Effects of Fiber Volume Fraction on Damping Properties of Three-Dimensional and Five-Directional Braided Composites

The effects of fiber volume fraction on damping properties of carbon fiber three-dimensional and five-directional( 3D-5Dir)braided carbon fiber / epoxyres in composite cantilever beams were studied by experimental modal analysis method. Meanwhile,carbon fiber plain woven laminated / epoxy resin composites with different fiber volume fraction were concerned for comparison. The experimental result of braided specimens shows that the first three orders of natural frequency increase and the first three orders of the damping ratios of specimens decrease, when the fiber volume fraction increases. Furthermore,larger fiber volume fraction will be valuable for the better anti-exiting property of braided composites,and get an opposite effect on dissipation of vibration energy. The fiber volume fraction is an important factor for vibration performance design of braided composites. The comparison between the braided specimens and laminated specimens reveals that 3D braided composites have a wider range of damping properties than laminated composites with the same fiber volume fractions.

PREDICTION OF TEXTILE FABRIC REINFORCED COMPOSITE PROPERTIES BASED ON NODE INTERPOLATION CELL METHOD

Node interpolation cell method（NICM）is a micromechanics method employing the virtual displacement principle and the representative volume element（RVE）scheme to obtain the relationship between the global and the local strain.Mechanical properties of 2-D textile fabric reinforced ceramic matrix composites are predicted by NICM.Microstructures of 2-D woven and braided fabric reinforced composite are modeled by two kinds of RVE scheme.NICM is used to predict the macroscopic mechanical properties.The fill and warp yarns are simulated with cubic B-spline and their undulating forms are approximated by sinusoid.The effect of porosity on the fiber and matrix are considered as a reduction of elastic module.The connection of microstructure parameters and fiber volume fraction is modeled to investigate the reflection on the mechanical properties.The results predicted by NICM are compared with that by the finite element method（FEM）.The comparison shows that NICM is a valid and feasible method for predicting the mechanics properties of 2-D woven and braided fabric reinforced ceramic matrix composites.

Theoretical prediction of stiffness and strength of three-dimensional and four-directional braided composites

Based on unit cell model, the 3D 4-directional braided composites can be simplified as unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the compliance matrix of unidirectional composites can be defined utilizing the bridge model. The total stiffness matrix of braided composites can be obtained by the volume average stiffness of unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the engineering elastic constants of braided composites were computed further. Based on the iso-strain assumption and the bridge model, the stress distribution of fiber bundle and matrix of different unidirectional composites can be determined and the tensile strength of 3D 4-directional braided composites was predicted by means of the Hoffman＇s failure criterion for the fiber bundle and Mises＇ failure criterion for the matrix.

Research on 3D Braided Nickel Plated Carbon Fiber/epoxy Resin Composites and Their Electromagnetic Protection Properties

To develop electromagnetic protection composites with integrated structure -function properties, the three-dimension (3D) braided nickel plated carbon fiber/epoxy resin (Ni-CF3D/EP) composites were prepared based on 3D five-directional braiding, unitary nickel plating and mold compression shaping. The electromagnetic protection properties of Ni-CF3D/EP composites including shielding effective- ness (SE) and reflection loss against plane electromagnetic wave, shielding properties against electromagnetic pulse (EMP) were investigated. The test results show that the novel composites have good electromagnetic protection properties in a wide frequency range of 14 kHz～18 GHz with SE of 42 dB～95 dB, the absorption bandwidth of –5 dB in 2 GHz～18 GHz can reach 10 GHz and the pulse peak SE against EMP is 43.7 dB which can reduce the electromagnetic energy greatly. Meanwhile, the mechanic properties were also investi- gated and the results indicate that the Ni-CF3D/EP composites can replace metal materials for loading-bearing structural applications because of their excellent mechanic properties.

