Paleo-Tethyan Oceanic Crust Subduction in the Eastern Section of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt:Geochronology and Petrogenesis of the Qushi'ang Granodiorite

The Qushi’ang granodiorite（QSG） is located at the central east of the ophiolitic melange belt in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt（EKOB） in the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating suggests that the granodiorite and mafic microgranular enclaves（MMEs） crystallized 246.61±0.62 and 245.45±0.9 Ma ago, respectively. Granodiorite, porphyritic diorite, and MMEs are metaluminous and medium-K calk-alkaline series, with island-arc magma features, such as LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion. The porphyritic diorite has high Cr（13.50 ppm to 59.01 ppm）, Ni（228.53 ppm to 261.29 ppm）, and Mg~#（46–54）. Granodiorite and porphyritic diorite have similar mineral compositions and evolved major and trace elements contents, particularly Cr and Ni, both of which are significantly higher than that in granites of the same period. The crystallization age of MMEs is close to that of granodiorite, and their major and trace elements contents are in-between porphyritic diorite and granodiorite. The results suggest that the original mafic magma, which was the product of mantle melting by subduction process, intruded into the lower crust（Kuhai Rock Group）, resulting in the formation of granodiorite. Countinous intrusion of mafic magma into the unconsolidated granodiorite formed MMEs and porphyritic diorite. The granodiorite reformed by late-stage strike-slip faulting tectonic event indicates that the strike-slip fault of Middle Kunlun and the collision of the Bayanhar block with East Kunlun were later than 246 Ma. Therefore, the formation of the QSG not only indicates the critical period of evolution of East Kunlun but also represents the tectonic transition from oceanic crust subduction to slab breaking.

Paleozoic post-collisional magmatism and high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism coupling with lithospheric delamination of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt,NW China

Lithosphere extension and upwelling of asthenosphere at post-collisional stage of an orogenic cycle generally induce diverse magmatism and/or associated high-temperature metamorphism. Nevertheless, the intimate coexistence of post-collisional magmatic activity and high-temperature metamorphism is rare.In this contribution, a lithological assemblage composing of diverse magmatic rocks deriving from distinct magma sources and coeval high-temperature metamorphism was identified in eastern Kunlun.Petrography, ages, mineral chemistry and whole-rock geochemistry demonstrated that those intimately coexistent diverse rocks were genetically related to post-collisional extension. The garnet-bearing mafic granulites in Jinshuikou area interior of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt are mainly composed of garnet,orthopyroxene, and plagioclase, with peak metamorphic P–T conditions of ~ 701–756 ℃and 5.6–7.0 kbar,representing a granulite-facies metamorphism at 409.7 ± 1.7 Ma. The diverse contemporaneous magmatic rocks including hornblendites, gabbros and granites yield zircon U–Pb ages of 408.6 ± 2.5 Ma,413.4 ± 4.6 Ma, and 387–407 Ma, respectively. The hornblendites show N-MORB-like REE patterns with(La/Sm)Nvalues of 0.85–0.94. They have positive zircon εHf(t) values of 0.1–4.9 and whole-rock εNd(t) values of 3.9–4.7 but relatively high(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)values of 0.7081 to 0.7088. These features demonstrate that the hornblendites derived from a depleted asthenospheric mantle source with minor continental crustal materials in source. As for the gabbros, they exhibit arc-like elemental signatures, low zircon εHf(t) values(-4.3 to 2.5) and variable whole-rock εNd(t) values(-4.9 to 1.2) as well as high(^(87)Sr/86 Sr)ivalues(0.7068 to 0.7126), arguing for that they were originated from partial melting of heterogeneous lithospheric mantle anteriorly metasomatized by subducted-sediment released melts. Geochemistry of the granites defines their strongly peraluminous S-type signatures. Zircons from the granites yield a large range of εHf(t) values ranging from -30.8 to -5.1, while the whole-rock samples yield consistent(^(87)Sr/86 Sr)ivalues(0.7301 to 0.7342) and negative εNd(t) values(-10.1 to -12.4). These features indicate that the S-type granites could be generated by reworking of an ancient crust. Taken together, the penecontemporaneous magmatism and metamorphic event, demonstrated the early-middle Devonian transition from crustal thickening to extensional collapse. The post-collisional mantle-derived magmas serve as an essential driving force for the high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism and anataxis of the crust associated with formation of S-type granite. This study not only constructs a more detail Proto-Tethys evolution process of the eastern Kunlun, but also sheds new light on better understanding the intimate relationship between magmatism and metamorphism during post-collisional extensional collapse.

