Reinstating Traditional Horsemanship of Ethnic Minorities in Southern China by Excavation,Sorting,and Comparative Research

In August 1991,the book Chinese Nation’s Traditional Sports History was published,and it was hailed as the“masterpiece of Chinese folk sports”by academic circles.In this masterpiece,the traditional horsemanship of 23 ethnic minorities and that of 10 southern ethnic minorities represented by the Miao,Yi,Bai,Shui,Hani,Naxi,and other ethnic groups has been included.For the first time,this masterpiece integrates the traditional horsemanship of the ethnic minorities in Southern China in one volume.The disadvantage is that most of the included traditional horsemanship of ethnic minorities only made a brief introduction to the time,place,and form of its development.However,under the global trend of the transition from traditional society to modern society and post-modern society,the traditional horsemanship of ethnic minorities in Southern China is facing an increasingly serious crisis of inheritance and disconnection,resulting in a gradual extinction of related traditional cultural heritage.The characteristics are gradually lost because of it.Therefore,it is essential to return to the historical and cultural field of traditional horsemanship,conduct rescue excavation,sort out the traditional horsemanship of ethnic minorities in Southern China,rescue the records of traditional horsemanship that is disappearing or undergoing drastic changes,as well as carry out comparative studies on this basis.This is not only an important way to inherit the traditional culture of ethnic minorities,but also means to protect the diversity of ethnic cultures and promote the development of exotic villages.

China's Ethnic Minorities and Their Own Languages

China has 56 ethnic groups, who speak a total of 120 languages. Chinese, China＇s official language, is spoken by the Han, Hui and Manethnic groups, and all the other ethnic groups have their own languages. About 15 million people speak the Zhuang lan- guage, outnumbering speakers of any other ethnic minority language. Quite a few ethnic minority groups have two or even more spoken languages. Though belonging to the same ethnic group, the ethnic Yaos who live in different places speak four different languages -the Mian, Bunu, Lajia and Yangbu. The ethnic Jingpos also have four different spoken languages the Jingpo, Zaiwa, Langsu and Leqi.

Brief Analysis of Religious Sacrificial Activities in Agricultural Production of Ethnic Minorities in China

China is vast in territory and there are 55 ethnic minorities. Due to the geographical location,the experience in the development process and the stage of cultural development,ethnic minorities show great differences with Han people in many aspects,so that in the process of obtaining food,they manifest different cultural characteristics,especially the religious sacrifices and taboos present in the agricultural production process show more uniqueness and retain more primitive features.

Regional Autonomy of China's Ethnic Minorities

The aggregate population of ethnic minorities has never accounted for more than 9 percent of China’s total, currently approaching 1.3 billion. Yet their development and prosperity have always been high on the agenda of the leaders of the People’s Republic. One of the first things Chinese leaders did after New China was founded in 1949 was to conduct large-scale studies to identify the country’s ethnic groups and name them properly, based on scientific

Macro Characteristics of Human Rights Legal Principles for Ethnic Minorities in New China

In this paper, ethnic minorities refer to the 55 minorities other than the Han ethnic group with- in the borders of the People＇s Republic of China; human rights mean the human rights connotations within the ken of international human rights laws; legal principles mean the principles that all authoritative organizations, legislative organs, administrative departments, judicial organs and other departments should obey.

Analysis of the Ecological Migration Pattern in Ethnic Minority Areas——A Case Study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

By taking Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as an example,this paper analyzes the ecological migration pattern in ethnic minority areas.The basic patterns of development for poverty relief in Ningxia are in-situ migration and new area development pattern.The new area development pattern includes three types,namely small town development pattern around urban radiation districts,urban labor migration pattern,and large-scale ecological migration pattern.Finally,successful experience of ecological migration in Ningxia is summarized.First,scientific industrial planning shall be made on the basis of proper selection of ecological migration location in immigrant settlement regions.Second,scientific and comprehensive ecological migration policies should be formulated.

