Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)will be essential to support mission-critical applications of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC)in futuristic Sixth-Generation(6G)networks.However,several security vulnerabil...Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)will be essential to support mission-critical applications of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC)in futuristic Sixth-Generation(6G)networks.However,several security vulnerabilities and attacks have plagued previous generations of communication systems;thus,physical layer security,especially against eavesdroppers,is vital,especially for upcoming 6G networks.In this regard,UAVs have appeared as a winning candidate to mitigate security risks.In this paper,we leverage UAVs to propose two methods.The first method utilizes a UAV as Decode-and-Forward(DF)relay,whereas the second method utilizes a UAV as a jammer to mitigate eavesdropping attacks for URLLC between transmitter and receiver devices.Moreover,we present a low-complexity algorithm that outlines the two aforementioned methods of mitigating interception,i.e.increasing secrecy rate,and we compare them with the benchmark null method in which there is a direct communication link between transmitter and receiver without the UAV DF relay.Additionally,simulation results show the effectiveness of such methods by improving the secrecy rate and its dependency on UAV height,blocklength,decoding error probability and transmitter-receiver separation distance.Lastly,we recommend the best method to enhance the secrecy rate in the presence of an eavesdropper based on our simulations.展开更多
Intelligence and perception are two operative technologies in 6G scenarios.The intelligent wireless network and information perception require a deep fusion of artificial intelligence(AI)and wireless communications in...Intelligence and perception are two operative technologies in 6G scenarios.The intelligent wireless network and information perception require a deep fusion of artificial intelligence(AI)and wireless communications in 6G systems.Therefore,fusion is becoming a typical feature and key challenge of 6G wireless communication systems.In this paper,we focus on the critical issues and propose three application scenarios in 6G wireless systems.Specifically,we first discuss the fusion of AI and 6G networks for the enhancement of 5G-advanced technology and future wireless communication systems.Then,we introduce the wireless AI technology architecture with 6G multidimensional information perception,which includes the physical layer technology of multi-dimensional feature information perception,full spectrum fusion technology,and intelligent wireless resource management.The discussion of key technologies for intelligent 6G wireless network networks is expected to provide a guideline for future research.展开更多
An“Intrusion Detection System”(IDS)is a security measure designed to perceive and be aware of unauthorized access or malicious activity on a computer system or network.Signature-based IDSs employ an attack signature...An“Intrusion Detection System”(IDS)is a security measure designed to perceive and be aware of unauthorized access or malicious activity on a computer system or network.Signature-based IDSs employ an attack signature database to identify intrusions.This indicates that the system can only identify known attacks and cannot identify brand-new or unidentified assaults.In Wireless 6G IoT networks,signature-based IDSs can be useful to detect a wide range of known attacks such as viruses,worms,and Trojans.However,these networks have specific requirements and constraints,such as the need for real-time detection and low-power operation.To meet these requirements,the IDS algorithm should be designed to be efficient in terms of resource usage and should include a mechanism for updating the attack signatures to keep up with evolving threats.This paper provides a solution for a signature-based intrusion detection system in wireless 6G IoT Networks,in which three different algorithms were used and implemented by using python and JavaScript programming languages and an accuracy of 98.9%is achieved.展开更多
Since around 1980,a new generation of wireless technology has arisen approximately every 10 years.First-generation(1G)and secondgeneration(2G)began with voice and eventually introduced more and more data in third-gene...Since around 1980,a new generation of wireless technology has arisen approximately every 10 years.First-generation(1G)and secondgeneration(2G)began with voice and eventually introduced more and more data in third-generation(3G)and became highly popular in the fourthgeneration(4G).To increase the data rate along with low latency and mass connectivity the fifth-generation(5G)networks are being installed from 2020.However,the 5G technology will not be able to fulfill the data demand at the end of this decade.Therefore,it is expected that 6G communication networks will rise,providing better services through the implementation of new enabling technologies and allowing users to connect everywhere.6G technology would not be confined to cellular communications networks,but would also comply with non-terrestrial communication system requirements,such as satellite communication.The ultimate objectives of this work are to address the major challenges of the evolution of cellular communication networks and to discourse the recent growth of the industry based on the key scopes of application and challenges.The main areas of research topics are summarized into(i)major 6G wireless networkmilestones;(ii)key performance indicators;(iii)future new applications;and(iv)potential fields of research,challenges,and open issues.展开更多