Magma Mixing and Mingling for Xiangjiananshan Granitic batholith at eastern area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt(EKOB)in northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is an important part of the Central Orogenic System(COS).During the long-time geological evolution,complicated tectono

Magma Mixing and Mingling for Xiangjiananshan Granitic batholith at eastern area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt

The Changning Menglian belt is an important area of research on the evolution of the Paleo Tethys ocean structure,the belt can be solved such as the Changning Menglianbeltposition;sequencestratigraphy;sedimentary environment;nature and its tectonic evolution history and tectonic domain and Gut Tis relationship;therefore,the research on Chang Ning Menglian zone have a great significance to solve many problems of the Sanjiang fold belt in Tethys and Himalaya tectonic area.'Hot spring'is located in the west margin of the southern Changning Menglian belt,studying Yunnan Fengqing hot spring group'geological and petrology characteristics roundly and in depth,concluding the metamorphism and deformation characteristics,clarifying the metamorphism effect and its stages,understanding the association its combination with the Changning Menglian belt between,therefore it has the great significance to solve the geological evolution history in the Sanjiang area,especially the paleo Tethyan tectonic belt,as well as Gondwana and Eurasia boundaries and other major problem.Through collect and read the literature data,measurement of field section,geological investigation,research and Study on rock sheet indoor,rock composition test,electron probe testing system,summarize the geological characteristics and petrological characteristics of'hot springs group',and through the discussion of the geochemical characteristics of rocks,explore its rock assemblages,characteristics of original rock and analysis of metamorphism and deformation stages,to provide basic data for regional geological evolution.The study shows that the main lithology is biotite quartz schist,mica schist and epimetamorphic sandstone interspersed with a small amount of phyllonite,granulite,silicalite,carbonaceous slate and phyllitic cataclasite that contains some pressure breccia.The metamorphic mineral paragenetic assemblage of the representative rock is:M1 biotite(Bi)+plagioclase(Pl)+quartz(Q),and M2 muscovite(Mus)+quartz(Q).The protolith is felsic rock and sedimentary rock that belongs to argiloid.On the basis of comparison,the stratigraphic sequence of the protolith is consistent with the type section of Wenquan formation.Along with the subduction(Hercynian)-subduction(Indosinian)-orogenic(Yanshan Himalayan period)process of Changning Menglian belt,hot springs group experienced two stages of metamorphism and three stages of deformation,metamorphic temperature at400-500℃,the pressure is foucs on 0.3-0.62Gpa,and shown the retrograde metamorphism of the low greenschist facies.Geological age of hot springs formation is early Devonian(survey team of Yunnan District three units,1980),sedimentary environment is mainly shallow and semi deep sea,observed Bouma sequence in rock slice,therefore,the depositional environment may be fan or basin of sea,the sedimentary formations are mainly clastic rocksiliceous rock formation,the upper coal—contained formation.With the Changning Meng Lian ocean expansion,ocean island begin to develop,material deposition continuing,appearing volcano material,the protolith may contain volcano matter through studying the thin section.To the Late Permian,Crust of Changning Menglian ocean begin to subduct to the east of the Yangtze block,ocean basin began to close,but it still has formation here at this time,mainly shallow carbonate formation,with proceeding of subduction,in the low temperature groove(7Km deep),due to changes in temperature and pressurer,appearing metamorphism(M1)and deformation(D1)for the first time,the shear effect produced by deformation lead to some cleavage,occurring regional foliation S1,major metamorphic minerals formed in metamorphism is long flake biotite.The main metamorphic mineral assemblages are biotite(Bi)+feldspar(Pl)+quartz(Q).Subsequently,crustal uplift,depositional break,because the Changning Meng Lianyang has closed during the Indosinian period,Baoshan-Zhenkang block in the west and the Yangtze block in the east knocked each other.In the Indosinian,under the action of faults,the hot spring formation clipping and retracing,back to a position about1-2Km depth,the position is still belongs to the low temperature groove,and occurring axial cleavage in the core of the fold,namely S2.That is,the emergence of the second metamorphism(M2)and deformation(D2).The deformation is affected by the strong pressure,so the rock have dewatered,so the second metamorphic deformation process is affected by temperature(T),pressure(Ps)and fluid(C).The main metamorphic minerals in the second generation of metamorphism is Muscovite,while there have some of biotite formed in same period,find that the first phase of biotite parallel growth of rock slice,namely S1 parallel S2,and we can see incomplete metamorphism biotite,so the the Muscovite is formed by the first stage of metamorphism and metamorphic biotite.The main mineral of the second stage metamorphism is Muscovite(Mus)+quartz(Q) Then,the crust continues to rise,the sedimentary break continues.In the Jurassic Cretaceous start orogeny,namely Yanshan period intracontinental orogeny,occurred third deformation(D3),under extrusion shearing,S3 emergencing,after Yanshan intracontinental orogenic period,in Himalayan period there have large-scale nappe structure and differential uplift and faulting.So the third deformation(D3)strengthened,with weak metamorphism,sericite emergencing.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Late Triassic granitoids in the Alananshan,East Kunlun belt:evidence from geochemistry,geochronology,and zircon Hf isotopic compositions

