Discussion on Administrative Law protection for Pension Rights and Interests of the Lost Only-Child Elderly in China

Lacking of shelter and care from their children, Chinese lost only-child elderly are impoverished and their mental state compared to older people in general are more fragile and sensitive. They have even united themselves for self-help, while their efforts have been often unhelpful. Their scale has been increasingly expanding and risen to many serious social problems. Appearance of lost only-child old man people and vulnerability of protection for those elderly is mainly due to the faultiness of Birth Control Policy, lack of government finance and imperfect social security system. Chinese government should establish a mechanism to increase and maintain the value of administrative compensations, strengthen administrative pay and protection of administrative contracts, broaden administrative relief channels for the elderly, and effectively protect the pension interests of the lost only-child elderly.

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

Revision of Trade Union Law: For Better Protection of Workers' Rights and Interests

On October 27, 2001, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress adopted a decision on revision of the People's Republic of China Trade Union Law. Guan Huai, legal advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, had the following to say in an interview with the Human Rights:

Ending Privacy’s Gremlin: Stopping the Data-Broker Loophole to the Fourth Amendment’s Search Warrant Requirement

Advances in technology require upgrades in the law. One such area involves data brokers, which have thus far gone unregulated. Data brokers use artificial intelligence to aggregate information into data profiles about individual Americans derived from consumer use of the internet and connected devices. Data profiles are then sold for profit. Government investigators use a legal loophole to purchase this data instead of obtaining a search warrant, which the Fourth Amendment would otherwise require. Consumers have lacked a reasonable means to fight or correct the information data brokers collect. Americans may not even be aware of the risks of data aggregation, which upends the test of reasonable expectations used in a search warrant analysis. Data aggregation should be controlled and regulated, which is the direction some privacy laws take. Legislatures must step forward to safeguard against shadowy data-profiling practices, whether abroad or at home. In the meantime, courts can modify their search warrant analysis by including data privacy principles.

Safeguard Rights and Interests of Women in Accordance with the Law——the Five-Year Anniversary of the Implementation of the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Righ Is and Interests of Women

ON April 3, 1992, the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women (Protection Law), the first basic law for protecting rights and interests of women and promoting equality between men and women in China, was adopted at the fifth session of the Seventh National People’s Congress (NPC), and entered into force on October 1 of the same year.

Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women

ContentsChapter Ⅰ General ProvisionsChapter Ⅱ Political RightsChaptet Ⅲ Rights and Interests Relating to Culture and EducationChapter Ⅳ Rights and Interests Relating to WorkChapter Ⅴ Rights and Interests Relating to PropertyChapter Ⅵ Rights Relating to the PersonChapter Ⅶ Rights and Interests Relating to Marriage and FamilyChapter Ⅷ Legal ResponsibilityChaptet Ⅸ Supplementary

Respect and Protection:A Review of the Implementation of the Law of the P.R.C. on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women

JIANG Zemin, President of the People’s Republic of China, once said: "Respecting women and protecting women is an important sign of social progress. It should become a civilized society’s legal provision and moral concept." On October 1, 1992 the Law of the P.R.C. on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women was put into effect, which was considered a major accomplishment for China and Chinese women. More than two years have passed since the implementation of the law. How well has the law

Publicizing the Law of the P.R.C.on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women

More than 50,000 women in Qianxi County have learned about the law.

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

民行交叉视域下居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调

为尽可能避免居住权对抵押权实现的不利影响,部分不动产登记机构、住房公积金管理中心等通过行政规范性文件规定居住权的设立前置条件及其消极法律后果。这类规则既缺乏上位法依据,亦难与既有民法体系兼容,甚至已僭越了行政权合理介入物权的权力半径,不具备增设限制性条款的可行性。考虑到抵押权人及行政机关的风险防范与特殊利益,居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调应回归民法的私益对抗范畴,排除与民法规范相悖的绝对限制性规则,允许当事人在相对限制的界限内自主分配各自所应承担的风险并在一定条件下赋予抵押权人防御性救济权,减少抵押权人对居住权的抵触心理。为了发挥当事人之约定应有的对抗性效力,需辅之以不动产登记中心的特殊约定记载义务与风险提示义务,完善住房公积金管理中心、银行等机构的事前风险预警机制,从根本上消解居住权与抵押权的权利冲突状态。

