Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Permafrost （perennially frozen ground） appears widely in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature （≥1℃） and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope （ECRSS） were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the ＂cold＂ energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.

Characteristics of thawed interlayer and its effect on embankment settlement along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions

The formation of thawed interlayer beneath embankment can result in embankment settlement in permafrost regions. Based on the data on ground temperatures and deformations beneath the embankment, observed in-situ along the QinghaiTibet Railway in permafrost regions from 2006 to2013, characteristics of the thawed interlayer beneath the embankment and its influence on the embankment settlement are studied. The results indicate that the thawed interlayer hardly forms beneath the natural field, and beneath the embankments from the Qinghai-Tibet Railway the thawed interlayer develops widely, and it can be refrozen totally in the regions with lower mean annual ground temperature, and developed further in the regions with higher mean annual ground temperature.The thawed interlayer is closely related to the embankment settlement. The ice content of permafrost underlying the thawed interlayer influences the settlement of embankment. The higher the ice content is, the larger the settlement is, and vice versa. The increase in thickness of thawed interlayer mainly results from the decline of artificial permafrost table in high-temperature permafrost regions.

Study on temperature field and settlement of thawing soil under static and dynamic loading

A series of tests were conducted to analyze temperature field distribution and thawing settlement of a thawing soil under static and dynamic loading at various cooling and thawing temperatures. The results demonstrate： （1） the temperature field distribution of the thawing soil was not significantly influenced by the loading form under the tested loading conditions; similar results were obtained for samples at different dynamic loading frequencies and different dynamic loading ampli- tudes, which verified the independence of loading form and temperature field; （2） changed temperature field distributions were found in thawing soil with different cooling and thawing temperatures, and the cooling and thawing temperature of the samples were the main factors affecting their temperature distributions; （3） under the tested conditions, thawing set- tlements were little influenced by the thawing temperature and the dynamic loading frequency; and （4） a linear relation- ship existed between the thawing settlement and the cooling temperature, and a logarithmic function could be used to describe the relationship between the thawing settlement and the loading amplitude.

Characteristics of thawed interlayer and its effect on settlement beneath embankment in permafrost regions--A case study for the Qinghai-Tibet Highway

Based on ground temperatures and deformations monitored at the Xieshuihe site along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway(QTH)in permafrost regions from 2004 to 2015,variation of artificial permafrost table(APT),maximum frozen depth(MFD),thawed interlayer thickness(TIT)and ground temperature beneath embankment is analyzed,respectively.The results indicate that under the embankment,the change of APT occurred from October to December of that year and presented a deepening trend.The change of MFD occurred from April to June of that year with no obvious change trend,and TIT had an increasing trend year by year,which mainly resulted from the deepening artificial permafrost table.Mean annual ground temperature at 0.5 m depth was 3.91°C higher beneath the embankment center than that under the natural field.The rising ground temperature at shallow layer of embankment resulted in the development of thawed interlayer beneath the embankment and warming of underlying permafrost.Embankment settlement is closely associated with TIT.Greater settlement easily occurs when permafrost with higher ice content exists under the thawed interlayer,and in turn the settlement is smaller when permafrost with lower ice content exists under the thawed interlayer.

新型框架通风锚杆支护多年冻土边坡降温效果及力学机理研究

本文提出了一种具有通风降温、支挡锚固和减胀减震功能的新型框架通风锚杆冻土边坡支护结构,并阐述其工作机理。基于传热学和自然对流理论,建立新型框架通风锚杆与土体换热的计算模型,对其降温效果进行了分析;基于Winkler理论,建立冻胀和融沉阶段新型框架通风锚杆与土体相互作用的力学简化计算模型,分析冻胀和融化阶段新型框架通风锚杆受力性能。结合算例,采用提出的简化计算方法分析了新型框架通风锚杆支护多年冻土边坡的热学和力学效应,并通过模型试验与理论计算对比,对所提出理论计算方法的合理性进行验证。结果表明:①新型框架通风锚杆能够充分发挥冷季吸收冷量冻结土体、暖季屏蔽热量保护冻土的作用,并逐年抬升冻融交界面;②新型框架通风锚杆支护结构支护效果良好,能够减弱土体冻胀作用,提高多年冻土边坡的稳定性;③所提出简化计算方法以期为新型框架通风锚杆支护多年冻土边坡提供理论依据。