The sixth-generation(6G)network must provide better performance than previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications,such as multi-gigabit transmission rate,higher reliability,and s...The sixth-generation(6G)network must provide better performance than previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications,such as multi-gigabit transmission rate,higher reliability,and sub-1 ms latency and ubiquitous connection for the Internet of Everything(IoE).However,with the scarcity of spectrum resources,efficient resource management and sharing are crucial to achieving all these ambitious requirements.One possible technology to achieve all this is the blockchain.Because of its inherent properties,the blockchain has recently gained an important position,which is of great significance to the 6G network and other networks.In particular,the integration of the blockchain in 6G will enable the network to monitor and manage resource utilization and sharing efficiently.Hence,in this paper,we discuss the potentials of the blockchain for resource management and sharing in 6G using multiple application scenarios,namely,Internet of things,deviceto-device communications,network slicing,and inter-domain blockchain ecosystems.展开更多
The 5 th generation(5 G)mobile networks has been put into services across a number of markets,which aims at providing subscribers with high bit rates,low latency,high capacity,many new services and vertical applicatio...The 5 th generation(5 G)mobile networks has been put into services across a number of markets,which aims at providing subscribers with high bit rates,low latency,high capacity,many new services and vertical applications.Therefore the research and development on 6 G have been put on the agenda.Regarding demands and characteristics of future 6 G,artificial intelligence(A),big data(B)and cloud computing(C)will play indispensable roles in achieving the highest efficiency and the largest benefits.Interestingly,the initials of these three aspects remind us the significance of vitamin ABC to human body.In this article we specifically expound on the three elements of ABC and relationships in between.We analyze the basic characteristics of wireless big data(WBD)and the corresponding technical action in A and C,which are the high dimensional feature and spatial separation,the predictive ability,and the characteristics of knowledge.Based on the abilities of WBD,a new learning approach for wireless AI called knowledge+data-driven deep learning(KD-DL)method,and a layered computing architecture of mobile network integrating cloud/edge/terminal computing,is proposed,and their achievable efficiency is discussed.These progress will be conducive to the development of future 6 G.展开更多
With the development of wireless mobile communication technology,the demand for wireless communication rate and frequency increases year by year.Existing wireless mobile communication frequency tends to be saturated,w...With the development of wireless mobile communication technology,the demand for wireless communication rate and frequency increases year by year.Existing wireless mobile communication frequency tends to be saturated,which demands for new solutions.Terahertz(THz)communication has great potential for the future mobile communications(Beyond 5G),and is also an important technique for the high data rate transmission in spatial information network.THz communication has great application prospects in military-civilian integration and coordinated development.In China,important breakthroughs have been achieved for the key techniques of THz high data rate communications,which is practically keeping up with the most advanced technological level in the world.Therefore,further intensifying efforts on the development of THz communication have the strategic importance for China in leading the development of future wireless communication techniques and the standardization process of Beyond 5G.This paper analyzes the performance of the MIMO channel in the Terahertz(THz)band and a discrete mathematical method is used to propose a novel channel model.Then,a channel capacity model is proposed by the combination of path loss and molecular absorption in the THz band based on the CSI at the receiver.Simulation results show that the integration of MIMO in the THz band gives better data rate and channel capacity as compared with a single channel.展开更多
Future networks communication scenarios by the 2030s will include notable applications are three-dimensional(3D)calls,haptics communications,unmanned mobility,tele-operated driving,bio-internet of things,and the Nanoi...Future networks communication scenarios by the 2030s will include notable applications are three-dimensional(3D)calls,haptics communications,unmanned mobility,tele-operated driving,bio-internet of things,and the Nanointernet of things.Unlike the current scenario in which megahertz bandwidth are sufficient to drive the audio and video components of user applications,the future networks of the 2030s will require bandwidths in several gigahertzes(GHz)(from tens of gigahertz to 1 terahertz[THz])to perform optimally.Based on the current radio frequency allocation chart,it is not possible to obtain such a wide contiguous radio spectrum below 90 GHz(0.09 THz).Interestingly,these contiguous blocks of radio spectrum are readily available in the higher electromagnetic spectrum,specifically in the Terahertz(THz)frequency band.The major contribution of this study is discussing the substantial issues and key features of THz waves,which include(i)key features and significance of THz frequency;(ii)recent regulatory;(iii)the most promising applications;and(iv)possible open research issues.These research topics were deeply investigated with the aim of providing a specific,synopsis,and encompassing conclusion.Thus,this article will be as a catalyst towards exploring new frontiers for future networks of the 2030s.展开更多