智力残疾人权益保障:现状、困境与法律对策

智力残疾人是存在认知能力和适应能力障碍的特殊群体,其法律权益保障不容忽视。现阶段我国智力残疾人权益保障已基本形成规范体系,存在倡导性保障、默示性保障以及特定情境下的特殊保护三种规范类型,但在具体实施中仍面临不少挑战。其中,有三大问题较突出,即尚缺少针对智力残疾人特殊性的保障规范、残疾证办理困难以及特殊保护保障缺乏可操作性等问题。为此,宜以我国现行《行政处罚法》新增的有关智力残疾人免于以及从轻或者减轻行政处罚的条款为契机,加强智力残疾人权益特殊保护;优化执法程序、完善法律援助,为智力残疾人增添执法与司法中的人性化保障;提升智力残疾人服务体系与无障碍设施建设,为落实智力残疾人权益保障提供便利。

渔民渔业权益保护问题研究——以提升水产品出口竞争力为目标

近年来,中国渔业经历了迅速发展,但背后也暴露出一些问题,尤其是渔民渔业权益的保护和水产品出口竞争力的提升。渔民权益受侵害的现象愈发严重,往往缺乏有效的救济和补偿,主因是缺乏明确的法律法规来保障渔民的合法权益。渔民权益的保护与水产品出口竞争力之间存在密切联系,互有促进作用。文章从经济法的视角探讨渔民渔业权益保护与水产品出口竞争力的关系,提出经济法保护渔民渔业权益的利益机制体系,在此基础上从四个方面提出渔民渔业权益保护的经济主体法律制度完善的建议,以期为立法实践提供参考。

互联网视域下消费者权益的法律保护

网络消费者权益保护是中国法治协调方式中较为薄弱的一环。由于当今互联网的全面崛起,以电子商务为主要载体的消费方式为消费者参与市场经济提供了更为便捷的路径。相较于传统的消费方式,电商购物选择性更强、交互性更广、自由度更高。这种交易方式利于市场经济活动,却也引发了系列监管治理问题。本文对目前网络消费者权益保护面临的不足之处进行分析,并提出如何通过法律来规制网购侵权行为的建议。

《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》对马克思主义妇女观的传播

法律传播不仅使公众了解法律信息,更可以引导公众的态度和行为。2022年全面修订的《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》作为落实马克思主义妇女观、保障妇女权益的基本法律,其修订内容和修订程序通过组织传播、大众传播、人际传播等方式,向公众传递了中国化时代化的马克思主义妇女观。随着媒介技术的发展,借鉴《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》制定和历次修订的传播经验,可以指导新媒介环境下该法律的传播实践,进一步助力妇女全面发展,推动法治建设。

金融科技监管的法律框架研究:平衡创新与风险控制的制度设计

金融科技的飞速发展使得监管机构同时面临着鼓励创新与防控风险的双重压力,而传统治理机制存在制度供给缺乏前瞻性、监管目标不清晰、责任范式僵化等问题。通过对金融科技发展现状、风险挑战与监管应对的梳理与分析,提出了金融科技监管分析框架及其考量要素。在金融科技监管的制度设计方面,要建立适应金融科技发展需要的法律体系,完善监管主要方向,强化风险识别与控制机制,有效平衡金融创新与消费者权益保护之间的关系。金融科技监管应致力于构建开放、包容、审慎和有效的监管生态系统,完善监管相关配套措施,不断提升行业自律、监管协同、监管科技、风险评估、监管能力等方面的水平,实现金融领域的高质量发展。