宁波软土地区地铁联络通道冻结法工后长期运营沉降预测研究

宁波地区主要以海相淤泥质黏土或淤泥等软土为主,此类土具有含水量大、压缩性高、承载力低的特性,地铁围岩开挖施工面临垮塌、变形问题,冻结法施工往往是处理上述问题的有效方法。然而,地层解冻后注浆作业不及时、注浆效果差极易导致地层沉降,所以需要对地基沉降进行长期监测。为更好考虑软土地基下的隧道安全,以宁波句章路站-鄞州客运总站站-南部商务区站区间盾构隧道为例,采用冻结法对宁波句章路站-鄞州客运总站站区间1#联络通道进行施工,开展冻融工后联络通道长期运营沉降预测研究,并通过三维有限软件MIDAS/GTS建模,对其冻融沉降进行计算分析。根据布点及实时观测,对隧道及句鄞区间盾构隧道及1#联络通道开挖施工期间的结构沉降变形及长期运营沉降变形进行预测,预测结果与监测数据基本一致,对于软土地基冻融处理具有重要工程意义,同时也可为相关工程提供借鉴。

下穿地铁车站冻结加固冻胀与融沉控制技术

基于某沿海城市新建地铁车站密贴下穿既有运营地铁车站暗挖通道水泥改良土地层二次冻结加固工程,通过既有地铁车站轨行区的自动化监测系统,分析既有运营车站下方土体冻结后,冻结过程中的冻胀及解冻后冻土消融对既有地铁车站的影响。在冻结前,提前对冻结区域土体进行注浆加固,改善冻土参数,降低冻胀对既有运营车站的影响。在冻结过程中,采取冻结区域止水、对冻土进行取土泄压、调整冻结顺序、调节冻结温度、开启泄压孔进行压力泄压、控制冻结盐水流量和优化开挖方式等措施,有效减缓冻土对现有地铁车站的的影响。在暗挖通道结构施工完毕后,通过填充注浆和融沉注浆2种方式,解决土体冻结消融后既有地铁车站沉降的问题。

Effects of freeze-thaw cycle on engineering properties of loess used as road fills in seasonally frozen ground regions,North China

Compacted loess is widely used as fills of road embankments in loess regions of northern China.Generally, densely-compacted loess can satisfy the requirements of embankment strength and postconstruction deformation. However, uneven subsidence, pavement cracks and other related damages can affect the integrity of loess subgrade after several years of operation,and even cause some hazards, especially in North China, where the strong freeze-thaw erosion occurs. In this study, cyclic freeze-thaw tests for both densely and loosely compacted loess samples were performed to determine the variation in engineering properties such as volume, void ratio, collapsible settlement,microstructure, and the related mechanisms were addressed. The experimental results showed that an obvious water migration and redistribution occurred within the samples during freeze-thaw cycles. Ice lenses and fissures could be identified in the upper frozen layers of the samples. After freeze-thaw cycles,the dry densities of the upper layers of samples changed significantly due to strong freeze-thaw erosion. The dry densities decreased for the dense sample and increased for the loose sample. It can be found that dense samples become loose, while loose samples became dense with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. Their related void ratios changed reversely. Both void ratios tended to fall into a certain range, which verified the concept of a residual void ratio proposed by Viklander. The loosening process of densely compacted samples involves the formation of large pores, volume increase and density reduction as well as the related changes in mechanical properties because freeze-thaw cycles may be important contribution to problems of loess road embankments.Adverse effects of freeze-thaw cycles, therefore,should be taken into account in selecting loess parameters for the stability evaluation of road embankment in seasonally frozen ground regions.