Internal Strain Measurement in 3D Braided Composites Using Co-braided Optical Fiber Sensors

3D braided composite technology has stimulated a great deal of interest in the world at large. But due to the three-dimensional nature of these kinds of composites, coupled with the shortcomings of currently-adopted experimental test methods, it is difficult to measure the internal parameters of this materials, hence causes it difficult to understand the material performance. A new method is introduced herein to measure the internal strain of braided composite materials using co-braided fiber optic sensors. Two kinds of fiber optic sensors are co-braided into 3D braided composites to measure internal strain. One of these is the Fabry-Parrot (F-P) fiber optic sensor; the other is the polarimetric fiber optic sensor. Experiments are conducted to measure internal strain under tension, bending and thermal environments in the 3D carbon fiber braided composite specimens, both locally and globally. Experimental results show that multiple fiber optic sensors can be braided into the 3D braided composites to measure the internal parameters, providing a more accurate measurement method and leading to a better understanding of these materials.

INCLINED LAMINAL COMBINATION MODEL OF 3D BRAIDED COMPOSITES

As an advanced composite material, the 3D braided composite has received more and more attention in foreign countries. However, it has received less attention in China. The geometric unit cell which can describe the basic structure and the relationship between the braiding angle and geometric parameters of the fabric and fiber volume ratio are given in this paper based on two 3D braiding processes, namely, the four-step and the twostep ones. Several existing mechanical models to predict groperties of the 3D braided comPOsites are discussed and their shortcomings are pointed out herein. Then a new model called the inclined laminal combination model is proposed, which is based on the classical laminated plate theory and can predict the basic mechanical behavior of the two 3D braided composites with four-step or two-step braid. In the model, each yarn in the unit cell is regarded as an inclined laminate and then a 3D analysis is performed. It is found that the predicted mechanical properties of the 3D braided composites by the proposed model are compared well with the experimental data.

DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL STRAIN IN 3-D BRAIDED COMPOSITES USING OPTIC FIBER STRAIN SENSORS

A reliable understanding of the properties of 3-D braided composites is of primary importance for proper utilization of these materials. A new method is introduced to study the mechanical performance of braided composite materials using embedded optic fiber sensors. Experimental research is performed to devise a method of incorporating optic fibers into a 3-D braided composite structure. The efficacy of this new testing method is evaluated on two counts. First, the optical performance of optic fibers is studied before and after incorporated into 3-D braided composites, as well as after completion of the manufacturing process for 3-D braided composites, to validate the ability of the optic fiber to survive the manufacturing process. On the other hand, the influence of incorporated optic fiber on the original braided composite is also researched by tension and compression experiments. Second, two kinds of optic fiber sensors are co-embedded into 3-D braided composites to evaluate their respective ability to measure the internal strain. Experimental results show that multiple optic fiber sensors can be co-braided into 3-D braided composites to determine their internal strain which is difficult to be fulfilled by other current existing methods.

Nano-size carbide-reinforced Ni matrix composite prepared by selective laser melting

Thermally stable nano-size ceramic particles are the preferred reinforcements for superalloys as they improve the alloys'microstructural stability and high-temperature properties.In this work,very dense and crack-free carbidereinforced GTD222(nickel-based superalloy)composites were prepared via selective laser melting(SLM).The distribution of TiC nanoparticles presents a three-dimensional(3D)network structure in the SLMed TiC/GTD222 composite.Mechanical testing revealed that the SLMed TiC/GTD222 composite has superior strength(UTS?1320 MPa,YS?1100 MPa)compared to the SLMed GTD222 superalloy.The GTD22 alloy reinforced with carbide nanoparticles’distinctive microstructure and its excellent mechanical properties for is discussed.

An analysis of soil composition and mechanical properties of riverbanks in a braided reach of the Lower Yellow River

The channel adjustment in a braided reach is very prominent in the fluvial processes of the Lower Yel-low River, in which the process of bank erosion plays an important role, especially during the period of clear water scouring. The process of bank erosion is closely related to soil composition and mechani-cal properties of the riverbanks. In this paper, the recent bank erosion process in a braided reach be-tween Huayuankou and Gaocun was firstly investigated after the water impoundment and sediment detention of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, and then a field observation and indoor soil tests were con-ducted at 10 typical riverbanks in the braided reach. Through analyzing the experimental results, changes of riverbank-soil composition and mechanical properties were found, and the two real reasons causing serious bank erosion in the braided reach were identified. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: (i) the majority of riverbanks are made up of cohesive soil, and can be charac-terized by obvious vertical stratification structures of soil composition; (ii) these riverbanks are very erodible due to the lower clay-content and weak erosion-resistant strength in the bank soil, with its critical shear stress value (0.1―0.3 Pa) being much less than that of the average near-bank flow shear stress (2.0―3.0 Pa), which is one important reason causing serious bank erosion; (iii) frequent occur-rence of bank failure during flood seasons usually results from the fact that the values of shear strength parameters such as the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease with the increase of water content in riverbank soil, and the value of cohesion reduces drastically from 34 to 4 kPa with the increase of water content, which is another important reason causing serious bank erosion in the braided reach.