Spatial differentiation pattern of interregional migration in ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province, China

Interregional migration has broad and far-reaching impacts on regional urbanization process in ethnic minority areas of Southwest China.The previous literature of interregional migration paid less attention on the ethnic minority areas with fragile geographical feature and marginal socio-economic context in the developing world due to the dearth of reliable data.Based on the 2015 national 1%population sampling survey at the village/community scale,taking Yulong Naxi Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,China as the case study,this paper analyzed the spatial differentiation pattern.The results showed that:(1)migration in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County exhibited obvious spatial differentiation characteristics in terms of population aggregation,population loss,migration direction,and migration activity;(2)the overall spatial differentiation of migration exhibited a"layer+sector"pattern in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County:the first layer was active areas with net inflows(<20 km from the seat of the county government),the second layer was inactive areas(within 20–60 km of the seat of the county government),and the third layer was a mixed"layer+sector"zone(>60 km to the seat of the county government),comprised of inactive areas and active areas with net outflows;(3)the spatial differentiation pattern of migration was highly correlated with the regional contexts including the regional economic development,regional transportation accessibility and regional social development,while regional physical geographical factors had insignificant relationships with the migration pattern.

Ethnic Minority Sports Thrive in China

True to the name, this quadrennial gala for China＇s ethnic minority people is indeed ＂national.＂ TheNational Traditional Games Minorities is organized by of Ethnic the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, the ministerial body of the central govern- ment in charge of affairs concerning China＇s 55 ethnic minority groups.

Casual sex and concurrent sexual partnerships among young people from an Yi community with a high prevalence of HIV in China

Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan province, China, has a high prevalence of HIV infection, which is reflective of a change in the mode of transmission from injection drug use （IDU） to heterosexual intercourse. However, few studies focus on HIV-related heterosexual risk behaviours among the majority Yi population. The objectives of this study were to explore the characteristics of an egocentric sexual network and estimate the prevalence of casual sexual behaviour. Yi villagers （n= 108）, aged 15-35 years, who reported having had sex within the previous year were interviewed as to their sexual behaviours and networks. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions provided supplementary information on sexual norms. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate unadjusted odds ratios （ORs） and 95% confidence intervals （CIs）. Most of the respondents reported having had casual sex at some time in their life, and 66.7% reported multiple sexual partnerships. Only 21.3% reported ever having used a condom. During the study year, a total of 137 partners were involved in 153 sexual partnerships. Among the reported sexual partnerships, 67.3% originated from a casual sexual relationship. For network members in components of size ≥3, 56,9% were involved in concurrent sexual partnerships. Having never been married （OR： 2.11; 95% CI： 1.03-4.33） and younger age （OR： 0.89; 95% CI： 0.83-0.95） were both associated with being in a component of size ≥3. Size （OR： 2.99; 95% Ch 1.17-7.66）, pair （OR： 0.54; 95% Ch 0.039-0.74）, the number of weak components of the egocentric sexual network （OR- 30.04; 95% Ch 6.47-139.46） and gender （OR. 0. 19; 95% Ch. 0.06-0.67） were all associated with being in concurrent sexual partnerships. HIV-related interventions for the Yi ethnic minority in Sichuan province must therefore address concurrent sexual partnerships and promote condom use.

The Road to Alleviating Poverty

IN southwest China’s Yunnan Province, the local ethnic minority Nu people live 52 km from the downtown region of the Fugong County, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture. However, it takes more than three hours to drive there from their village named Laomudeng due to inconvenient road transportation.