Compressibility of fine-grained soils subjected to closed-system freezing and thaw consolidation

In order to investigate the effects of freezing and thawing on the compressibility of fine-grained soils, freezing and thawing tests and subsequent compression tests with fine-grained soils in an oedometer were carried out. During the freezing, a part of the soils is loosened and another part is over-consolidated under the freezing pressure σE. The compression curves after the freezing and thaw consolidation are neither different from the normal consolidation curve nor from the rebound curve of an unfrozen soil, until the consolidation pressure σz = σE is arrived. Based on the experimental results, a theoretical model has been devel- oped to predict the frost heaves, the thaw-settlements and the compressive deformations of fine-grained soils after the thaw consolidation. The theoretical results are very close to the experimental results.

Deformation monitoring and analysis at two frost mounds during freeze–thaw cycles along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor

This paper presents various deformation-monitoring technologies employed to monitor the frost heave and thaw settlement of two mounds along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor(QTEC), China. The QTEC is known as a critical infrastructure and passage connecting inland China and the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP). Three technologies—global navigation satellite system(GNSS), terrestrial laser scanning(TLS), and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)—were used to estimate the freeze/thaw–induced 3D surface deformation of two frost mounds. Our results showed that (1) the two frost mounds exhibited mainly thaw settlement in thawing periods and frost heave in the freezing period, but frost heave dominated after repeated freeze–thaw cycles;(2) different zones of the mounds showed different deformation characteristics;(3) active-layer thickness(ALT) and elevation changes were highly correlated during thaw periods;(4) integrated 3D-measurement technologies can achieve a better understanding and assessment of hazards in the permafrost area.

砂卵石地层冻结法施工融沉效应研究

本文针对富水砂卵石地层联络通道应用冻结法进行施工时的融沉特性进行研究,在数值模拟软件ANSYS中采用间接法进行热力耦合计算,模拟地铁联络通道冻结法施工的全过程,探讨富水砂卵石地层融沉阶段地表变形、双线隧道管片及联络通道结构的变形与受力特性,为实际工程施工提供有效的参考与建议。结果表明:随着砂卵石地层的逐渐解冻,地表沉降呈逐渐增大的趋势,但砂卵石地层的融沉效应小,融沉变形仅有1.85 mm;管片和联络通道结构的沉降变形值随砂卵石地层的解冻逐渐增大,在此过程中管片和联络通道结构的拉应力减小,压应力增大;实际施工中,应该重点监测管片结构在与联络通道结构连接处顶部的沉降变形、底部的受压情况以及联络通道结构底板处的沉降变形和受压情况。

光伏支架差异冻胀融沉偏移对光伏组件发电量影响的研究

大庆地区的地质属于严寒地区的季节性冻土,在冬季时光伏支架基础易发生不均匀冻胀抬升,而在春季时,由于气温升高支架基础易产生融沉现象,出现差异冻胀融沉情况,从而导致光伏支架发生偏移,进而改变光伏组件的安装倾角,最终导致光伏组件发电量受到影响。采用光伏支架因土基差异冻胀融沉引起的偏移程度表征光伏组件安装倾角偏移量,利用光伏发电系统设计软件PVsyst 7.2开展光伏组件安装倾角偏移量对其发电量影响的分析。结果表明:光伏组件日发电量随安装倾角变化在不同节气下呈现不同规律,虽然安装倾角的正负偏移不会使各节气时的日发电量最大值出现在初始安装倾角(最佳安装倾角)时,但在初始安装倾角下光伏组件年总发电量仍为最高,安装倾角正偏移使发电量降低幅度更高。以期通过光伏支架及桩基础差异冻胀融沉偏移研究为保障光伏组件使用寿命和光伏电站发电效率提供参考。