Intent-Based Networks(IBNs),which are originally proposed to introduce Artificial Intelligence(AI)into the sixth-generation(6G)wireless networks,can effectively solve the challenges of traditional networks in terms of...Intent-Based Networks(IBNs),which are originally proposed to introduce Artificial Intelligence(AI)into the sixth-generation(6G)wireless networks,can effectively solve the challenges of traditional networks in terms of efficiency,flexibility,and security.IBNs are mainly used to transform users’business intent into network configuration,operation,and maintenance strategies,which are prominent for designing the AI-enabled 6G networks.In particular,in order to meet the massive,intelligent service demands and overcome the time-varying radio propagation,IBNs can continuously learn and adapt to the time-varying network environment based on the massive collected network data in real-time.From the aspects of both the core network and radio access network,this article comprehensively surveys the architectures and key techniques of IBNs for 6G.In particular,the demonstration platforms of IBNs,such as the Apstra Operating System,Forward Networks Verification Platform,and One Convergence Service Interaction Platform,are presented.Moreover,the industrial development of IBNs is elaborated,including the emerging new products and startups to solve the problems of open data platforms,automated network operations,and preemptive network fault diagnosis.Finally,several open issues and challenges are identified as well to spur future researches.展开更多
There are changes in the development of wireless technology systems every decade.6G(sixth generation)wireless networks improve on previous generations by increasing dependability,accelerating networks,increasing avail...There are changes in the development of wireless technology systems every decade.6G(sixth generation)wireless networks improve on previous generations by increasing dependability,accelerating networks,increasing available bandwidth,decreasing latency,and increasing data transmission speed to standardize communication signals.The purpose of this article is to comprehend the current directions in 6G studies and their relationship to the Internet of Things(IoT).Also,this paper discusses the impacts of 6G on IoT,critical requirements and trends for 6G-enabled IoT,new service classes of 6G and IoT technologies,and current 6G-enabled IoT studies selected by the systematic literature review(SLR)method published from 2018 to 2021.In addition,we present a technical taxonomy for the classification of 6G-enabled IoT,which includes self-organization systems,energy efficiency,channel assessment,and security.Also,according to the articles reviewed,we consider the evaluation factors in this domain,including data transmission,delay,energy consumption,and bandwidth.Finally,we focus on open issues and future research challenges in 6G-enabled IoT.To mention important future challenges and directions,we can point to migration,data storage,data resource,data security,data sharing,data offloading,availability,scalability,portability,user experience,reliability,authentication,and authorization.展开更多
Sixth Generation(6G)wireless communication network has been expected to provide global coverage,enhanced spectral efficiency,and AI(Artificial Intelligence)-native intelligence,etc.To meet these requirements,the compu...Sixth Generation(6G)wireless communication network has been expected to provide global coverage,enhanced spectral efficiency,and AI(Artificial Intelligence)-native intelligence,etc.To meet these requirements,the computational concept of Decision-Making of cognition intelligence,its implementation framework adapting to foreseen innovations on networks and services,and its empirical evaluations are key techniques to guarantee the generationagnostic intelligence evolution of wireless communication networks.In this paper,we propose an Intelligent Decision Making(IDM)framework,acting as the role of network brain,based on Reinforcement Learning modelling philosophy to empower autonomous intelligence evolution capability to 6G network.Besides,usage scenarios and simulation demonstrate the generality and efficiency of IDM.We hope that some of the ideas of IDM will assist the research of 6G network in a new or different light.展开更多
