This paper examines the appropriateness of the adoption of Anglo-American type of reorganization provisions into national bankruptcy law using Thailand as a sample. It argues that such adoption shall be cautious. Sinc...This paper examines the appropriateness of the adoption of Anglo-American type of reorganization provisions into national bankruptcy law using Thailand as a sample. It argues that such adoption shall be cautious. Since Thailand started to accommodate such provisions, reorganization, apparently, has limited usefulness--benefitting only large-scale debtors because it does not fit with the nature of Thai business culture, i.e., the borrowing-lending relationship and less-than-arm＇s length business connections. On average, only every one in 200 bankruptcy cases employs reorganization; the rest goes for liquidation but the average outstanding debt in reorganization is over 30 times higher than liquidation. Interestingly, the adjudication rate of reorganization is faster than those of liquidation. Debtors＇ strategic use of the law and the procedural bias are suspected. Debt restructuring led by the central bank in cooperation with commercial banks, instead, is overwhelmingly more successful, equally efficient, and effective because any ailing firm can renegotiate its borrowing contract rather easily in the low transaction cost environment. Debt restructuring outperformed reorganization roughly 800 and two times in terms of cases and debt amount respectively. Thus, the adoption of non-indigenous provisions shall be made prudently. This argument applies towards the standardization of insolvency legislation. Standardizing bankruptcy procedures shall be made carefully and national economic conditions including local business nature and uniqueness are worth examined before any enactment or amendment. Otherwise, benefits of international trade and investment would be achieved at the expense of economic efficiency.展开更多
The supervision and administration of cosmetics and its two supporting documents related to efficacy,cosmetics classification rules and classification catalogue and evaluation standard of cosmetic efficacy claims,have...The supervision and administration of cosmetics and its two supporting documents related to efficacy,cosmetics classification rules and classification catalogue and evaluation standard of cosmetic efficacy claims,have been successively introduced and implemented,making China’s cosmetics industry officially enter the era of efficacy evaluation.In the time window when the new era is coming,the definitions of cosmetics in China and other countries are compared.The latest status and progress of regulations on cosmetic efficacy claims in China and other countries are summarized,and the standard methods or guidance of cosmetic efficacy evaluation at home and abroad are introduced.The enlightenment from the supervision systems of cosmetic efficacy in other cosmetic consumer markets around the world are discussed.In addition,the opportunities and challenges for cosmetic enterprises under the background of cosmetic law reform in China are also prospected.展开更多
目的:梳理特殊医学用途配方食品(Food for Special Medical Purpose,FSMP)的法规标准,汇总分析已获批产品的相关信息,为产品研发、申请注册、临床使用等提供参考。方法:从管理和应用的角度,对与FSMP密切相关的法律法规、标准进行汇总、...目的:梳理特殊医学用途配方食品(Food for Special Medical Purpose,FSMP)的法规标准,汇总分析已获批产品的相关信息,为产品研发、申请注册、临床使用等提供参考。方法:从管理和应用的角度,对与FSMP密切相关的法律法规、标准进行汇总、解读和说明;从产品数量、产品类型、适用人群等方面对已批复特殊医学用途配方食品进行总结分析。结果:特殊医学用途配方食品已形成相对完善的标准和法律法规体系;截至2024年3月,特殊医学用途配方食品已注册181个产品。结论:特殊医学用途配方食品标准和法律法规是产品研发生产、注册审批及临床使用的依据,FSMP的批复信息是产品研发、临床应用的重要参考信息,应加强了解和掌握,促进FSMP的研究开发和临床应用。展开更多