The Qimantag in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt has widespread Triassic magmatic rocks that have received scant attention,with an unresolved issue relating to its petrogenesis and geodynamics.In this paper,we used zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and whole-rock geochemistry to trace the petrogenesis and tectonic settings of the moyite and monzogranite from the Qimantag Alananshan,East Kunlun.The moyite and monzogranite are silicic(SiO_(2-)~69.9-76.41%),highly alkali(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O~7.29 to8.96 wt.%),with Mg^(#)about 10.4-30.34,indicative of a high-K calc-alkaline rock series.The rare earth element patterns diagram is right-leaning,with a negative Eu anomaly(δEu=0.31-0.68).They are enriched in Rb,K,and light rare earth elements but depleted in Nb,Ta,and Ti,with abundant amphibole,typical of I-type granites.U-Pb on zircon constrained the emplacement of the moyite at 223.9±2.6 Ma and monzogranite at 226.9±2.9 Ma.TheεHf(t)values range from-2.8 to+0.1 except for one outlier value of-7.0,corresponding two-stage model age of 1249-1437 Ma.Our combined geochemical and isotopic results indicate that the moyite and monzogranite were derived from partial melting of the lower thicken crust with the contribution from the older basement materials.These rocks formed in a post-collision setting that is transitional between compressive collision and extension orogeny.

Cenozoic Exhumation History of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt Constrained by Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology

Objective The East Kunlun Orogenic belt constitutes the first marked change in the topographic reliefs north of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of this orogenic belt is crucial for understanding the remote deformational effects of the Eurasian plate collision and the migration track at the northern margin of the plateau.However,when and how the uplift occurred remains

Metallogenic characteristics of Shitoukengde intrusion and its implications for Ni-Co-(Cu)sulfide mineralization in East Kunlun

Xiarihamu deposit is the only super-large Ni-Co deposit found in East Kunlun orogenic belt(EKOB)until present.Shitoukengde(STKD)intrusion is considered to have the potential to become a large Ni-Co deposit in East Kunlun.In order to discuss the metallogenic potential,this study present petrographical,geochemical data,and zircon U-Pb dating for the STKD intrusion.The STKD intrusion is hosted within mafic-ultramafic rocks which contain peridotite,pyroxenite and gabbro,and mainly intruded into the marble of the Paleoproterozoic Jinshuikou Group.Harzburgite and orthopyroxenite are the main country rocks for the Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization.Combine with the positiveε_(Hf)(t)values(+1.1 to+8.6)of zircons,the enrichment of LILEs,depletion of HFSEs,and lower Ce/Pb ratios of whole rocks indicate that the parental magma was originated from the depleted asthenospheric mantle and experienced 5%–15%crustal contamination.Troctolite formed during the Early Devonian and it has weighted mean^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 412 Ma.Regional background information has indicated that the post-collisional extension setting has already existed during the Early Devonian,leading to the formation of STKD intrusion and Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization.STKD intrusion may have the potential to be one economic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit but seems unlikely to be a super-large one.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Paleozoic granitoids in East Kunlun belt: Evidences from geochronology, geochemistry and isotopes