With the rapid development of Internet technology,users have an increasing demand for data.The continuous popularization of traffic-intensive applications such as high-definition video,3D visualization,and cloud compu...With the rapid development of Internet technology,users have an increasing demand for data.The continuous popularization of traffic-intensive applications such as high-definition video,3D visualization,and cloud computing has promoted the rapid evolution of the communications industry.In order to cope with the huge traffic demand of today’s users,5G networks must be fast,flexible,reliable and sustainable.Based on these research backgrounds,the academic community has proposed D2D communication.The main feature of D2D communication is that it enables direct communication between devices,thereby effectively improve resource utilization and reduce the dependence on base stations,so it can effectively improve the throughput of multimedia data.One of the most considerable factor which affects the performance of D2D communication is the co-channel interference which results due to the multiplexing of multiple D2D user using the same channel resource of the cellular user.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a joint algorithm time scheduling and power control.The main idea is to effectively maximize the number of allocated resources in each scheduling period with satisfied quality of service requirements.The constraint problem is decomposed into time scheduling and power control subproblems.The power control subproblem has the characteristics of mixed-integer linear programming of NP-hard.Therefore,we proposed a gradual power control method.The time scheduling subproblem belongs to the NP-hard problem having convex-cordinality,therefore,we proposed a heuristic scheme to optimize resource allocation.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improved the resource allocation and overcome the co-channel interference as compared with existing algorithms.展开更多
The race to develop the next generation of wireless networks,known as Sixth Generation(6G)wireless,which will be operational in 2030,has already begun.To realize its full potential over the next decade,6G will undoubt...The race to develop the next generation of wireless networks,known as Sixth Generation(6G)wireless,which will be operational in 2030,has already begun.To realize its full potential over the next decade,6G will undoubtedly necessitate additional improvements that integrate existing solutions with cutting-edge ones.However,the studies about 6G are mainly limited and scattered,whereas no bibliometric study covers the 6G field.Thus,this study aims to review,examine,and summarize existing studies and research activities in 6G.This study has examined the Scopus database through a bibliometric analysis of more than 1,000 papers published between 2017 and 2021.Then,we applied the bibliometric analysis methods by including(1)document type,(2)subject area,(3)author,and(4)country of publication.The study’s results reflect the research 6G community’s trends,highlight important research challenges,and elucidate potential directions for future research in this interesting area.展开更多
Thanks to the recent advances in metamaterials,Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS)has emergedas a promising technology for future 6G wireless communications.Benefiting from its high array gain,low cost,and low pow...Thanks to the recent advances in metamaterials,Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS)has emergedas a promising technology for future 6G wireless communications.Benefiting from its high array gain,low cost,and low power consumption,RISs are expected to greatly enlarge signal coverage,improve system capacity,andincrease energy efficiency.In this article,we systematically overview the emerging RIS technology with the focuson its key basics,nine fundamental issues,and one critical problem.Specifically,we first explain the RIS basics,including its working principles,hardware structures,and potential benefits for communications.Based on thesebasics,nine fundamental issues of RISs,such as“What’s the differences between RISs and massive MIMO?”and“Is RIS really intelligent?”,are explicitly addressed to elaborate its technical features,distinguish it from existingtechnologies,and clarify some misunderstandings in the literature.Then,one critical problem of RISs is revealedthat,due to the“multiplicative fading”effect,existing passive RISs can hardly achieve visible performance gains inmany communication scenarios with strong direct links.To address this critical problem,a potential solution calledactive RISs is introduced,and its effectiveness is demonstrated by numerical simulations.展开更多
Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(STAR-RISs)have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360°coverage and...Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(STAR-RISs)have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360°coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom.This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS,by discussing the hardware models,channel models,and signal models.Then,three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift,directional,and energy consumption perspectives.Furthermore,the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases.As a recent advance,a general optimization framework,which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios,is proposed.As a further advance,several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication.Lastly,a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.展开更多
With the deployment and commercial application of 5G,researchers start to think of 6G,which could meet more diversified and deeper intelligent communication requirements.In this paper,a four physical elements,i.e.,man...With the deployment and commercial application of 5G,researchers start to think of 6G,which could meet more diversified and deeper intelligent communication requirements.In this paper,a four physical elements,i.e.,man,machine,object,and genie,featured 6G concept is introduced.Genie is explained as a new element toward 6G.This paper focuses on the genie realization as an intelligent wireless transmission toward 6G,including sematic information theory,end-to-end artificial intelligence(AI)joint transceiver design,intelligent wireless transmission block design,and user-centric intelligent access.A comprehensive state-of-the-art of each key technology is presented and main questions as well as some novel suggestions are given.Genie will work comprehensively in 6G wireless communication and other major industrial vertical,while its realization is concrete and step by step.It is realized that genie-based wireless communication link works with high intelligence and performs better than that controlled manually.展开更多
