了简化的Ｗｉｇｎｅｒ分布纹理分析方法并用于笔迹鉴别．Ｗｉｇｎｅｒ分布是图像的局部频谱表示，但计算量和存储量太大，我们证明Ｗｉｇｎｅｒ分布是信号的冗余表示，然后对它进行了简化．简化的Ｗｉｇｎｅｒ分布是信息保持的，且仍保持较好的纹理度量性能．该方法在笔迹鉴别实验中比以往的笔迹纹理分析方法取得了更好的结果。

不均衡数据集上文本分类方法研究

文本分类中数据集的不均衡问题是一个在实际应用中普遍存在的问题。从特征选择优化和分类器性能提升两方面出发,提出了一种组合的不均衡数据集文本分类方法。在特征选择方面,综合考虑特征项与类别的正负相关特性及类别区分强度对传统CHI统计特征选择方法予以改进。在数据层上,采用数据重取样方法对不均衡训练语料的不平衡性过滤减少其对分类性能的影响。实验结果表明该方法对不均衡数据集上文本可达到较好分类效果。

基于文本挖掘技术的冠心病临床用药规律分析

目的使用文本挖掘技术分析治疗冠心病的临床用药规律。方法在中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)中采集治疗冠心病的相关文献,建立Access数据库,运用SQL对数据进行处理,结合人工降噪后,分析中药、中成药、西药及中成药与西药联用治疗冠心病的用药规律。结果共检索到文献64 039篇,丹参、黄芪、人参、葛根等依次为治疗冠心病的高频中药;丹参注射液、葛根素注射液、复方丹参片、麝香保心丸等依次为治疗冠心病的高频中成药;阿司匹林、硝酸甘油、辛伐他汀、氯吡格雷等依次为治疗冠心病的高频西药;丹参注射液和硝酸甘油分别是中西药联用时最常用的中成药和西药。结论使用文本挖掘方法能够找到治疗冠心病高频使用的中药、中成药及西药,以及联用的中成药与西药,并为分析中成药和西药治疗冠心病的使用规律提供文献学依据。

基于错误分析理论的大学英语写作教学新探

以英语专业四级(TEM4)考试写作部分成绩为参照,用错误分析理论为指导,对学生课堂写作训练进行实证研究,分析英语专业学生写作文本的错误类型、严重程度及其对英语写作的影响,探讨学生对错误的感知能力和写作思维能力的培养,验证错误分析理论指导下大学生英语写作教学的有效性,从中获得对英语写作教学的启示。

大学英语语篇教学模式的探讨与思索

在英语教学过程中 ,语言学习和整体语篇相脱节常常是教师和学生所共同面对的问题。语篇教学模式以语篇为重点 ,以学生为中心 ,以教师为辅助 ,运用多种教学方法和手段 ,激发学生兴趣 ,使学生融入语篇语境 ,更能有效的掌握和运用英语 ,初步克服传统英语教学中存在的弊端。

大学英语语篇教学刍议

语篇教学法不同于传统教学法,它注重语篇的结构层次与阅读方式的学习、背景知识的介绍、语篇体裁的讲授、语篇层次的衔接与语篇内在结构的理解。语篇教学法注重对交际能力的培养,对学生有效地使用语言起到很重要的促进作用。

旅游文本翻译研究的语料库途径

传统的旅游文本翻译研究往往局限于个别词句、篇章段落的个案分析。而基于语料库的研究则能使我们利用真实自然的旅游语料客观描述旅游文本的文体特征和语篇功能,在现代语言学和翻译学理论指导下,对英汉两种语言的旅游文本进行对比分析,能够完整系统地描写出汉语旅游文本翻译的原则和方法。为此,我们采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,从研究旅游文本本质入手,得出建立英汉旅游文本可比语料库、英语旅游文本可比语料库和汉英旅游文本平行语料库有利于旅游文本翻译的确当,从而能有效推动我国旅游业的发展。

基于预训练语言模型和TRIZ发明原理的专利分类方法

为充分挖掘专利文本中已有的解决方案和技术知识,依据发明问题解决理论(theory of inventive problem solving,TRIZ),提出了一种基于预训练语言模型的方法,将其用于面向TRIZ发明原理的中文专利分类研究中。基于整词掩码技术,使用不同数量的专利数据集(标题和摘要)对中文RoBERTa模型进一步预训练,生成特定于专利领域的RoBERTa_patent1.0和RoBERTa_patent2.0两个模型,并在此基础上添加全连接层,构建了基于RoBERTa、RoBERTa_patent1.0和RoBERTa_patent2.0的三个专利分类模型。然后使用构建的基于TRIZ发明原理的专利数据集对以上三个分类模型进行训练和测试。实验结果表明,RoBERTa_patent2.0_IP具有更高的准确率、宏查准率、宏查全率和宏F 1值,分别达到96%、95.69%、94%和94.84%,实现了基于TRIZ发明原理的中文专利文本自动分类,可以帮助设计者理解与应用TRIZ发明原理,实现产品的创新设计。

阅读教学的基本任务与路径

阅读教学中“课文”的特性，内在地规定着阅读教学的任务。阅读教学，就是建立学生与“这一篇”课文的链接，以帮助学生克服现有的语文经验与课文理解、感受所需要的语文经验之间的落差。在班级授课制的教学情境中，阅读教学的基本路径有以下三条：唤起、补充学生的生活经验；指导学生学习新的阅读方法；组织学生交流和分享语文经验。三条路径，殊途同归，应根据落差的状况择选适合的路径。

文本类型与翻译方法

在翻译研究中 ,一般采取两种途径 ,或者从翻译过程的视角 ,或者从翻译结果的角度 ,却几乎很少有人从翻译功能的角度加以研究。而功能问题 ,就翻译而言 ,自然与文本类型有着密切的关联。在国内 ,虽有不少文献论述某一具体文类的翻译问题 ,如科技、医学、旅游之类 ,但就翻译方法论意义而言 ,则似乎鲜有论者从相对宏观的角度对此问题加以探讨。文章尝试在国内外现有的有关研究的基础上 ,整理出一条相对清晰的脉络 ,希冀给翻译方法的研究提供一个不同的观察角度 。

二语写作理论、教学与评估研究五十年

本文主要评述了二语(L2)写作理论、教学与评估五十年的发展历程,剖析了三种流派各自的写作理念、教学方法和评估方法,即以文本为中心的写作研究流派,以作者为中心的写作研究流派以及以读者/社会文化语境为中心的写作研究流派。三种流派虽强调的重点不同,但也不乏相通之处。时至今日,三种流派仍然在影响着L1和L2写作教学与评估,为满足不同的写作需求服务。