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt(EKOB) provides an important link to reconstruct the evolution of the Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys realm. The EKOB is marked by widespread Early Paleozoic magmatism.Here we report the petrology, bulk geochemistry, zircon Ue Pb dating and, Lue Hf and SreN d isotopic data of the Early Paleozoic granitic rocks in Zhiyu area of the southern EKOB. Based on the zircon U-Pb dating, these granitoids, consisting of diorite, granodiorite and monzogranite, were formed during 450 -430 Ma the Late Ordovician to Middle Silurian. The diorite and granodiorite are high Sr/Y ratio as adakitic affinities, and the monzogranite belongs to highly fractionated I-type. Their(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)ivalues range from 0.7059 to 0.7085, εNd(t) values from -1.6 to -6.0 and the zircon εHf(t) values show large variations from +9.1 to -8.6 with Hf model ages(T_(DM2)) about 848 Ma and 1970 Ma. The large variations of whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopes demonstrate strong isotopic heterogeneity of the source regions which probably resulted from multi-phase underplating of mantle-derived magmas. Geochemical and isotopic studies proved that the diorite and granodiorite had been derived from partial melting of heterogeneous crustal source with variable contributions from ancient continental crust and juvenile components, and the monzogranites were representing fractional crystallization and crustal contamination for arc magma. The Early Paleozoic adakitic rocks and high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in the southern EKOB were likely emplaced in a continental marginal arc setting possibly linked to the southwards subduction of the Paleo Kunlun Ocean and the magma generation is linked to partial melting of thickened continental crust induced by underplating of mantle-derived magmas.

GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND OROGENY OF EAST KUNLUN TERRAIN ON THE NORTHERN QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

The East Kunlun terrain is located on the northern Qinghai—Tibet plateau, composed of the East Kunlun Mountain and the Qaidam Basin and bounded by the Qilian terrain on the north and Bayanhar—Songpan Ganze terrain on the south. It is regarded as a composite orogenic belt characterized by having developed superimposed ductile tectonic regimes reflecting the collision orogeny during Early Paleozoic and Triassic periods. It has also experienced transformation from ductile to brittle deformation caused by the post orogeny, since Jurassic after the formation of the East Kunlun Mountain and the Qaidam Basin. A Paleozoic subduction complex zone was recently recognized along the north border of the East Kunlun terrain from Da Qaidam to Dulan (Xu,et al, 1 999). It is composed of ophiolite (of Early Paleozoic age?), tectonic melange and very high\|pressure metamorphic rocks with eclogite (\%p\%=2 2GPa, \%t\%=720℃) (Yang,et al.,1998) and garnet\|peridotite (\%p\%=2 5GPa, t =837℃). The Anyemaqin Triassic subduction complex zone trending in NWW\|SEE was developed along the eastern segment of the south border of the East Kunlun terrain. It is mainly composed of ultramafic and mafic rocks, pillow basalt, radiolaria\|bearing clastic rocks, tectonic melange and mylonite. The subduction complex zone contains a series of the southward overthrusting imbricated slices. Instead of this subduction complex zone, a 2 km\|wide sinistral strike\|slip ductile shear zone trending in E\|W was developed along the western segment. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic studies on a series of structural sections, we divide the East Kunlun Mountain into four tectonic units as follows: (1) North Proterozoic Metamorphic Basement Zone; (2) South Early Paleozoic—Triassic Superimposed Fold Zone; (3) South Triassic Transpression Zone; (4) Anyemaqin Back\|Arc Decollement\|Thrust Zone.

Zircon U-Pb chronology, geochemistry and Lu-Hf isotope constraints on genesis of monzonitic granite from Harizha area in eastern section of East Kunlun region

The Harizha area is located in the eastern section of East Kunlun orogenic belt. The petrology, the zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb chronology and the petrogeochemistry of the monzonitic granite in the area were studied. The results show that the formation age of the monzonitic granite in the Harizha area is 237.4±1.4 Ma, which belongs to Middle Triassic. The content of SiO_2 in the rock is 61.29%--63.30%,(K_2O+Na_2O) is 5.41%--5.84%, Al_2O_3 is 14.80%--15.99%, the Mg~# value is 46.33--48.33, and the aluminum saturation index A/CNK is 0.87--0.91. Therefore, it can be concluded that the rock belongs to the I-type granite of quasi-aluminous high potassium Ca-alkaline series. The total REE content of the rock is 118.82×10^(-6)--164.54×10^(-6), and the La/Yb ratios range from 7.77 to 10.13. Meanwhile, the rock does not show obvious Eu anomalies(δEu=0.61--0.75) and is characterized by enrichment of LREE and LILE such as Rb and K, relative depletion of HREE and HFSE such as Nb, Ti and Ta. Zircon Hf isotopic dating exhibits that the average ε_(Hf)(t) is-2.4 and the average of two-stage model age(t_(DM2)) is 1 417 Ma, indicating that the source rocks are mainly crustal materials. It can be concluded from research findings and regional geological structural analysis that the monzonitic granite in the Harizha area originated from partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic mafic lower crust in the later stage of the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.