文摘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)will be essential to support mission-critical applications of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC)in futuristic Sixth-Generation(6G)networks.However,several security vulnerabilities and attacks have plagued previous generations of communication systems;thus,physical layer security,especially against eavesdroppers,is vital,especially for upcoming 6G networks.In this regard,UAVs have appeared as a winning candidate to mitigate security risks.In this paper,we leverage UAVs to propose two methods.The first method utilizes a UAV as Decode-and-Forward(DF)relay,whereas the second method utilizes a UAV as a jammer to mitigate eavesdropping attacks for URLLC between transmitter and receiver devices.Moreover,we present a low-complexity algorithm that outlines the two aforementioned methods of mitigating interception,i.e.increasing secrecy rate,and we compare them with the benchmark null method in which there is a direct communication link between transmitter and receiver without the UAV DF relay.Additionally,simulation results show the effectiveness of such methods by improving the secrecy rate and its dependency on UAV height,blocklength,decoding error probability and transmitter-receiver separation distance.Lastly,we recommend the best method to enhance the secrecy rate in the presence of an eavesdropper based on our simulations.
文摘Intelligence and perception are two operative technologies in 6G scenarios.The intelligent wireless network and information perception require a deep fusion of artificial intelligence(AI)and wireless communications in 6G systems.Therefore,fusion is becoming a typical feature and key challenge of 6G wireless communication systems.In this paper,we focus on the critical issues and propose three application scenarios in 6G wireless systems.Specifically,we first discuss the fusion of AI and 6G networks for the enhancement of 5G-advanced technology and future wireless communication systems.Then,we introduce the wireless AI technology architecture with 6G multidimensional information perception,which includes the physical layer technology of multi-dimensional feature information perception,full spectrum fusion technology,and intelligent wireless resource management.The discussion of key technologies for intelligent 6G wireless network networks is expected to provide a guideline for future research.
文摘An“Intrusion Detection System”(IDS)is a security measure designed to perceive and be aware of unauthorized access or malicious activity on a computer system or network.Signature-based IDSs employ an attack signature database to identify intrusions.This indicates that the system can only identify known attacks and cannot identify brand-new or unidentified assaults.In Wireless 6G IoT networks,signature-based IDSs can be useful to detect a wide range of known attacks such as viruses,worms,and Trojans.However,these networks have specific requirements and constraints,such as the need for real-time detection and low-power operation.To meet these requirements,the IDS algorithm should be designed to be efficient in terms of resource usage and should include a mechanism for updating the attack signatures to keep up with evolving threats.This paper provides a solution for a signature-based intrusion detection system in wireless 6G IoT Networks,in which three different algorithms were used and implemented by using python and JavaScript programming languages and an accuracy of 98.9%is achieved.
基金This research was supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF),Korea(2019R1C1C1007277)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),Korea.
文摘Since around 1980,a new generation of wireless technology has arisen approximately every 10 years.First-generation(1G)and secondgeneration(2G)began with voice and eventually introduced more and more data in third-generation(3G)and became highly popular in the fourthgeneration(4G).To increase the data rate along with low latency and mass connectivity the fifth-generation(5G)networks are being installed from 2020.However,the 5G technology will not be able to fulfill the data demand at the end of this decade.Therefore,it is expected that 6G communication networks will rise,providing better services through the implementation of new enabling technologies and allowing users to connect everywhere.6G technology would not be confined to cellular communications networks,but would also comply with non-terrestrial communication system requirements,such as satellite communication.The ultimate objectives of this work are to address the major challenges of the evolution of cellular communication networks and to discourse the recent growth of the industry based on the key scopes of application and challenges.The main areas of research topics are summarized into(i)major 6G wireless networkmilestones;(ii)key performance indicators;(iii)future new applications;and(iv)potential fields of research,challenges,and open issues.