季节性非饱和冻土地温监测及冻胀特性THM耦合模拟

季节性冻土的冻胀融沉影响当地建筑物与构筑物的结构安全,找到地温随时间的变化数据可推算时间域内冻胀融沉对地面建筑的影响规律.以大庆市非饱和冻土为例,基于热传导理论和非饱和土渗流理论,在原位地温监测数据的基础上,建立了冻土的含相变过程的热-流-固(THM)三场耦合数值模型.通过数值模拟结果与实测结果的比较验证了冻土模型的准确性.结果表明:地温随地表温度呈延时周期性变化,在地面以下2.0 m以内,深度每增加0.5 m,温度波峰和波谷日大约推迟30 d;冻结期持续时间影响冻结深度,从而对当地土的周期性冻胀量起决定性影响,冻结期内土的每年最大冻胀位移为30.0 mm左右,冻结期结束后地面高度将快速恢复到冻结期之前的水平,季冻区冻胀融沉敏感性建筑物及构筑物的基础施工时间选择在冻结期结束后2个月至冻结期开始前,可有效减少冻胀融沉危害,大庆及其他类似季节性冻土地区的土壤冻融和冻融过程中的水热迁移研究可作为借鉴.

干湿冻融循环对土体渗透系数的影响研究

以青海湖区域典型粉土为研究对象,基于室内干湿循环、冻融循环及渗透试验,研究干湿、冻融循环对粉土渗透系数的影响规律,并利用有限元软件MIDAS/GTS分析不同渗透系数对路基沉降的影响规律。研究结果表明,干湿循环与冻融循环均会导致土体渗透系数增大,其中干湿循环对增大土体渗透系数的作用更大;经历5次干湿循环和冻融循环后,干湿循环和冻融循环对土体渗透系数的影响已较小,渗透系数趋于稳定;土体渗透系数越大,越有利于土中孔隙水的排出,增加土体的瞬时沉降,有利于加速超孔隙水压力的消散,减小地基的工后固结沉降,但不会改变地基总的沉降。

60 m级超长联络通道冻结法施工与实测分析

为全面掌握60 m级超长联络通道冻结温度场、冻胀融沉变形规律,为今后类似工程积累经验,对福州地铁2号线紫阳站—五里亭站区间66 m超长联络通道冻结法施工过程进行温度和变形实测,分析了该超长联络通道施工工艺、冻结温度和地层变形规律,总结了其有别于常规联络通道的特点。结果表明:与常规联络通道相比,超长联络通道在结构设计、冻结方案、施工工艺等方面需进行一系列优化与改进,保证冻结施工顺利完成的同时也兼顾经济性;冻结降温过程中,冻结向内侧发展速率是向外发展的1.75倍;淤泥夹砂地层在斜交冻结管处测点与常规联络通道测点规律有所区别;冻结管搭接区域测点温度低于非搭接区域;由于冻土体量更大,地表隆起与沉降量比常规联络通道更大,影响范围更广,同一断面测点距离隧道中线距离越小,位移越大;当测点超过隧道中线20 m后,冻胀融沉量较小;中线处D5-4测点冻胀量和融沉量分别是距中线20 m处D5-1测点的2.8倍和2.3倍;各断面最大冻胀融沉量出现在隧道中线处,并沿联络通道中线分布;由于联络通道端头断面冻土体量大,其冻胀量和融沉量分别是中线处的1.6倍和1.7倍,有别于常规联络通道。

寒区冻土层含冰孔隙结构导热模型构建及应用分析

冻土主要由固、液和气三相物质构成,其中固体可以看成骨架,另外两相物质填充在孔隙中,是典型的多孔介质。寒区冻土层融沉过程中,其中的孔隙结构、矿物颗粒和含冰量等参数变化幅度较大,导热系数等热物性参数随之变化,目前在精细表征和分析研究方面存在一定不足。针对含冰冻土,采用多孔介质描述方法,考虑其相态变化特性,将其分为未冻区、融化区、固结区及已冻区;基于表征单元体(representative elementary volume,REV)方法,结合冻土物理学和传热传质学理论,构建了冻土层导热分析模型,包括微观模型和宏观分析模型;以寒区土壤冻融过程为例进行模拟计算,分析了孔隙率、含水率、含冰率以及通道构成系数等对冻土导热系数的影响规律。所建模型可为寒区冻土传热机理分析及导热特性研究提供理论基础。