目前,物联网(Internet of things,IoT)设备已广泛应用于人们的日常生活,其安全性与个人、企业甚至国家密切相关.IoT设备重要性提高的同时也招致越来越多的攻击.为应对IoT设备所面临的安全挑战,各国各地区已制定众多和IoT设备安全相关的...目前,物联网(Internet of things,IoT)设备已广泛应用于人们的日常生活,其安全性与个人、企业甚至国家密切相关.IoT设备重要性提高的同时也招致越来越多的攻击.为应对IoT设备所面临的安全挑战,各国各地区已制定众多和IoT设备安全相关的法律法规、安全测评及认证标准.对该领域现有的研究状况进行了归纳与整理,首先从IoT设备面临的安全威胁出发,按照层次逻辑划分探讨针对IoT设备的不同攻击面,并在此基础上对现有的安全法律法规、安全测评及认证现状进行分析、总结,重点从芯片木马检测、接口安全风险检测、无线协议安全风险检测、固件风险检测及应用与服务安全风险检测5个方面对IoT安全风险检测前沿技术进行研究,并在最后对该领域未来可能的发展方向进行了总结和展望,以期为我国未来IoT设备产品的安全发展提供参考和帮助.展开更多
文摘This paper examines the appropriateness of the adoption of Anglo-American type of reorganization provisions into national bankruptcy law using Thailand as a sample. It argues that such adoption shall be cautious. Since Thailand started to accommodate such provisions, reorganization, apparently, has limited usefulness--benefitting only large-scale debtors because it does not fit with the nature of Thai business culture, i.e., the borrowing-lending relationship and less-than-arm＇s length business connections. On average, only every one in 200 bankruptcy cases employs reorganization; the rest goes for liquidation but the average outstanding debt in reorganization is over 30 times higher than liquidation. Interestingly, the adjudication rate of reorganization is faster than those of liquidation. Debtors＇ strategic use of the law and the procedural bias are suspected. Debt restructuring led by the central bank in cooperation with commercial banks, instead, is overwhelmingly more successful, equally efficient, and effective because any ailing firm can renegotiate its borrowing contract rather easily in the low transaction cost environment. Debt restructuring outperformed reorganization roughly 800 and two times in terms of cases and debt amount respectively. Thus, the adoption of non-indigenous provisions shall be made prudently. This argument applies towards the standardization of insolvency legislation. Standardizing bankruptcy procedures shall be made carefully and national economic conditions including local business nature and uniqueness are worth examined before any enactment or amendment. Otherwise, benefits of international trade and investment would be achieved at the expense of economic efficiency.
文摘The supervision and administration of cosmetics and its two supporting documents related to efficacy,cosmetics classification rules and classification catalogue and evaluation standard of cosmetic efficacy claims,have been successively introduced and implemented,making China’s cosmetics industry officially enter the era of efficacy evaluation.In the time window when the new era is coming,the definitions of cosmetics in China and other countries are compared.The latest status and progress of regulations on cosmetic efficacy claims in China and other countries are summarized,and the standard methods or guidance of cosmetic efficacy evaluation at home and abroad are introduced.The enlightenment from the supervision systems of cosmetic efficacy in other cosmetic consumer markets around the world are discussed.In addition,the opportunities and challenges for cosmetic enterprises under the background of cosmetic law reform in China are also prospected.
文摘目的:梳理特殊医学用途配方食品(Food for Special Medical Purpose,FSMP)的法规标准,汇总分析已获批产品的相关信息,为产品研发、申请注册、临床使用等提供参考。方法:从管理和应用的角度,对与FSMP密切相关的法律法规、标准进行汇总、解读和说明;从产品数量、产品类型、适用人群等方面对已批复特殊医学用途配方食品进行总结分析。结果:特殊医学用途配方食品已形成相对完善的标准和法律法规体系;截至2024年3月,特殊医学用途配方食品已注册181个产品。结论:特殊医学用途配方食品标准和法律法规是产品研发生产、注册审批及临床使用的依据,FSMP的批复信息是产品研发、临床应用的重要参考信息,应加强了解和掌握,促进FSMP的研究开发和临床应用。
文摘目前,物联网(Internet of things,IoT)设备已广泛应用于人们的日常生活,其安全性与个人、企业甚至国家密切相关.IoT设备重要性提高的同时也招致越来越多的攻击.为应对IoT设备所面临的安全挑战,各国各地区已制定众多和IoT设备安全相关的法律法规、安全测评及认证标准.对该领域现有的研究状况进行了归纳与整理,首先从IoT设备面临的安全威胁出发,按照层次逻辑划分探讨针对IoT设备的不同攻击面,并在此基础上对现有的安全法律法规、安全测评及认证现状进行分析、总结,重点从芯片木马检测、接口安全风险检测、无线协议安全风险检测、固件风险检测及应用与服务安全风险检测5个方面对IoT安全风险检测前沿技术进行研究,并在最后对该领域未来可能的发展方向进行了总结和展望,以期为我国未来IoT设备产品的安全发展提供参考和帮助.