基金This work was supported in part by the U.K.EPSRC(EP/S02476X/1)Sichuan International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation/Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Project(2019YFH0163)Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2018JZ0071).
文摘The sixth-generation(6G)network must provide better performance than previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications,such as multi-gigabit transmission rate,higher reliability,and sub-1 ms latency and ubiquitous connection for the Internet of Everything(IoE).However,with the scarcity of spectrum resources,efficient resource management and sharing are crucial to achieving all these ambitious requirements.One possible technology to achieve all this is the blockchain.Because of its inherent properties,the blockchain has recently gained an important position,which is of great significance to the 6G network and other networks.In particular,the integration of the blockchain in 6G will enable the network to monitor and manage resource utilization and sharing efficiently.Hence,in this paper,we discuss the potentials of the blockchain for resource management and sharing in 6G using multiple application scenarios,namely,Internet of things,deviceto-device communications,network slicing,and inter-domain blockchain ecosystems.
基金supported by Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61631018)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.1908085MF177)Huawei Technology Innovative Research(YBN2018095087)。
文摘The 5 th generation(5 G)mobile networks has been put into services across a number of markets,which aims at providing subscribers with high bit rates,low latency,high capacity,many new services and vertical applications.Therefore the research and development on 6 G have been put on the agenda.Regarding demands and characteristics of future 6 G,artificial intelligence(A),big data(B)and cloud computing(C)will play indispensable roles in achieving the highest efficiency and the largest benefits.Interestingly,the initials of these three aspects remind us the significance of vitamin ABC to human body.In this article we specifically expound on the three elements of ABC and relationships in between.We analyze the basic characteristics of wireless big data(WBD)and the corresponding technical action in A and C,which are the high dimensional feature and spatial separation,the predictive ability,and the characteristics of knowledge.Based on the abilities of WBD,a new learning approach for wireless AI called knowledge+data-driven deep learning(KD-DL)method,and a layered computing architecture of mobile network integrating cloud/edge/terminal computing,is proposed,and their achievable efficiency is discussed.These progress will be conducive to the development of future 6 G.
基金Hallym University Research Fund,2019(HRF-201905-013).
文摘With the development of wireless mobile communication technology,the demand for wireless communication rate and frequency increases year by year.Existing wireless mobile communication frequency tends to be saturated,which demands for new solutions.Terahertz(THz)communication has great potential for the future mobile communications(Beyond 5G),and is also an important technique for the high data rate transmission in spatial information network.THz communication has great application prospects in military-civilian integration and coordinated development.In China,important breakthroughs have been achieved for the key techniques of THz high data rate communications,which is practically keeping up with the most advanced technological level in the world.Therefore,further intensifying efforts on the development of THz communication have the strategic importance for China in leading the development of future wireless communication techniques and the standardization process of Beyond 5G.This paper analyzes the performance of the MIMO channel in the Terahertz(THz)band and a discrete mathematical method is used to propose a novel channel model.Then,a channel capacity model is proposed by the combination of path loss and molecular absorption in the THz band based on the CSI at the receiver.Simulation results show that the integration of MIMO in the THz band gives better data rate and channel capacity as compared with a single channel.
基金the Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2019R1A2C1005920).
文摘Future networks communication scenarios by the 2030s will include notable applications are three-dimensional(3D)calls,haptics communications,unmanned mobility,tele-operated driving,bio-internet of things,and the Nanointernet of things.Unlike the current scenario in which megahertz bandwidth are sufficient to drive the audio and video components of user applications,the future networks of the 2030s will require bandwidths in several gigahertzes(GHz)(from tens of gigahertz to 1 terahertz[THz])to perform optimally.Based on the current radio frequency allocation chart,it is not possible to obtain such a wide contiguous radio spectrum below 90 GHz(0.09 THz).Interestingly,these contiguous blocks of radio spectrum are readily available in the higher electromagnetic spectrum,specifically in the Terahertz(THz)frequency band.The major contribution of this study is discussing the substantial issues and key features of THz waves,which include(i)key features and significance of THz frequency;(ii)recent regulatory;(iii)the most promising applications;and(iv)possible open research issues.These research topics were deeply investigated with the aim of providing a specific,synopsis,and encompassing conclusion.Thus,this article will be as a catalyst towards exploring new frontiers for future networks of the 2030s.