Lessons on malaria control in the ethnic minority regions in Northern Myanmar along the China border, 2007–2014

Background:For many countries where malaria is endemic,the burden of malaria is high in border regions.In ethnic minority areas along the Myanmar-China border,residents have poor access to medical care for diagnosis and treatment,and there have been many malaria outbreaks in such areas.Since 2007,with the support of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria(GFATM),a malaria control project was introduced to reduce the malaria burden in several ethnic minority regions.Methods:A malaria control network was established during the period from 2007 to 2014.Multiple malaria interventions,including diagnosis,treatment,distribution of LLINs and health education,were conducted to improve the accessibility and quality of malaria control services for local residents.Annual cross-sectional surveys were conducted to evaluate intervention coverage and indicators of malaria transmission.Results:In ethnic minority regions where a malaria control network was established,both the annual malaria incidence(19.1 per thousand per year,in 2009;8.7,in 2014)and malaria prevalence(13.6%in 2008;0.43%in 2014)decreased dramatically during the past 5–6 years.A total of 851393 febrile patients were detected,202598 malaria cases(including confirmed cases and suspected cases)were treated,and 759574 LLINs were delivered to populations at risk.Of households in 2012,73.9%had at least one ITNs/LLINs(vs.28.3%,in 2008),and 50.7%of children less than 5 years and 50.3%of pregnant women slept under LLINs the night prior to their visit.Additionally,malaria knowledge was improved in 68.4%of residents.Conclusion:There has been great success in improving malaria control in these regions from 2007 to 2014.Malaria burdens have decreased,especially in KOK and WA.The continued maintenance of sustainable malaria control networks in these regions may be a long-term process,due to regional conflicts and the lack of funds,technology,and health workers.Furthermore,information and scientific support from the international community should be offered to these ethnic minority regions to uphold recent achievements.

Researching Education and Ethnicity in China:A Critical Review of the Literature between 1990 and 2014

In the past four decades,marketization and modernization in China have led to conflict between economic development and the protection of ethnic minority cultures.In response,a growing number of scholars have focused on issues related to education and ethnicity in China.This article describes and analyzes how these scholars researched education and ethnicity between 1990 and 2014.Six research themes are identified:educational policy,multicultural education,minority cultural heritage in school,ideological-political education,multilingual education,and teachers and teacher education.The final section discusses how education scholars could improve future research on education and ethnicity in China.

Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM) in Remote Ethnic Minority Areas of Rural China:The Case of a Flood-Prone Village in Sichuan

Remote,rural ethnic-minority communities face greater disaster-related public health risks due to their lack of resources and limited access to health care.The Ethnic Minority Health Project(EMHP) was initiated in 2009 to work with remote,disaster-prone ethnic-minority villages that live in extreme poverty.One of the project's aims is to develop and evaluate bottom-up health risk reduction efforts in emergency and disaster risk management(HealthEDRM).This article shares project updates and describes field intervention results from the Yi ethnic community of Hongyan village in China's Sichuan Province,an area that experiences recurrent floods.It was found that 64% of the village respondents had never considered any form of disaster preparation,even with the recurrent flood risks.Health intervention participants showed sustained knowledge retention and were nine times more likely to know the correct composition of oral rehydration solution(ORS) after the intervention.Participants also retained the improved knowledge on ORS and disaster preparedness kit ownership12 months after the intervention.

从北魏胡人墓志录文的华夏祖源叙述看民族交往交流交融

北魏时期,大量胡人通过“假借”华夏祖源的墓志书写方式,将家族历史融入华夏民族范畴,形成了内容丰富、形式多样、汉化鲜明的祖源叙述文本。通过分析这类文本,可知北魏胡人普遍秉持华夷共祖观念,主动认同华夏祖源和华夏文化。这是秦汉魏晋以来各民族交往交流交融的必然结果,也是中古时期民族交往交流交融的鲜活体现。同时,胡人对华夏祖源的认同有一个由浅入深、逐步发展、漫长复杂的过程。华夷共祖观念进一步推动了各民族交往交流交融,为隋唐时期“大一统”繁荣盛世奠定了重要的心理基础,为中华民族共同体意识的形成与发展奠定了历史文化根基,体现了中华文明的包容性、统一性,在各民族交往交流交融史上具有突出的典范意义。