岛状多年冻土区水泥改良粗粒料冻胀融沉特性

以铁力-伊春新建高速铁路工程为研究对象,采用室内冻胀融沉试验,研究冻结温度、水泥改良剂掺量和补水条件对岛状多年冻土区路基填料冻胀融沉的影响。研究结果表明:水泥改良填料对控制冻胀融沉有显著作用;补水工况下,试验冻胀率更大;冻结温度越低,冻胀率越大;在冻结温度与融化温度不变情况下,补水方式对试样融沉率影响不明显。初步获得了岛状多年冻土区高铁路基填料冻胀融沉规律,研究结论对穿越岛状多年冻土区的高铁建设有一定参考意义。

基于未冻水膜压力判据的冻土水热力耦合冻胀模型研究

冻胀融沉是多年冻土区的主要病害,其受水分场、温度场、应力场的复杂耦合作用影响。基于水膜理论提出了冻土未冻水膜压力作为冰透镜体生成的判据,并重新对水分迁移驱动作用进行描述,建立了以温度、土体孔隙比为变量的全耦合模型。通过考虑已冻区冰基质的影响,推导了涵盖原位冻胀与冰分凝两部分的冻胀量计算公式。基于Matlab和COMSOL Multiphysics的联立平台,提出了模型冰透镜体实时分布的数值求解方法,实现了冻土温度、水分、应力、冰透镜体分布的全耦合数值求解。通过与室内土柱冻结试验及现有水热力模型(Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical,又称THM模型)冻胀量结果进行对比分析,证明了温度、含水率与冻胀计算上的可靠稳定。最后通过探讨温度梯度、上覆压力、渗透系数与压缩模量对土柱冻结的影响发现,温度梯度能显著增加土体冻胀量,上覆压力会导致更多水分向冻结锋面迁移,但对冻胀量起着抑制作用,渗透系数与压缩模量均对冻胀量产生正影响。为冻胀理论研究与数值实现提供了新思路。

大兴安岭路基冻结粉质黏土融沉特性

大兴安岭林区公路沿线广泛分布冻结粉质黏土,全球气候变暖导致冻结粉质黏土发生融化沉降。为探究影响大兴安岭路基冻结粉质黏土融化沉降的因素,分析含水率、干密度以及超塑含水率对路基冻结粉质黏土融沉系数的影响,提出“融沉敏感点”的概念,且得到在“融沉敏感点”前后含水率对融沉系数的影响并不相同;在研究干密度对融沉系数的影响中发现,随着干密度越大其融沉系数以较大的斜率递减;通过分析超塑含水率对融沉系数的影响发现,超塑含水率与融沉系数呈线性增长关系,并通过数据拟合分别给出融沉系数与含水率、干密度及超塑含水率之间的函数关系。

南天山苏力间沟山地冻土地质成因及融沉特性研究

气候变暖为冻土区域的工程建设带来更多不确定性,查明冻土的地质成因及其融沉特性对于工程选址以及工法选择等尤为重要。本文以南天山地区的苏力间沟内分布的山地冻土为研究对象,通过钻探、高密度电法、地温监测以及室内试验等,查明该区域冻土的空间分布,剖析冻土形成条件和形成机理模式,揭示其融沉特性及影响因素。结果表明:苏力间沟内多年冻土和季节性冻土均有分布,季节性冻土和不连续多年冻土主要分布在左岸,即阳坡坡麓;连续多年冻土主要分布在苏力间河右岸,即阴坡坡麓;冻土层分布深度和厚度不均匀,多分布在1.9~2.7m厚的表土下,厚约1.5~10m;在冻土地质成因模式上分为阴坡富水低温成因模式和阳坡坡面汇流成因模式;苏力间沟多年冻土区的融沉系数介于0.39%和91.25%之间,其中连续多年冻土区的融沉系数多值区间在42.5%和68.75%之间,平均值为55.62%;苏力间沟多年冻土融沉系数与总含水率、天然密度、干密度、天然孔隙比和液性指数相关性较高,皮尔森相关系数均达0.8以上。