基金This work was supported in part by the State Major Science and Technology Special Project(Grant No.2018ZX03001002-004 and 2018ZX03001023)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under No.61921003,61925101,61831002,and 61901044+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under No.JQ18016and the National Program for Special Support of Eminent Professionals.
文摘Intent-Based Networks(IBNs),which are originally proposed to introduce Artificial Intelligence(AI)into the sixth-generation(6G)wireless networks,can effectively solve the challenges of traditional networks in terms of efficiency,flexibility,and security.IBNs are mainly used to transform users’business intent into network configuration,operation,and maintenance strategies,which are prominent for designing the AI-enabled 6G networks.In particular,in order to meet the massive,intelligent service demands and overcome the time-varying radio propagation,IBNs can continuously learn and adapt to the time-varying network environment based on the massive collected network data in real-time.From the aspects of both the core network and radio access network,this article comprehensively surveys the architectures and key techniques of IBNs for 6G.In particular,the demonstration platforms of IBNs,such as the Apstra Operating System,Forward Networks Verification Platform,and One Convergence Service Interaction Platform,are presented.Moreover,the industrial development of IBNs is elaborated,including the emerging new products and startups to solve the problems of open data platforms,automated network operations,and preemptive network fault diagnosis.Finally,several open issues and challenges are identified as well to spur future researches.
文摘There are changes in the development of wireless technology systems every decade.6G(sixth generation)wireless networks improve on previous generations by increasing dependability,accelerating networks,increasing available bandwidth,decreasing latency,and increasing data transmission speed to standardize communication signals.The purpose of this article is to comprehend the current directions in 6G studies and their relationship to the Internet of Things(IoT).Also,this paper discusses the impacts of 6G on IoT,critical requirements and trends for 6G-enabled IoT,new service classes of 6G and IoT technologies,and current 6G-enabled IoT studies selected by the systematic literature review(SLR)method published from 2018 to 2021.In addition,we present a technical taxonomy for the classification of 6G-enabled IoT,which includes self-organization systems,energy efficiency,channel assessment,and security.Also,according to the articles reviewed,we consider the evaluation factors in this domain,including data transmission,delay,energy consumption,and bandwidth.Finally,we focus on open issues and future research challenges in 6G-enabled IoT.To mention important future challenges and directions,we can point to migration,data storage,data resource,data security,data sharing,data offloading,availability,scalability,portability,user experience,reliability,authentication,and authorization.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Project 2018YFE0205503Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications-China Mobile Research Institute Joint Innovation Center。
文摘Sixth Generation(6G)wireless communication network has been expected to provide global coverage,enhanced spectral efficiency,and AI(Artificial Intelligence)-native intelligence,etc.To meet these requirements,the computational concept of Decision-Making of cognition intelligence,its implementation framework adapting to foreseen innovations on networks and services,and its empirical evaluations are key techniques to guarantee the generationagnostic intelligence evolution of wireless communication networks.In this paper,we propose an Intelligent Decision Making(IDM)framework,acting as the role of network brain,based on Reinforcement Learning modelling philosophy to empower autonomous intelligence evolution capability to 6G network.Besides,usage scenarios and simulation demonstrate the generality and efficiency of IDM.We hope that some of the ideas of IDM will assist the research of 6G network in a new or different light.
基金The corresponding authors Bong Jun Choi and Ehab Mahmood Mohammad would like to thank their institutes(Soongsil University,South Korea&Aswan University,Egypt)for supporting this article.