^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar and U-Pb ages of metadiorite from the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt: Evidence for Early-Paleozoic magmatic zone and excess argon in amphibole minerals

Single-grain zircon U-Pb and amphibole 40Ar-39Ar dating have been conducted on a deformed and metamorphosed diorite in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, which intruded into the middle Proterozoic Kuhai Group exposed in the south of Xiangride region, Dulan County, NW Qinghai Province. The zircon gives a concordant U-Pb age of (446.5±9.1) Ma. The amphibole yields Ar plateau age of (488.0±1.2) Ma and an isochronal age of (488.9±5.6) Ma. Age results of both stepwise released Ar and conventional K-Ar analysis are remarkably higher than that of zircon U-Pb, suggesting that the amphibole contains excess argon and the amphibole plateau age cannot be taken as the timing of metamorphism or deformation. The zircon age is interpreted to be crystallization age of the diorite pluton, which suggests that an Early-Paleozoic magmatic zone indeed existed in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt stretching along the region south to the Golmud, Normuhong and Xiangride.

Application of radiolarians and other fossils in non-Smith strata——Exemplified by the A'nyemaqen melange belt in East Kunlun Mts.

The main character of melange strata in an erogenic belt is the integration of mixed materials due to the superposition, displacement or loss of various tectonic slices (blocks) of different origins and environments, different scales, different grades of deformation and metamor-phism, and different stages of tectonic evolution. The approach to non-Smith strata in an erogenic belt is to focus on the understanding of the age, facies, tectonic setting of the original formation and the process of deformation-metamorphism of each tectonic slice, reconstruct the history of dispersal and integration of these tectonic slices in time and space, i.e. 4-dimensional. This paper studies the age and facies of the original formation of tectonic slices in the A’nyemaqen melange belt based on new data of radiolarians, sporo-pollen and trace fossils, and cast new lights on the research of the evolution process of that belt.

SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age and significance of Early Paleozoic volcanic rocks in East Kunlun orogenic belt, Qinghai Province, China

Early Paleozoic volcanic rocks in Nuomuhong area occurred as basalt slice and meta-volcanic slice. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of the basalt slice and the meta-volcanic slice show that the age of the basalt slice is 419±5 Ma, and that of the meta-volcanic slice is 401± 6 Ma. These ages directly testify that there existed Early Paleozoic ocean-continent transform in East Kunlun, the basalt slice was formed in an extensional mid-ocean ridge setting and the meta-volcanic rock slice was formed in an extrusion subduction and collision setting. The inherited zircon age of 1734 Ma in volcanic rocks reflects that the base of East Kunlun may be Middle Proterozoic.

东昆仑大格勒农场南辉长岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

东昆仑志留纪岩浆活动强烈,记录了东昆仑造山带原特提斯洋演化晚期大洋俯冲阶段与碰撞阶段转换地质过程。本次研究对东昆仑大格勒农场南志留纪基性侵入岩开展了详细的岩相学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,以确定其形成时代、岩石成因和构造环境。研究结果表明大格勒农场南辉长岩的结晶年龄为430.2±2.4 Ma,形成时代为中志留世。辉长岩SiO_(2)(51.40%~53.66%)含量较低,MgO(18.56%~22.16%)和FeO^(T)(7.54%~10.64%)含量高,Mg^(#)为79~82。微量元素富集Rb、Th、Ba、Cs等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),具有高Ni(276~973μg/g)、Cr(2152~3574μg/g)和Sc(35.5~53.1μg/g)含量,低Nb/Ta值(3.23~8.68)和εHf(t)值(-7.3~-3.6)。大格勒农场南辉长岩的地球化学组成具有岛弧基性岩特征,其成因可能是流体和俯冲沉积物加入的富尖晶石橄榄岩部分熔融的结果。综合区域资料表明,大格勒农场南辉长岩形成于东昆仑原特提斯洋俯冲晚期阶段,进一步限定原特提斯洋晚期俯冲与碰撞转换时限为中志留世,随后转入碰撞造山阶段。