Analytical Solution for Predicting In-plane Elastic Shear Properties of 2D Orthogonal PWF Composites

This paper proposes a new analytical solution to predict the shear modulus of a two-dimensional（2D） plain weave fabric（PWF） composite accounting for the interaction of orthogonal interlacing strands with coupled shear deformation modes including not only relative bending but also torsion,etc.The two orthogonal yarns in a micromechanical unit cell are idealized as curved beams with a path depicted by using sinusoidal shape functions.The internal forces and macroscopic deformations carried by the yarn families,together with macroscopic shear modulus of PWFs are derived by means of a strain energy approach founded on micromechanics.Three sets of experimental data pertinent to three kinds of 2D orthogonal PWF composites have been implemented to validate the new model.The calculations from the new model are also compared with those by using two models in the earlier literature.It is shown that the experimental results correlate well with predictions from the new model.

三维纺织复合材料热-力学性能研究进展

三维纺织复合材料具有优异的力学性能、可设计性强和耐极端环境等优点,在航空航天领域有着广泛应用。为深入了解应用于高温环境中三维纺织复合材料的结构体系和力学行为,本文从三维纺织结构出发,综述了三维纺织复合材料结构类型及其在航空航天领域上的应用;总结了三维纺织复合材料成型工艺和结构特征;分析了三维纺织复合材料热-力学性能的研究进展情况;提出了未来的研究重点和需解决的关键问题,以期为新一代三维纺织复合材料的耐高温/承载设计、制造和应用提供依据。

碳纤维增强环氧树脂三维编织/单向织物混杂复合材料力学性能

为研究层间混杂碳纤维三维编织/单向(3D/UD)织物增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)成型工艺制备混杂复合材料层合板,通过试验研究分析了不同混杂比、铺层角度以及铺层顺序对混杂复合材料静、动态力学性能的影响。结果表明,单向碳纤维的加入显著提高了混杂复合材料的层间静态力学性能,其层间剪切性能随织物铺层分散性的增加而提升。而随着UD织物铺层比例的增加,混杂复合材料的弯曲性能和储能模量先升高后降低,压缩性能则不断下降。单向碳纤维的铺层角度对混杂复合材料力学性能的影响也较大,0°单向铺层混杂复合材料的静、动态力学性能均优于30°单向铺层混杂复合材料;在相同混杂比下,铺层顺序的不同对混杂复合材料的力学性能也有较大影响,0°单向铺层的三明治结构U6/3D/U6,其弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量最高,分别为1210 MPa和117 GPa。此外,混杂复合材料3D编织层的失效以丝束与树脂的界面破坏为主,而单向层的失效以纤维断裂和分层破坏为主,不同的失效形式导致了混杂复合材料力学性能的差异。

三维织物复合材料高速冲击性能和损伤机制研究

三维织物复合材料在航空航天抗冲击结构领域有较好的应用潜力。本文采用钛合金圆柱弹和三维织物复合材料平板开展了30余次直线打靶试验,弹体速度范围为160~280 m/s,获得了弹回、嵌入、贯穿等不同的冲击试验结果和复合材料靶板损伤形式,根据试验结果分析了三维四向编织、三维五向编织、三维正交机织三种不同结构复合材料的冲击性能和损伤机制,并进行了对比差异分析。研究发现三种结构靶板受弹体冲击后损伤情况类似,撞击点局部出现纤维断裂拔出和基体开裂,三种结构均没有出现分层。三维四向编织结构损伤区域呈锐角十字形,损伤扩展沿编织方向;三维五向编织结构和三维正交机织结构损伤区域呈菱形,损伤扩展沿90°和0°方向。比较本文三种结构平板试验件,发现三维正交机织结构拥有最高的弹道极限,并且损伤区域面积最小。