文摘With the rapid development of Internet technology,users have an increasing demand for data.The continuous popularization of traffic-intensive applications such as high-definition video,3D visualization,and cloud computing has promoted the rapid evolution of the communications industry.In order to cope with the huge traffic demand of today’s users,5G networks must be fast,flexible,reliable and sustainable.Based on these research backgrounds,the academic community has proposed D2D communication.The main feature of D2D communication is that it enables direct communication between devices,thereby effectively improve resource utilization and reduce the dependence on base stations,so it can effectively improve the throughput of multimedia data.One of the most considerable factor which affects the performance of D2D communication is the co-channel interference which results due to the multiplexing of multiple D2D user using the same channel resource of the cellular user.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a joint algorithm time scheduling and power control.The main idea is to effectively maximize the number of allocated resources in each scheduling period with satisfied quality of service requirements.The constraint problem is decomposed into time scheduling and power control subproblems.The power control subproblem has the characteristics of mixed-integer linear programming of NP-hard.Therefore,we proposed a gradual power control method.The time scheduling subproblem belongs to the NP-hard problem having convex-cordinality,therefore,we proposed a heuristic scheme to optimize resource allocation.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improved the resource allocation and overcome the co-channel interference as compared with existing algorithms.
基金The authors received Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah(UMPSA)grant under Internal Research Grant with Grant Number PDU223209.Author received grant is:Ahmad Firdaus Website of the sponsor:https://www.ump.edu.my/en.
文摘The race to develop the next generation of wireless networks,known as Sixth Generation(6G)wireless,which will be operational in 2030,has already begun.To realize its full potential over the next decade,6G will undoubtedly necessitate additional improvements that integrate existing solutions with cutting-edge ones.However,the studies about 6G are mainly limited and scattered,whereas no bibliometric study covers the 6G field.Thus,this study aims to review,examine,and summarize existing studies and research activities in 6G.This study has examined the Scopus database through a bibliometric analysis of more than 1,000 papers published between 2017 and 2021.Then,we applied the bibliometric analysis methods by including(1)document type,(2)subject area,(3)author,and(4)country of publication.The study’s results reflect the research 6G community’s trends,highlight important research challenges,and elucidate potential directions for future research in this interesting area.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFB1805005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62031019)the European Commission through the H2020-MSCA-ITN META WIRELESS Research Project(No.956256)。
文摘Thanks to the recent advances in metamaterials,Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS)has emergedas a promising technology for future 6G wireless communications.Benefiting from its high array gain,low cost,and low power consumption,RISs are expected to greatly enlarge signal coverage,improve system capacity,andincrease energy efficiency.In this article,we systematically overview the emerging RIS technology with the focuson its key basics,nine fundamental issues,and one critical problem.Specifically,we first explain the RIS basics,including its working principles,hardware structures,and potential benefits for communications.Based on thesebasics,nine fundamental issues of RISs,such as“What’s the differences between RISs and massive MIMO?”and“Is RIS really intelligent?”,are explicitly addressed to elaborate its technical features,distinguish it from existingtechnologies,and clarify some misunderstandings in the literature.Then,one critical problem of RISs is revealedthat,due to the“multiplicative fading”effect,existing passive RISs can hardly achieve visible performance gains inmany communication scenarios with strong direct links.To address this critical problem,a potential solution calledactive RISs is introduced,and its effectiveness is demonstrated by numerical simulations.
基金Project supported by CHIST-ERA(SUNRISE CHIST-ERA-20-SICT-005)the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(No.EP/W035588/1)the PHC Alliance Franco-British Joint Research Programme(No.822326028)。
文摘Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(STAR-RISs)have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360°coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom.This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS,by discussing the hardware models,channel models,and signal models.Then,three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift,directional,and energy consumption perspectives.Furthermore,the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases.As a recent advance,a general optimization framework,which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios,is proposed.As a further advance,several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication.Lastly,a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.
文摘With the deployment and commercial application of 5G,researchers start to think of 6G,which could meet more diversified and deeper intelligent communication requirements.In this paper,a four physical elements,i.e.,man,machine,object,and genie,featured 6G concept is introduced.Genie is explained as a new element toward 6G.This paper focuses on the genie realization as an intelligent wireless transmission toward 6G,including sematic information theory,end-to-end artificial intelligence(AI)joint transceiver design,intelligent wireless transmission block design,and user-centric intelligent access.A comprehensive state-of-the-art of each key technology is presented and main questions as well as some novel suggestions are given.Genie will work comprehensively in 6G wireless communication and other major industrial vertical,while its realization is concrete and step by step.It is realized that genie-based wireless communication link works with high intelligence and performs better than that controlled manually.