东昆仑东段原特提斯洋的俯冲时限:来自瓦勒尕花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学的约束

为探讨东昆仑东段早泥盆世原特提斯洋构造演化,本文对沟里地区瓦勒尕花岗质岩石进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学等方面的研究。研究区花岗质岩石主要为二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为414.2±2.3 Ma,花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为416.9±5.3 Ma。二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩具富硅、富碱、富铝和弱过铝质特征,二者相对富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,普遍具弱负铕异常,成因类型为I型花岗岩。研究认为,瓦勒尕二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为下地壳基性岩石部分熔融的产物,综合区域地质背景认为二者形成于原特提斯洋俯冲消减阶段,东昆仑地区原特提斯洋在414 Ma时尚未完全关闭。

青海沟里地区斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb年代学、Lu-Hf同位素特征及其指示意义

东昆仑造山带金水口群的沉积和变质时代一直存在争议。本文利用LA-ICP-MS技术对青海省都兰县沟里地区金水口群中的斜长角闪岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果显示:斜长角闪岩中6个测点的碎屑锆石年龄集中在2.1~2.0 Ga之间,碎屑锆石最小年龄为1829 Ma,变质锆石的上交点年龄为(1905±300)Ma,误差较大,但暗示金水口群沉积时间漫长,沉积时代不晚于中元古代早期,故本文认为金水口群沉积时代在1800 Ma左右;年龄集中于2100 Ma的碎屑锆石具有麻粒岩相变质锆石特征。变质锆石年龄集中于450~420 Ma之间,12个点的加权平均年龄为(444.3±5.3)Ma,为早古生代,该年龄与东昆仑造山带响应原特提斯洋俯冲拼合并发生区域深熔作用的年龄基本一致;锆石^(176)Lu/^(177)Hf值较低,变质锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-35.41~-3.75,T_(DM2)介于3641~1666 Ma之间,源岩物质为古老地壳再循环的产物;古元古代碎屑锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-2.98~25.58,T_(DM2)介于2833~920 Ma之间,源区为来源于亏损地幔的陆壳,与太古宙TTG岩系相似,暗示阿尔金地块的TTG岩系为金水口群提供了部分物质来源。金水口群沉积于活动大陆边缘或初始裂谷盆地,上部沉积盖层冰沟群与万宝沟群沉积于浅海陆棚,沉积过程具有连续性。

东昆仑古生代镁铁质岩浆镍钴成矿条件——希望沟地区超镁铁质岩C-He-Ne-Ar同位素制约

东昆仑造山带广泛发育古生代以来的镁铁质岩浆作用,不同的镁铁质岩浆在镍钴关键金属成矿潜力方面存在显著差异,希望沟地区出露的玄武岩及406.9Ma和270.7~264.9Ma两期镁铁-超镁铁质岩的Ni-Co成矿规模不同,是对比认识镍钴富集成矿条件差异的理想地区。本文测定了超镁铁质岩单矿物中流体挥发份的稀有气体和碳同位素组成,橄榄石、辉石和斜长石释出CO _(2)和CH4的δ^(13)C值变化范围大,δ^(13)CCO _(2)和δ^(13)C_(CH4)位于有机质热裂解成因及地壳值的范围内,δ^(13)C_(CH4)值具有I型有机质来源特征,CH4同系物的碳同位素组成随碳数呈正序及局部反序的分布特征,3He/4He与40Ar/36Ar指示大气饱和流体与大陆地壳端元,3He/4He与δ^(13)CCO _(2)揭示Ⅰ型沉积有机质与蚀变洋壳。3He/4He与4He含量负相关表明放射性成因4He~*的大量积聚,扣除掉4He~*后含镍钴成矿的406.9Ma岩体的3He/4He值达1.8Ra,揭示岩浆来源于岩石圈地幔。大陆地壳和沉积有机质可能来自围岩的沉积有机质热裂解组分,Ⅰ型沉积有机质、蚀变洋壳及大气饱和流体揭示岩浆地幔源区的俯冲洋壳板片携带再循环地壳组分。希望沟镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体的地壳混染比例(32%)高于夏日哈木矿床,不是制约硫化物饱和熔离镍钴成矿的条件,270.7~264.9Ma岩体低的Ni-Co含量及成矿规模可能与深部岩浆房硫化物的熔离有关。