涉外法治视野下行政诉讼中确认权利或受法律保护利益之诉的制度来源与实务分析

确认权利或受法律保护利益之诉是澳门特别行政区《行政诉讼法典》赋予私人的重要司法保护手段之一,是行政诉讼有效司法保护原则的一种体现,本文从历史来源角度对该诉进行相对完整的梳理,并细致分析了现行制度在澳门特别行政区司法实务上所出现的问题以及观点。了解澳门特别行政区《行政诉讼法典》中的确认权利或受法律保护利益之诉对于理解大陆法系传统下的行政诉讼体系理论思考方向有良好的裨益,对该制度的研究也可以为我国行政诉讼立法的理论与实践思考提供一些有用的参照。

金融机构适当性义务的法律适用难题与路径抉择

近年来,以客户权益保护为目标的金融机构适当性义务开始强调其民事救济功能,最高人民法院对此提供了一系列宝贵的审判指导意见,但仍有三方面难题亟待进一步探究。一是在处理适当匹配与告知说明的关系问题上,宜以分别审视二者为主,寻求更为妥善的救济方式。二是在主体概念的边界范围问题上,不应局限于金融消费者的外在形象,而应依法综合判断。三是在民事责任路径的抉择问题上,一般侵权所提供的救济较为恰当。面对上述难题,司法实践在解题方法上应紧握“于法有据”这一“利剑”,从代表性案例中汲取经验,就具体问题具体分析。面向未来,适当性义务的完善应以《金融稳定法》的制定和国家金融监督管理总局的建立为契机,强化立法、司法与监管之间的协同共治。

个人信息保护体系中“非法使用”行为的入罪化

《刑法》第253条之一“侵犯公民个人信息罪”中并未包括“非法使用”公民个人信息行为,司法实践中,对于“非法使用”行为的规制,也大多通过侵犯公民个人信息罪对“非法获取”“提供”“出售”等源头行为的非难而得以实现。但是,并非所有的“非法使用”行为都可以被包含,例如“合法获取,非法使用”行为。当然,对“非法使用”公民个人信息行为入罪化的提出,应当结合当前的个人信息保护体系,建立在完善的前置法规范之上。随着《民法典》《个人信息保护法》的相继通过,个人信息保护体系得以进一步完善,已然形成相对完备的前置法基础,为“非法使用”公民个人信息行为的入罪化提供了充分的违法性认定根据,同时也符合当前时代的应然要求。在此基础上,围绕“公民个人信息权益”以及其衍生法益,对“非法使用”行为予以类型化区分,“非法使用”公民个人信息行为的入罪化得以提出。

他种平台型企业规则制定权探析——以消费者权益保护为视角

《电子商务法》中规定了电子商务平台的平台责任,但实践中除电子商务平台外的他种平台型企业更多地处于无法可依的状态。以平台内部规则制定权的行使为例,当前“他种平台型企业”在规则制定方面呈现出无序扩张的状态,通过隐性侵害、显性侵害或者交叉侵害的方式对消费者权益进行不同程度的挤压,以获取正常经营范围外的不正当利润。对此可以从内外两个方面入手对其规则制定权的行使进行规制,一方面通过完善立法、整合监管资源以及拓宽事后救济渠道等方式强化外部监管,另一方面可以采取价值引领、完善规则制定程序以及相应的在线纠纷解决机制等方式激发内部监管活力。通过内外协调监管形成合力,以期更好地规范他种平台型企业的用权秩序,保护消费者的合法权益。

中国式现代化下消费欺诈的认定标准——基于功能主义视角的分析

《消费者权益保护法》未对消费欺诈进行明确界定,导致司法实践认定混乱,基于其独特的立法背景和目的,应当在功能主义视角下分析消费欺诈的认定标准。扩大消费欺诈惩罚范围和增强消费欺诈惩罚力度的双重功能,使消费欺诈区别于民事法律与行政法规中的欺诈,应当适用“两要件说”的认定标准,通过概括加列举的方式,将消费欺诈的认定范围界定清晰。消费欺诈行为的多样性与主观过错的层次性,要求惩罚倍数具有弹性,以达成消费欺诈整体制度的协调统一。