中国古代北方民族丧葬仪式、特点及影响

葬礼作为人生的最后一项礼仪,是生者举行的哀悼和纪念死者的仪式。作为一种文化习俗,北方少数民族的丧葬仪式意蕴丰富,形态多样,并随着社会发展而不断演变。古代北方少数民族的丧葬仪式,呈现出共有性、宗教色彩浓厚、“游牧”特征、丧葬形式多样性等四个特点。北方民族丧葬仪式的变化,既有北方少数民族之间相互影响的因素,又有汉族对北方少数民族影响的因素。北方少数民族丧葬仪式的鲜明特征、汉化的发展趋势,体现了民族交往交流交融的多元化形态,是观察历史上民族交往交流交融的重要窗口。

胡风汉韵的激荡与融合——论魏晋北朝时期的河北艺术

魏晋南北朝时期的剧烈动荡带来了河北地区各民族的不断融合,在这一过程中,形成以汉族艺术为主导,其他民族艺术为辅助的创作新局面。首先,游侠文化在胡、汉之间盛行,该文化所具有的强健之风给当时的艺术创作带来影响。其次,北方少数民族带来了大量的异族文艺,以西域乐舞为代表的胡乐与中原雅乐开始激荡融合。而佛教的流行则使人们对生命中的痛苦有了更深的理解,佛教的慈悲情怀慰藉着乱世中的心灵。总体而言,“力”与“悲”的张力在这个时期的艺术作品中留下了鲜明的痕迹,构成这个时代艺术最鲜明的审美风格。

媒介变迁视域下东北“三少民族”传统木工艺的保护与传承

历史上,东北“三少民族”(达斡尔族、鄂温克族和鄂伦春族)常常游弋于群山峻岭之间,与山川河流为伴,创造了独具特色的传统木工艺文化。随着时代的流转和社会的变迁,这种历史悠久的传统文化逐渐遇到发展困境。媒介及其变迁作为影响当前社会文化的一个关键因素,应该对这三个民族的传统木工艺的保护与传承起到重要作用。目前,除了运用各种现代技术手段对这些工艺进行充分的媒介留存之外,还应探索相关传承工作与各种传播渠道的融合,提升其效率和质量。民族文字的缺失与长期封闭的生存环境使东北“三少民族”进入媒介化社会的历史相对短暂,其传统木工艺的保护与传承不仅需要艺人自身的努力,还需要民众广泛参与构建相应的情境,而快速发展的媒介可以在这一工作进程中发挥不应忽视的作用。

中国少数民族首次建构炎黄共同体理论研究

北魏主导的炎黄共同体理论是中国历史上首次由少数民族主导建构的共同体理论。它将鲜卑、羌、氐等入主中原的少数民族全部纳入到炎黄后代的范畴,提出了以鲜卑为主的“华夷共祖”理论,认为共祖于炎黄的“夷”也有权利追求和实践大一统,并建立了多民族的中国观和王朝观。这展现了少数民族加入中华大家庭的主观愿望,打通了少数民族追求和实践大一统的通道,为古代大一统思想的发展增添了新的内容。

《中国农村的社会主义高潮》对民族地区乡村振兴的启示

在乡村振兴战略实施的背景下,分析《中国农村的社会主义高潮》的史料价值和社会价值,探索农业合作化过程中农村政治工作开展,劳动力资源运用,利益分配制度,农业技术提升,生态文明建设,生产资金筹集、发展规划制定等方面形成的经验及其对民族乡村振兴的借鉴作用,具有重要的现实意义。本研究首先对《中国农村的社会主义高潮》的基本情况进行了概述,呈现了材料案例反映的主要特征;其次通过对《中国农村的社会主义高潮》文献价值和社会价值的梳理,展现了中华人民共和国成立初期乡村建设的实践探索。最后将《中国农村的社会主义高潮》材料案例的经验从产业振兴、组织振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴等五个方面与乡村振兴对标,以解决现阶段民族地区乡村振兴着力点不平衡的问题。