青海省共和县加当根铜多金属矿成矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

矿区位于秦祁昆晚加里东造山系,成矿带属大海滩-什多龙印支期Pb、Zn、Sn(Cu)成矿亚带,具有较好的成矿条件。矿区内北西向断裂为主要的控矿构造,并控制了斜长花岗斑岩体的分布,而斑岩体与铜多金属矿体成矿关系密切,其原生晕在垂向上大致为Cu(Au)-Cu+Mo-Mo+Cu-Mo分带;在横向上自斑岩体中心向外大致为Mo-Cu+Mo-Cu-Pb(Pb)+Zn分带,围绕斑岩体在原生晕分带上共圈定铜、钼矿体69条。根据区域矿产分布,以加当根为中心向外围成矿规律显示有高温-中温-低温的趋势,具有巨大的矿产资源潜力。

柴北缘-东昆仑地区的造山型金矿床

柴北缘－东昆仑是中国西部秦祁昆褶皱山系的一部分，它的显生宙造山经历了加里东和晚华力西－印支两个旋回，并以多岛洋／裂陷槽、软碰撞和多旋回造山为特点。该区已发现多个造山型金矿床，它们具有相似的地质、地球化学特征。有两组成矿年龄：一是晚加里东期（相当于加里东造山晚期）；二是晚华力西—印支期（处于该造山族回晚期）。前期为发生于中地壳顶部一上地壳底部的金矿化，后期则是形成于较浅层次（１．２～５．７ｋｍ）的金矿体侵位。自区域北部向南部，矿床元素组合由Ａu－Ａｓ向Ａu－Ｓｂ转化，金成矿年龄由老变新，成矿深度相应变浅。研究认为，与碰撞有关的热事件以及逐步升高的地热增温率，驱动被加热的建造水和大气降水流体沿碰撞带和大型剪切带长距离地迁移、活动，并淋取围岩的成矿元素，形成含金流体。在进人到矿床或矿体构造后，由于构造性质转换，物理化学条件亦随之改变，含金流体沉淀，形成金矿体。这些金矿床形成于造山晚期，是造山作用的产物，后者为前者提供了空间、热一动力条件。

东昆仑造山带花岗岩及地壳生长

东昆仑造山带是青藏高原内可与冈底斯相媲美的又一条巨型构造岩浆岩带。该带内的花岗岩形成可以划分为4个时段,分别与4个造山旋回相对应:前寒武纪(元古宙);早古生代;晚古生代—早中生代;晚中生代—新生代。其中,以晚古生代—早中生代(或称华力西—印支旋回)、特别是三叠纪的花岗岩最为发育。东昆仑造山带基底主要形成于古元古代晚期。其早古生代构造-岩浆事件序列与北祁连造山带可以对比,属祁连—东昆仑加里东造山系统的一部分。到晚古生代—早中生代时东昆仑卷入古特提斯构造体制,属于古特提斯造山系统的北缘。华力西—印支是一个完整的造山旋回,与西南"三江"古特提斯的演化历史相似。昆南缝合带是当时中国南北大陆的主要构造分界线。新生代印度—欧亚大陆的碰撞,使东昆仑造山带又卷入了青藏大陆碰撞造山系统,但对东昆仑的影响是一种远程效应。东昆仑造山带大陆地壳主要形成于古元古代晚期,但在显生宙还有新生地壳(juvenilecrust)产生,与兴蒙、冈底斯、安第斯等造山带相似。东昆仑花岗岩带中丰富的幔源岩浆底侵作用与壳-幔源岩浆混合作用的证据,以及花岗岩类的Nd、Sr同位素成份(87Sr/Sr初始值多数小于0.710;εNd(t)值变化于-9.2和+3.6之间),说明86地幔物质的注入及其与地壳物质的混合,对显生宙地壳的形成演化起着重要作用,是显生宙东昆仑地壳生长的重要方式。根据花岗质寄主岩、镁铁质暗色微粒包体(MME)及底侵辉长岩的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年,东昆仑造山带在显生宙发生过两次大规模的底侵作用与岩浆混合作用,一次在早-中泥盆世(394～403Ma),另一次在中三叠世(239～242Ma),分别相当于加里东旋回、华力西-印支旋回的俯冲结束/碰撞开始阶段。