C/C三维纺织复合材料细观结构及力学性能研究进展

C/C三维纺织复合材料因其可设计性强、力学性能优异和耐高温等特点而被广泛地应用于航空航天、轨道交通和光伏热场等高温端部件。然而,C/C三维纺织复合材料内部纱线结构复杂且孔隙率高,呈现出高度各向异性和非均匀性,这些因素都会给力学性能及损伤机制揭示带来巨大困难。因此,本工作从实际应用出发,围绕C/C三维纺织复合材料,从细观重构、力学性能表征和数值模拟三个方面阐述近几年的国内外研究现状,并在此基础上重点对C/C三维纺织复合材料结构功能一体化制备、深度学习模型的发掘和高温实验环境下渐进损伤实验平台的搭建做出了展望。

三维编织技术发展现状及其复合材料的应用

为促进三维编织技术的发展,拓宽三维编织复合材料的应用,介绍三维编织成型设备类型并分析不同三维编织机的优缺点,详细阐述三维编织的四向、五向、六向、七向等结构并对比不同编织机的优缺点;从力学性能、损伤机理等方面分析三维编织复合材料的性能,总结三维编织复合材料的应用方向,并展望三维编织技术的发展趋势。指出:选择三维编织机及三维编织结构,需综合考量生产需求、具体应用场景、成本预算和技术能力等因素;三维编织复合材料未来将向技术革新与设备升级、编织结构创新与优化、复合材料性能提升与应用拓展、可持续发展与环境友好性、跨学科合作与创新等方向发展,具有较大的发展潜力与应用前景。

编织复合材料拉伸力学性能的研究

针对三维四向和五向编织复合材料进行了拉伸实验，从宏观角度研究了它们的力学行为，获得了这些材料的主要力学性能参数及变形、破坏规律。基于宏观实验，本文还对拉伸试件断口进行了扫描电镜测试，从细观角度对编织复合材料的破坏机制作了分析，得到一些重要结论。

三维四向编织碳/环氧复合材料实验研究

讨论了三维四向编织碳／环氧复合材料力学性能研究的实验方法。通过实验得到了弹性常数及反映材料非线性行为的力学性能指标随编织角的变化规律，并分析讨论了编织参数对该类材料破坏模式的影响作用。

三维五向编织复合材料纵向性能的实验研究

通过对具有不同编织结构参数的三维五向编织复合材料试件的纵向拉伸和压缩实验,分析了该类材料的纵向拉、压刚度和强度随编织工艺参数的变化规律以及材料的失效形式。三维五向编织复合材料在破坏前基本保持线弹性,纵向拉、压破坏具有脆性特征,拉伸模量和压缩模量比较接近,但拉伸强度远大于压缩强度。编织角和纤维体积含量对材料性能的影响显著,纱线粗细的影响不大。提高第五向纱线的比例,可提高材料的纵向性能。此外,研究中采用短标距薄板试件,以避免试件产生整体屈曲和端部纤维束开裂破坏。

多向编织复合材料的力学性能研究

综述并评价了关于二维和三维编织复合材料的有效弹性模量研究的代表性工作，并从材料设计的思想出发，宏观与微观相结合，材料科学与力学相结合，对多向编织复合材料的宏观力学性能与细观织物结构。

三维五向圆型编织复合材料细观分析及弹性性能预测

基于三维圆型编织的主要工艺,系统研究了三维五向圆型编织的纱线交织结构,建立了内部单胞和表面单胞模型。推导了单胞的几何特性、编织工艺参数之间的数学关系。基于此模型,采用改进的刚度平均化方法,计算了三维圆型编织复合材料的弹性性能参数,并与实验的结果进行了对比,吻合较好。分析了编织角和纤维体积含量对弹性性能的影响,结果表明,五向圆型编织复合材料保持了四向圆型编织复合材料良好的力学性能,同时由于轴纱的加入,使得轴向的力学性能得以提高。